A Rational Approach to Aspiration Prophylaxis

Evidence-based Obstetric Anesthesia

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 178-191

  O'Sullivan, Geraldine ^a   Hart, Darren ^a   Shennan, Andrew ^a  

^a GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aspiration prophylaxis; Gastroesophageal reflux; Incidence of vomiting; Labor duration; Plasma metabolites

Indexed keywords

EID: 77951727950     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470988343.ch15     Document Type: Chapter

References (62)

1. Department of Health and Others. Reports on Confidential Enquiries Into Maternal Deaths in England and Wales/United Kingdom 1952-1999. London: HMSO, 1957-2001 (Series of 16 Triennial Reports).
2. Loudon I. The transformation of maternal mortality. BMJ 1992;305:1557-60.
3. Mendelson CL. The aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs during obstetric anesthesia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1946;52:191-206.
4. Hey VMF, Cowley DJ, Ganguli PC, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux in late pregnancy. Anaesthesia 1977;32:372-7.
5. Van Thiel DH, Gavaler JS, Shobha AB, et al. Heartburn of pregnancy. Gastroenterology 1977;72:666-8.
6. Van Thiel DH, Gavaler JS, Stremple J. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure in women using sequential oral contraceptives. Gastroenterology 1976;71:232-4.
7. Holdsworth JD. Relationship between stomach contents and analgesia in labour. Br J Anaesth 1978;50:1145-8.
8. Hirsheimer A, January DA, Daversa JJ. An X-ray study of gastric function during labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1938; 36:671-3.
9. La Salvia LA, Steffen EA. Delayed gastric emptying time in labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1950;59:1075-81.
10. Crawford JS. Some aspects of obstetric anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1956;28:201-8.
11. Hunt JN, Murray FA. Gastric function in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1958;65:78-83.
12. Davison JS, Davison MC, Hay DM. Gastric emptying time in late pregnancy and labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1970;77:37-41.
13. Nimmo WS, Wilson J, Prescott LF. Narcotic analgesics and delayed gastric emptying during labour. Lancet 1975;1:890-3.
14. Nimmo WS, Wilson J, Prescott LF. Further studies of gastric emptying during labour. Anaesthesia 1977;32:890-3.
15. O'Sullivan GM, Sutton AJ, Thompson SA, et al. Non-invasive measurement of gastric emptying in obstetric patients. Anesth Analg 1987;66:505-9.
16. Simpson KH, Stakes AF, Miller M. Pregnancy delays paracetamol absorption and gastric emptying in patients undergoing surgery. Br J Anaesth 1988;60:24-7.
17. Macfie AG, Magides AD, Richmond MN, Reilly CS. Gastric emptying in pregnancy. Br J Anaesth 1991;67:54-7.
18. Geddes SM, Thorburn J, Logan RW. Gastric emptying following caesarean section and the effect of epidural fentanyl. Anaesthesia 1991;46:1016-8.
19. Gin T, Cho AMW, Lew JKL, et al. Gastric emptying in the postpartum period. Anaesth Intens Care 1991;19:521-4.
20. Carp H, Jayaram A, Stoll M. Ultrasound examination of the stomach contents of parturients. Anesth Analg 1992;74:683-7.
21. Sandar BK, Elliott RH, Windram I, Rowbotham DJ. Peripartum changes in gastric emptying. Anaesthesia 1992;47:196-8.
22. Wright PMC, Allen RW, Moore J, Donnelly JP. Gastric emptying during lumbar epidural extradural analgesia in labour: effect of fentanyl supplementation. Br J Anaesth 1992;68:248-51.
23. Whitehead E, Smith M, Dean Y, O'Sullivan G. An evaluation of gastric emptying times in pregnancy and the puerperium. Anaesthesia 1993;48:53-7.
24. Ewah B, Yau K, King M, et al. Effect of epidural opioids on gastric emptying in labour. Int J Obstet Anesth 1993;2:125-8.
25. Levy DM, Williams OA, Magides AD, Reilly CS. Gastric emptying is delayed at 8-12 weeks' gestation. Br J Anaesth 1994;73:237-8.
26. Stanley K, Magides A, Arnot M, et al. Delayed gastric emptying as a factor in delayed postprandial glycaemic response in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:288-91.
27. Zimmerman DL, Breen TW, Fick G. Adding fentanyl 0.0002% to epidural bupivacaine 0.125% does not delay gastric emptying in laboring parturients. Anesth Analg 1996;82:612-6.
28. Porter JS, Bonello E, Reynolds F. The influence of epidural administration of fentanyl infusion on gastric emptying in labour. Anaesthesia 1997;52:1151-6.
29. Kelly MC, Carabine UA, Hill DA Mirakhur RK. A comparison of the effect of intrathecal and extradural fentanyl on gastric emptying in laboring women. Anesth Analg 1997;85:834-8.
30. Chiloiro M, Darconza G, Piccioli E, et al. Gastric emptying and orocecal transit time in pregnancy. J Gastroenterol 2001;36:538-43.
31. Wong CA, Loffredi M, Ganchiff JN, et al. Gastric emptying of water in term pregnancy. Anesthesiology 2002;96:1395-400.
32. Heading RC, Nimmo J, Prescott LF, et al. The dependence of paracetamol absorption on the rate of gastric emptying. Br J Pharmacol 1973;47:415-21.
33. Hawthorne L, Wilson R, Lyons G, et al. Failed intubation revisited: 17 year experience in a teaching maternity unit. Br J Anaesth 1996;76:680-4.
34. Thomas J, Paranjothy S. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Clinical Effectiveness Support Unit. National Sentinel Caesarean Section Audit Report. London: RCOG Press, 2001.
35. Hart D, Shennan AH, O'Sullivan G. To eat or not to eat? A national survey of maternity unit policies regarding oral intake during labour. Abstract. Research in Midwifery & Perinatal Health Conference; Birmingham, 2003.
36. Scrutton MJL, Metcalfe GA, Lowy C, et al. Eating in labour. Anaesthesia 1999;54:329-34.
37. Kubli M, Scrutton MJ, Seed PT, et al. An evaluation of isotonic "sport drinks" during labor. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:404-8.
38. Metzger BE, Vileisis RA, Ramikar V, et al. "Accelerated starvation" and the skipped breakfast in late normal pregnancy. Lancet 1982;1:588-92.
39. Dumoulin JG, Foulkes JEB. Ketonuria during labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1984;91:97-8.
40. Bencini FX, Symonds EM. Ketone bodies in fetal and maternal blood during parturition. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1972;12:176-8.
41. Romney SL, Gabel PV. Maternal glucose loading in the management of fetal distress. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966;96:698-708.
42. Kenepp NB, Shelley WC, Gabbe SG, et al. Fetal and neonatal hazards of maternal hydration with 5% dextrose before caesarean section. Lancet 1982;1:1150-2.
43. Lawrence GF, Brown VA, Parsons RJ, et al. Feto-maternal consequences of high-dose glucose infusion during labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1982;89:27-32.
44. Feeney JG. Water intoxication and oxytocin. BMJ 1982;284:243.
45. Tarno-Mordi WO, Shaw JCL, Lin D, et al. Iatrogenic hyponatraemia of the newborn due to maternal fluid overload:a prospective study. BMJ 1981;283:639-42.
46. O'Driscoll K, Jackson JA, Gallagher JT. Prevention of prolonged labour. BMJ 1969;2:447-80.
47. Morton KE, Jackson MC, Gillmer MDG. A comparison of the effects of four intravenous solutions for the treatment of ketonuria during labour. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985;92:473-9.
48. Cheek TG, Samuels P, Miller F, et al. Normal saline IV fluid load decreases uterine activity in active labor. Br J Anaesth 1996;77:632-5.
49. Garite TJ, Weeks J, Peters-Phair K, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of increased intravenous hydration on the course of labor in nulliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1544-8.
50. Roberts RB, Shirley MA. The obstetrician's role in reducing the risk of aspiration pneumonitis with particular reference to the use of oral antacids. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976;124:611-7.
51. Armstrong T, Johnston I. Epidural service implications of feeding policy in labour. Anaesthesia 1997;52:798-9.
52. Berry H. Feast or famine? Oral intake during labour: current evidence and practice. Br J Midwifery 1997;5:413-7.
53. Michael S, Reilly CS, Caunt M. Policies for oral intake during labour: a survey of maternity units in England and Wales. Anaesthesia 1991;46:1071-3.
54. Hawkins J, Gibbs C, Martin-Salvaj G, et al. Oral intake policies on labor and delivery: a national survey. J Clin Anesthesia 1998;10:449-51.
55. Armstrong TSH, Johnston IG. Which women want food during labour? Results of an audit in a Scottish DGH. Health Bull 2000;58:141-4.
56. Lewis P. Food for thought: should women fast or feed in labour? Modern Midwife 1991;Jul:14-7.
57. Champion P, McCormick C. Eating and Drinking in Labour. Oxford: Miriad, Books for Midwives, 2001.
58. Chern-Hughes B. Oral intake in labor: trends in midwifery practice. J Nurs Midwifery 1999;44:135-8.
59. Scheepers HCJ, Thans MCJ, de Jong PA, et al. Eating and drinking in labor: the influence of practitioner's advice on womens' behaviour. Birth 2001;28:119-23.
60. British Nutrition Foundation. Nutrition requirements [online]. 2003. Available from: http://www.nutrition.org.uk
61. Scheepers HCJ, Thans MCJ, de Jong PA, et al. A double-blind randomised, placebo controlled study on the influence of carbohydrate solution intake during labor. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2002;109:178-81.
62. Yiannouzis C, Parnell C. A randomised controlled trial measuring the effects on labour of offering a light, low fat diet. Abstract. London: Miriad, Books for Midwives, 1992.