Neurological manifestations, imaging characteristics, and surgical outcome of intraspinal osteochondroma

Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine

Volumn 12, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 474-489

  Lotfinia, Iraj ^a   Vahedi, Payman ^a   Tubbs, R Shane ^b   Ghavame, Mostafa ^a   Meshkini, Ali ^a  

^a TABRIZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

Author keywords

Hereditary multiple exostoses; Osteochondroma; Solitary osteochondroma; Spinal cord compression; Spine tumor

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DECOMPRESSION SURGERY; FEMALE; HEREDITARY MULTIPLE EXOSTOSIS; HUMAN; LEAF LAMINA; LUNG METASTASIS; MALE; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OSTEOCHONDROMA; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PROGNOSIS; SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION; SPINAL CORD TUMOR; SPINE FUSION; VERTEBRA BODY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CERVICAL VERTEBRAE; FEMALE; HUMANS; LUMBAR VERTEBRAE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OSTEOCHONDROMA; PROGNOSIS; SPINAL NEOPLASMS; THORACIC VERTEBRAE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 77951733970     PISSN: 15475654     EISSN: 15475646     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3171/2009.11.SPINE0980     Document Type: Article

References (145)

1. Adams H, Movin P: [Spinal cord compression by exostosis during exostotic disease.] Presse Med 74:660, 1966 (Fr)
2. Albrecht S, Crutchfield JS, SeGall GK: On spinal osteochondromas. J Neurosurg 77:247-252, 1992
3. Antón J, Sainz C, Pérez E, Moreno L, Ojeda J: [Medullary compression at the C6 level as the first sign of multiple hereditary exostoses]. Rev Clin Esp 186:88-90, 1990 (Sp)
4. Arasil E, Erdem A, Yüceer N: Osteochondroma of the upper cervical spine. A case report. Spine 21:516-518, 1996 (Pubitemid 26067863)
5. Atabay H, Kuyucu Y, Korkmaz O, Iplikcioǧlu AC: Myelopathy due to hereditary multiple exostoses: CT and MR studies. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 98:186-188, 1996 (Pubitemid 26245463)
6. Barros Filho TE, Oliveira RP, Taricco MA, Gonzalez CH: Hereditary multiple exostoses and cervical ventral protuberance causing dysphagia. A case report. Spine 20:1640-1642, 1995
7. Becker MH, Epstein F: Case report 77. Skeletal Radiol 3:197-199, 1978
8. Bess RS, Robbin MR, Bohlman HH, Thompson GH: Spinal exostoses: analysis of twelve cases and review of the literature. Spine 30:774-780, 2005 (Pubitemid 40490594)
9. Bhojraj SY, Panjwani JS: A new management approach to decompression, posterior stabilization, and fusion for cervical laminar exostosis with cord compression in a case of diaphyseal aclasis. Case report and review of the literature. Spine 18:1376-1379, 1993
10. Blaauw G: Osteocartilaginous exostosis of the spine, in Vincken PJ, Bryun GW (eds): Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol 19. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing,1975, pp 313-319
11. Blamoutier A, Guigui P, Rillardon L, Deburge A: [Thoracic spinal cord compression by radiation-induced exostosis: a case report and review of the literature.] Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 88:514-517, 2002 (Fr)
12. Bradford FK: Intraspinal tumors; report of twelve cases. Dis Nerv Syst 15:55-60, 1954
13. Brastianos P, Pradilla G, McCarthy E, Gokaslan ZL: Solitary thoracic osteochondroma: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 56:E1379, 2005 (Pubitemid 40770473)
14. Braunschweig IJ, Rose WS: Solitary osteochondroma, from the pedicle of T1, causing spinal cord compression. N J Med 91:91-93, 1994
15. Burr T: Hereditary multiple exostoses with spinal cord compression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 46:96-97, 1983
16. Calhoun JM, Chadduck WM, Smith JL: Single cervical exostosis. Report of a case and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 37:26-29, 1992
17. Cannon JF: Hereditary multiple exostoses. Am J Hum Genet 6:419-425, 1954
18. Carmel PW, Cramer FJ: Cervical cord compression due to exostosis in a patient with hereditary multiple exostoses. Case report. J Neurosurg 28:500-503, 1968
19. Carrera JE, Castillo PA, Molina OM: [Lumbar osteochondroma and radicular compression. A case report.] Acta Ortop Mex 21:261-266, 2007 (Spn)
20. Chatzidakis E, Lypiridis S, Kazdaglis G, Chatzikonstadinou K, Papatheodorou G: A rare case of solitary osteochondroma of the dens of the C2 vertebra. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 149:637-638, 2007 (Pubitemid 46835144)
21. Chiurco AA: Multiple exostoses of bone with fatal spinal cord compression; report of a case and brief review of the literature. Neurology 20:275-278, 1970
22. Chooi YS, Siow YS, Chong CS: Cervical myelopathy caused by an exostosis of the posterior arch of C1. J Bone Joint Surg Br 87:257-259, 2005
23. Çirak B, Karabulut N, Palaoglu S: Cervical osteochondroma as a cause of spinal cord compression in a patient with hereditary multiple exostoses: computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Australas Radiol 46:309-311, 2002 (Pubitemid 35013789)
24. Cooke RS, Cumming WJ, Cowie RA: Osteochondroma of the cervical spine: case report and review of the literature. Br J Neurosurg 8:359-363, 1994 (Pubitemid 24218332)
25. Crowell RM, Wepsic JG: Thoracic cord compression due to chondrosarcoma in two cousins with hereditary multiple exostoses. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 36:86-89, 1972
26. Czorny A, Berchet T, Coudane H, Auque J, Montaut J: [Solitary spinal osteochondroma. Apropos of 4 cases.] Neurochirurgie 31:303-308, 1985 (Fr)
27. Dahlin DC, Unni KK: Bone Tumors: General Aspects and Data on 8,542 Cases, ed 4. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1986
28. Decker RE, Wei WC: Thoracic cord compression from multiple hereditary exostoses associated with cerebellar astrocytoma. Case report. J Neurosurg 30:310-312, 1969
29. Dorfman HD, Czerniak B: Bone Tumors. St. Louis: Mosby, 1998
30. Eder HG, Oberbauer RW, Ranner G: Cervical cord compression in hereditary multiple exostoses. J Neurosurg Sci 37:53-56, 1993 (Pubitemid 23200370)
31. Elsberg CA: Surgical Diseases of the Spinal Cord, Membranes and Nerve Roots: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: PB Hoeber Inc, 1941, pp 359-360
32. Ergün R, Okten AI, Beşkonakli E, Akdemir G, Taşkin Y: Cervical laminar exostosis in multiple hereditary osteochondromatosis: anterior stabilization and fusion technique for preventing instability. Eur Spine J 6:267-269, 1997
33. Faik A, Mahfoud Filali S, Lazrak N, El Hassani S, Hajjaj-Hassouni N: Spinal cord compression due to vertebral osteochondroma: report of two cases. Joint Bone Spine 72:177-179, 2005 (Pubitemid 41388973)
34. Ferrari G, Taddei L, Vivenza C, Rossi G: Paraparesis in hereditary multiple exostoses: case report. Neurology 29:973-977, 1979 (Pubitemid 9174457)
35. Fiechtl JF, Masonis JL, Frick SL: Spinal osteochondroma presenting as atypical spinal curvature: a case report. Spine 28:E252-E255, 2003
36. Fiumara E, Scarabino T, Guglielmi G, Bisceglia M, D'Angelo V: Osteochondroma of the L-5 vertebra: a rare cause of sciatic pain. Case report. J Neurosurg 91 (2 Suppl):219-222, 1999 (Pubitemid 30132042)
37. Fortuna A, Di Lorenzo N, Nolletti A, Nardi P: [Solitary chondromas and osteochondromas of the spine provoking myeloradicular compression. Apropos of 6 cases treated surgically.] Neurochirurgie 29:271-278, 1983 (Fr)
38. Geschikter CF, Copeland MM: Tumors of Bone, ed 3. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1949, pp 37-78
39. Gille O, Pointillart V, Vital JM: Course of spinal solitary osteochondromas. Spine 30:E13-E19, 2005
40. Giudicissi-Filho M, de Holanda CV, Borba LA, Rassi-Neto A, Ribeiro CA, de Oliveira JG: Cervical spinal cord compression due to an osteochondroma in hereditary multiple exostosis: case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 66 (Suppl 3):S7-S11, 2006 (Pubitemid 44647415)
41. Gokay H, Bucy PC: Osteochondroma of the lumbar spine; report of a case. J Neurosurg 12:72-78, 1955
42. Goldenberg DB, Rienhoff WF, Rao PS: Osteochondroma with spinal cord compression: report of a case. J Can Assoc Radiol 19:192-194, 1968
43. Goncharova RF, Dogaeva MA, Koraidi LS: [Exostoses caused by compression of the spinal cord.] Vopr Neirokhir 29:60, 1965 (Russian)
44. Gorospe L, Madrid-Muñiz C, Royo A, García-Raya P, Alvarez-Ruiz F, López-Barea F: Radiation-induced osteochondroma of the T4 vertebra causing spinal cord compression. Eur Radiol 12:844-848, 2002 (Pubitemid 36940143)
45. Gottlieb A, Severi P, Ruelle A, Lasio G: Exostosis as a cause of spinal cord compression. Surg Neurol 26:581-584, 1986 (Pubitemid 17183260)
46. Govender S, Parbhoo AH: Osteochondroma with compression of the spinal cord. A report of two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 81:667-669, 1999
47. Gürkanlar D, Aciduman A, Günaydin A, Koçak H, Çelik N: Solitary intraspinal lumbar vertebral osteochondroma: a case report. J Clin Neurosci 11:911-913, 2004 (Pubitemid 39440579)
48. Hameetman L, Bovée JV, Taminiau AH, Kroon HM, Hogendroon PC: Multiple osteochondromas: clinicopathological and genetic spectrum and suggestions for clinical management. Hereditary Cancer Clin Pract 2:161-173, 2004
49. Harper GD, Dicks-Mireaux C, Leiper AD: Total body irradiation-induced osteochondromata. J Pediatr Orthop 18:356-358, 1998
50. Hickey CH: Osteochondroma of the vertebra. Henry Ford Hosp Med J 17:53-58, 1969
51. Ho SU, Lipton HL: Hereditary multiple exostoses with myelopathy. Arch Neurol 36:714, 1979
52. Hördegen KM, Levy A: [Spinal cord compression in multiple cartilagineous exostoses (case report).] Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 113:279-284, 1975 (Ger)
53. Inomori S, Kim I, Ueda S, Pak S: Solitary osteochondroma of the cervical spine with spinal cord compression - case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 26:556-559, 1986
54. Jackson A, Hughes D, St Clair Forbes W, Stewart G, Cummings WJ, Reid H: A case of osteochondroma of the cervical spine. Skeletal Radiol 24:235-237, 1995
55. Jaffe HL: Hereditary multiple exostoses with myelopathy. Arch Pathol 36:335-357, 1943
56. Javadpour M, Hughes DG, West CG: Solitary exostosis of the thoracic spine. Early diagnosis and treatment. Spine 24:2109-2110, 1999 (Pubitemid 29489425)
57. Johnston CE II, Sklar F: Multiple hereditary exostoses with spinal cord compression. Orthopedics 11:1213-1216, 1988 (Pubitemid 19040123)
58. Jorge Facure J, Facure NO, Castro LF: [Hereditary multiple exostosis with spinal cord compression.] Arq Neuropsiquiatr 33:151-155, 1975 (Portuguese)
59. José Alcaraz Mexía M, Izquierdo Núñez E, Santonja Garriga C, María Salgado Salinas R, Salgado RM: Osteochondroma of the thoracic spine and scoliosis. Spine 26:1082-1085, 2001
60. Julien J, Riemens V, Vital C, Lagueny A, Miet G: Cervical cord compression by solitary osteochondroma of the atlas. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 41:479-481, 1978 (Pubitemid 8323890)
61. Kak VK, Prabhakar S, Khosla VK, Banerjee AK: Solitary osteochondroma of spine causing spinal cord compression. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 87:135-138, 1985 (Pubitemid 15058475)
62. Kaneko K, Yasuma M, Yanase H: Cervical myelopathy due to an osteochondroma in a 73-year-old female. The oldest case in the literature. Bull Hosp Jt Dis 59:106-110, 2000 (Pubitemid 30660994)
63. Karian JM, DeFlilipp G, Buchheit WA, Bonakdarpour A, Eckhardt W: Vertebral osteochondroma causing spinal cord compression: case report. Neurosurgery 14:483-484, 1984 (Pubitemid 14148004)
64. Khosla A, Martin DS, Awwad EE: The solitary intraspinal vertebral osteochondroma. An unusual cause of compressive myelopathy: features and literature review. Spine 24:77-81, 1999 (Pubitemid 29031289)
65. Korinth MC, Ramaekers VT, Rohde V: Cervical cord exostosis compressing the axis in a boy with hereditary multiple exostoses. Case illustration. J Neurosurg 100 (2 Suppl Pediatrics): 223, 2004
66. Kouwenhoven JW, Wuisman PI, Ploegmakers JF: Headache due to an osteochondroma of the axis. Eur Spine J 13:746-749, 2004
67. Kulali A, Vural A, Fiskeci C: Solitary vertebral osteochondromas causing spinal cord compression. Neuroorthopedics 11:109-116, 1991
68. Labram EK, Mohan J: Diaphyseal aclasis with spinal cord compression. Report of two cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 84:518-521, 1996 (Pubitemid 26062880)
69. Lanzieri CF, Solodnik P, Sacher M, Hermann G: Computed tomography of solitary spinal osteochondromas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:1042-1044, 1985 (Pubitemid 16202698)
70. Larson NE, Dodge HW Jr, Rushton JG, Dahlin DC: Hereditary multiple exostoses with compression of the spinal cord. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 32:729-734, 1957
71. Le Goff P, Besson G, Schwarzberg C, Le Menn G: [Solitary osteochondroma of the dorsal spine revealed by cruralgia. The importance of myeloscintigraphy.] Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 45:649-653, 1978
72. Lee PC, Chen WJ, Tu YK, Chen LH: Solitary osteochondroma of the lumbar spine with cord compression: a case report. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi 21:227-231, 1998 (Chinese)
73. Linkowski GD, Tsai FY, Recher L, Pritz M, Pribram HF: Solitary osteochondroma with spinal cord compression. Surg Neurol 23:388-390, 1985 (Pubitemid 15114420)
74. Loftus CM, Rozario RA, Prager R, Scott RM: Solitary osteochondroma of T4 with thoracic cord compression. Surg Neurol 13:355-357, 1980 (Pubitemid 10111907)
75. Lotfinia I, Khallaghi E, Vahedi P: Extraosseous extension of vertebral hemangioma from posterior elements of vertebra, a rare feature of vertebral hemangioma and spinal cord compression. Neurosurg Q 16:44-47, 2006
76. MacGee EE: Osteochondroma of the cervical spine: a cause of transient quadriplegia. Neurosurgery 4:259-260, 1979
77. Madigan R, Worrall T, McClain EJ: Cervical cord compression in hereditary multiple exostosis. Review of the literature and report of a case. J Bone Joint Surg Am 56:401-404, 1974
78. Maheshwari AV, Jain AK, Dhammi IK: Osteochondroma of C7 vertebra presenting as compressive myelopathy in a patient with nonhereditary (nonfamilial/sporadic) multiple exostoses. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 126:654-659, 2006
79. Malat J, Virapongse C, Levine A: Solitary osteochondroma of the spine. Spine 11:625-628, 1986
80. Marchand EP, Villemure JG, Rubin J, Robitaille Y, Ethier R: Solitary osteochondroma of the thoracic spine presenting as spinal cord compression. A case report. Spine 11:1033-1035, 1986 (Pubitemid 17049561)
81. Mermer MJ, Gupta MC, Salamon PB, Benson DR: Thoracic vertebral body exostosis as a cause of myelopathy in a patient with hereditary multiple exostoses. J Spinal Disord Tech 15:144-148, 2002 (Pubitemid 34275171)
82. Meshkini A, Salehpour F, Zeinali A, Vahedi P, Karimi K: Report of a rare case of multiple hereditary exostosis with vertebral and spinal cord compression and chondrosarcomatous differentiation. Neurosurg Q 17:29-32, 2007 (Pubitemid 46673188)
83. Mikawa Y, Watanabe R, Nakashima Y, Hayashida T: Cervical spinal cord compression in hereditary multiple exostoses. Report of a case and a review of the literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 116:112-115, 1997 (Pubitemid 26421675)
84. Misra UK, Nag D, Dave VS, Shukla R, Kar AM: Cervical cord compression due to chondromatous change in a patient with metaphysial aclasis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 46:1155-1157, 1983
85. Mitsumori K, Otsuka K, Iwasaki Y, Yada K: [Osteochondroma of the high cervical spine-a case report (author's transl).] No Shinkei Geka 3:867-871, 1975 (Jpn)
86. Miyamoto K, Sakaguchi Y, Hosoe H, Mori A, Yamazaki S, Hattori S, et al: Tetraparesis due to exostotic osteochondroma at upper cervical cord in a patient with multiple exostoses-mental retardation syndrome (Langer-Giedion syndrome). Spinal Cord 43:190-194, 2005 (Pubitemid 40432666)
87. Moon KS, Lee JK, Kim YS, Kwak HJ, Joo SP, Kim IY, et al: Osteochondroma of the cervical spine extending multiple segments with cord compression. Pediatr Neurosurg 42:304-307, 2006 (Pubitemid 44221728)
88. Morard M, de Preux J: Solitary osteochondroma presenting as a neck mass with spinal cord compression syndrome. Surg Neurol 37:402-405, 1992
89. Moriwaka F, Hozen H, Nakane K, Sasaki H, Tashiro K, Abe H: Myelopathy due to osteochondroma: MR and CT studies. J Comput Assist Tomogr 14:128-130, 1990
90. Murphey MD, Choi JJ, Kransdorf MJ, Flemming DJ, Gannon FH: Imaging of osteochondroma: variants and complications with radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 20:1407-1434, 2000
91. Nassar I, Semlali S, El Quessar A, Kacemi L, Mahi M, Chakir N, et al: [A rare cause of spinal cord compression: osteochondroma of the thoracic spine. A case report]. J Radiol 84:1020-1022, 2003 (Fr)
92. Natarajan M, Balakrishnan D, Srinivasan V: Solitary osteochondroma causing spinal cord compression. Int Surg 61:494-495, 1976
93. Novick GS, Pavlov H, Bullough PG: Osteochondroma of the cervical spine: report of two cases in preadolescent males. Skeletal Radiol 8:13-15, 1982 (Pubitemid 12139615)
94. Nubourgh Y, Noterman J, Baleriaux-Waha D, Ebinger G, Flament-Durand J: [Solitary vertebral osteochondroma with spinal cord compression (author's transl).] Neurochirurgie 25:134-137, 1979 (Fr)
95. Nunez DA, Graham HK, Fixsen JA: Cervical cord compression and femoral neuropathy in hereditary multiple exostoses. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53:439, 1990 (Pubitemid 20173288)
96. Oberndorf CP: A case of multiple exostoses coupled with syringomyelia. NY Med J 91:479-483, 1910
97. O'Brien MF, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Schoenecker PL: Intracanalicular osteochondroma producing spinal cord compression in hereditary multiple exostoses. J Spinal Disord 7: 236-241, 1994 (Pubitemid 24164829)
98. Ochsner EH, Rothstein T: XII. Multiple exostoses including an exostosis within the spinal canal with surgical and neurological observations. Ann Surg 46:608-616, 1907
99. O'Connor GA, Roberts TS: Spinal cord compression by an osteochondroma in a patient with multiple osteochondromatosis. Case report. J Neurosurg 60:420-423, 1984 (Pubitemid 14177721)
100. Oga M, Nakatani F, Ikuta K, Tamaru T, Arima J, Tomishige M: Treatment of cervical cord compression, caused by hereditary multiple exostosis, with laminoplasty: a case report. Spine 25: 1290-1292, 2000 (Pubitemid 30322323)
101. Ohtori S, Yamagata M, Hanaoka E, Suzuki H, Takahashi K, Sameda H, et al: Osteochondroma in the lumbar spinal canal causing sciatic pain: report of two cases. J Orthop Sci 8:112-115, 2003
102. Old WL Jr, Triplett JN Jr: Osteochondroma with thoracic cord compression in hereditary multiple exostoses: a case report. Va Med 106:302-306, 1979
103. Omori M, Sakate Y, Tamura Y, Katayama M, Furukawa Y, Saito S: [Cervical and compression due to exostosis in a patient with multiple exostosis: a case report.] Seikei Geka 34:1354-1358, 1983 (Jpn)
104. Ozaki T, Wuisman P, Boss A: Secondary chondrosarcomas in solitary osteochondroma and multiple hereditary osteochondroma, in Kummer B, Koebke J, Bade H (eds): Osteologie aktuell IX. Berlin: Spinger-Verlag, 1996, pp 319-322
105. Palmer FJ, Blum PW: Osteochondroma with spinal cord compression: report of three cases. J Neurosurg 52:842-845, 1980
106. Porter DE, Emerton ME, Villanueva-Lopez F, Simpson AH: Clinical and radiographic analysis of osteochondromas and growth disturbance in hereditary multiple exostoses. J Pediatr Orthop 20:246-250, 2000
107. Prasad A, Renjen PN, Prasad ML, Bhatty GB, Madan VS, Buxi TB, et al: Solitary spinal osteochondroma causing neural syndromes. Paraplegia 30:678-680, 1992
108. Quirini GE, Meyer JR, Herman M, Russell EJ: Osteochondroma of the thoracic spine: an unusual cause of spinal cord compression. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 17:961-964, 1996
109. Ratliff J, Voorhies R: Osteochondroma of the C5 lamina with cord compression: case report and review of the literature. Spine 25:1293-1295, 2000
110. Reid J: Disease of the spinal cord from an exostosis of the second cervical vertebra. Lond Edinb Mon J Med Sci 3:194-198, 1843
111. Robbins SE, Laitt RD, Lewis T: Hereditary spinal osteochondromas in diaphyseal aclasia. Neuroradiology 38:59-61, 1996
112. Rohde V, Reinacher P, Patz E, Sellhaus B, Gilsbach JM: [Spinal cord compression by a cervical oseteocartilaginous exostosis: surgical strategy aspects.] Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 142:179-183, 2004 (Ger)
113. Román G: Hereditary multiple exostoses. A rare cause of spinal cord compression. Spine 3:230-233, 1978
114. Rose EF, Fekete A: Odontoid osteochondroma causing sudden death. Report of a case and review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol 42:606-609, 1964
115. Sakai D, Mochida J, Toh E, Nomura T: Spinal osteochondromas in middle-aged to elderly patients. Spine 27:E503-E506, 2002
116. Sawada M: [Case report of hereditary multiple exostosis with symptoms of cervical spinal cord compression.] Seikei Geka 21:287-290, 1970 (Jpn)
117. Schneider M, Sabo D, Gerner HJ, Bernd L: Destructive osteoblastoma of the cervical spine with complete neurologic recovery. Spinal Cord 40:248-252, 2002
118. Sener RN: Osteochondroma of the thoracic spine: a dumbbell mass associated with spinal cord compression. Comput Med Imaging Graph 22:361-363, 1998
119. Shapiro SA, Javid T, Putty T: Osteochondroma with cervical cord compression in hereditary multiple exostoses. Spine 15:600-602, 1990
120. Sharma MC, Arora R, Deol PS, Mahapatra AK, Mehta VS, Sarkar C: Osteochondroma of the spine: an enigmatic tumor of the spinal cord. A series of 10 cases. J Neurosurg Sci 46:66-70, 2002 (Pubitemid 35204335)
121. Shuangshoti S, Lerdlum S: Concurrent occurrence of solitary spinal epidural osteochondroma and angiolipoma. Clin Neuropathol 16:107-110, 1997
122. Signargout J, Guégan Y, LeMarec B, Simon J: [Paraplegia due to multiple exostoses. Report of 2 cases (author's transl).] J Radiol Electrol Med Nucl 54:403-407, 1973
123. Sil K, Basu S, Bhattacharya M, Chatterjee S: Pediatric spinal osteochondromas: case report and review of literature. J Pediatr Neurosci 1:70-71, 2006 (Pubitemid 44410069)
124. Singh DS, Rao SS, Sharma S, Srivastava KK, Yadav SS: Cervical cord compression from multiple hereditary exostoses. J Assoc Physicians India 28:535-537, 1980
125. Slepian A, Hamby WB: Neurologic complications associated with hereditary deforming chondrodysplasia; review of the literature and a report of two cases occurring in the same family. J Neurosurg 8:529-535, 1951
126. Sofka CM, Saboeiro GR, Schneider R: Multiple hereditary exostoses. HSS J 1:49-51, 2005
127. Solomon L: Hereditary multiple exostoses. Am J Human Genet 16:351-363, 1964
128. Song KJ, Lee KB: Solitary osteochondroma of the thoracic spine causing myelopathy. Eur J Pediatr Surg 17:210-213, 2007
129. Spallone A, di Lorenzo N, Nardi P, Nolletti A: Spinal osteochondroma diagnosed by computed tomography. Report of two cases and review of literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 58:105-114, 1981
130. Tajima K, Nishida J, Yamazaki K, Shimamura T, Abe M: Case report 545: Osteochondroma (osteocartilagenous exostosis) cer vical spine with spinal cord compression. Skeletal Radiol 18: 306-309, 1989
131. Thierry A, Aimard G, Bochu M, Rambaud G, Rochet M, Brunon J: [Paraplegia in multiple exostoses.] J Med Lyon 51:1473-1476, 1970 (Fr)
132. Thomas ML, Andress MR: Osteochondroma of the cervical spine causing cord compression. Br J Radiol 44:549-551, 1971
133. Traina GC, Massari L, Chiarelli GM: A rare case of solitary exostosis of the cervical spine. Ital J Orthop Traumatol 14:385-387, 1988
134. Tully RJ, Pickens J, Oro J, Levine C: Hereditary multiple exostoses and cervical cord compression: CT and MR studies. J Comput Assist Tomogr 13:330-333, 1989
135. Twersky J, Kassner EG, Tenner MS, Camera A: Vertebral and costal osteochondromas causing spinal cord compression. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 124:124-128, 1975
136. Urso S, Carfagni A, Amorese V: Vertebral compression syndrome in multiple exostoses (case report). Ital J Orthop 3: 333-340, 1977
137. van der Sluis R, Gurr K, Joseph MG: Osteochondroma of the lumbar spine. An unusual cause of sciatica. Spine 17:1519-1521, 1992
138. Vanhoenacker FM, Van Hul W, Wuyts W, Willems PJ, De Schepper AM: Hereditary multiple exostoses: from genetics to clinical syndrome and complications. Eur J Radiol 40:208-217, 2001
139. Vinstein AL, Franken EA Jr: Hereditary multiple exostoses. Report of a case with spinal cord compression. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 112:405-407, 1971
140. Wang V, Chou D: Anterior C1-2 osteochondroma presenting with dysphagia and sleep apnea. J Clin Neurosci 16:581-582, 2009
141. Wen DY, Bergman TA, Haines SJ: Acute cervical myelopathy from hereditary multiple exostoses: case report. Neurosurgery 25:472-475, 1989
142. Woertler K, Lindner N, Gosheger G, Brinkschmidt C, Heindel W: Osteochondroma: MR imaging of tumor-related complications. Eur Radiol 10:832-840, 2000
143. Xu J, Xu CR, Wu H, Pan HL, Tian J: Osteochondroma in the lumbar intraspinal canal causing nerve root compression. Orthopedics 32:133, 2009
144. Yukawa Y, Kato F, Sugiura H: Solitary osteochondroma of the lower cervical spine. Orthopedics 24:292-293, 2001
145. Yünten N, Calli C, Zileli M, Ustün EE, Sener RN: Chondrosarcoma causing cervical neural foramen widening. Eur Radiol 7:1028-1030, 1997