Access to legal work experience and its role in the (re)production of legal professional identity

International Journal of the Legal Profession

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 63-86

  Francis, Andrew ^a   Sommerlad, Hilary ^b  

^a KEELE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b LEEDS METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77951711590     PISSN: 09695958     EISSN: 14699257     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09695950903204961     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Abel, R. (2003) English Lawyers between Market and State: The Politics of Professionalism (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
2. Abel, R. (2004) The professional is political, International Journal of the Legal Profession, 11(1/2), pp. 131-156.
3. Archer, L. (2007) Diversity, equality and higher education: a critical reflection on the ab/uses of equity discourse within widening participation, Teaching in Higher Education, 12(5/6), pp. 635-653.
4. Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity (London, Sage).
5. Beck, U., Giddens, A. & Lash, S. (1994) Reflexive Modernisation: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order (Cambridge, Polity Press).
6. Boltanski, L. & Chiapello, E. (2005) The new spirit of capitalism, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 18(3/4), pp. 161-188.
7. Bolton, S. & Muzio, D. (2007) Can't live with 'em; can't live without 'em: gendered segmentation in the legal profession, Sociology, 41(1), pp. 47-61.
8. Boon, A., Flood, J. & Webb, J. (2005) Postmodern professions? The fragmentation of legal education and the legal profession, Journal ofLaw and Society, 32(3), pp. 473-492.
9. Bourdieu, P. (1990) The Logic ofPractice (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
10. Braithwaite, J. (2008) Power, Prizes and Partners: Explaining the Diversity Boom in City Law Firms, PhD thesis, Queen Mary, University of London.
11. Burrage, M. (1996) From a gentleman's to a public profession - status and politics in the history of English solicitors, International Journal ofthe Legal Profession, 3, pp. 45-80.
12. Carbado, D. (2007). Acting white, unpublished paper presented to Law and Society in the 21st Century Conference.
13. Carbado, D. & Gulati, G. (2000) Working identity, Cornell Law Review, 85, pp. 1259-1308.
14. Carbado, D. & Gulati, G. (2003) The law and economics of critical race theory, Yale Law Journal, 112, pp. 1757-1828.
15. Centre LGS (2006) Response to the Discrimination Law Review Consultation, available at: www.kent.ac.uk/ clgs/centre-files/CentreResponceToEqualitiesReview.pdf, last accessed 2 April 2009.
16. Chen, M. & Bargh, J.A. (1997) Non conscious behavioural confirmation processes: the self fulfilling consequences of automatic stereotype activation, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, pp. 541-560.
17. Clifford Chance (2007) What is Law? Graduate Opportunities and Vacation Schemes, available at: http:// gradsuk.cliffordchance.com/media/pdf/clifford_chance_graduates_200.7pdf, last accessed 25 June 2008.
18. Cole, B. (2003) Trends in the Solicitors Profession - Annual Statistical Report 2002 (London, The Law Society).
19. Cole, B. (2008) Trends in the Solicitors Profession - Annual Statistical Report 2007 (London, The Law Society).
20. Collier, R. (2005) Be smart, be successful, be yourself'? Representations of the training contract and the trainee solicitor in advertising by large law firms, International Journal of the Legal Profession, 12, pp. 51-92.
21. Crenshaw, K. (1989/1993) Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics, in: D.K. Weinberg (Ed.) Feminist Legal Theory: Foundations (Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press).
22. CSET (2008) City Solicitors' Educational Trust: Summer School, available at: www.cset.org.uk/ summerschool, accessed 11 April 2008.
23. DCA (2005) Increasing Diversity in the Legal Profession - A Report on Government Proposals (London, Department of Constitutional Affairs).
24. Devonald, L. (1994) An endangered species, Law Society's Gazette, 29 June, p. 2.
25. Duff, E., Shiner, M. & Boon, A. (2000) Entry into the Legal Professions: The Law Student Cohort Study Year 6, Research Study 39 (London, The Law Society).
26. Eversheds (2008) Graduate Recruitment Brochure, available at: http://www.eversheds.com/ graduaterecruitment/Download/Eversheds_Graduate_Brochure.pdf, accessed 23 April 2008.
27. Eyesenbach, G. & Till, J. (2001) Ethical issues on qualitative research on online communities, British Medical Journal, 323(10 November), pp. 1103-1105.
28. Falkenberg, L. (1990) Improving the accuracy of stereotypes within the workplace, Journal of Management, 16(1), pp. 107-118.
29. Fowler, B. (1997) Pierre Bourdieu and Cultural Theory: Critical Investigations (London, Sage).
30. Francis, A.M. (2004) Out of touch and out of time: lawyers, their leaders and collective mobility within the legal profession, Legal Studies, 24(3), pp. 322-348.
31. Francis, A.M. (2006) I'm not one of those women's libber type people but': gender, class and professional power within the third branch of the English legal profession, Social and Legal Studies, 15(4), pp. 475-493.
32. Francis, A.M & McDonald, I.W. (2006) Preferential treatment, social justice and the part-time law student - the case for the value added part-time law degree, Journal of Law and Society, 33(1), pp. 92-108.
33. Francis, A.M. & McDonald, I.W. (2009) After dark and out in the cold: part-time law students and the myth of 'equivalency', Journal ofLaw and Society, 36(2), pp. 220-247.
34. Franklin, A. & Lee, R. (2007) The embedded nature of rural legal services: sustaining service provision in Wales, Journal ofLaw and Society, 34(2), pp. 218-243.
35. Fuchs-Epstein, C., Seron, C., Oglensky, B. & Saute, R. (1999) The Part-time Paradox: Time Norms, Professional Life, Family and Gender (London, Routledge).
36. Galanter, M. & Roberts, S. (2008) From kinship to Magic Circle: the London commercial law firm in the twentieth century, International Journal ofthe Legal Profession, 15(3), pp. 143-178.
37. Ginsburg, T. & Wolf, J. (2004) The market for elite law firm associates, Florida State Law Review, 31(2003-2004), pp. 909-964.
38. Goffman, E. (1957) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York, Doubleday).
39. Goldthorpe, J. (2003) The myth of education-based meritocracy, New Economy, 10(4), pp. 234-239.
40. Gorz, A. (1989) Critique ofEconomic Reason, translated by G. Handyside & C. Turner (London, Verso).
41. Hagan, J. & Kay, F. (1995) Gender in Practice: A Study of'Lawyers' Lives (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
42. Hammonds (2008) Trainee Graduate Recruitment, available at: http://www.hammonds.com/trainees/, accessed 23 April 2008.
43. Hanley, L. (2007) Don't tell me that GCSEs are too easy when millions are failing, The Guardian, 20 August.
44. Hanlon, G. (1999) Lawyers, the State and the Market: Professionalism Revisited (Basingstoke, Macmillan).
45. Hirsch, A. (2009) Recession puts small community law firms under threat, The Guardian, 2 March, available at: http: //www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2009/mar/02/recession-community-law-firms-threat.
46. Hoare, S. (2006) Ethnic minorities make up only 3 per cent of UK 100 partners, The Lawyer, 3 April.
47. Hochschild, A. (1983) The Managed Heart: Commercialisation of Human Feeling (Berkeley, CA, University of California Press).
48. Holmes, L. (2006). Reconsidering graduate employability: Beyond possessive instrumentalism, paper presented at 7th International Conference on HRD Research and Practice across Europe.
49. Johnson, T. (1972) Professions and Power (London, Macmillan).
50. Larson, M. (1977) The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis (London, University of California Press).
51. Law Careers Net (2006) Cobbetts' Award Profile - Best Vacation Scheme, available at: http://www.lawcareers.net/Solicitors/Assets/758/AwardProfile06.pdf, accessed 23 April 2008.
52. Law Society (2005a) The Law Society Equality and Diversity Policy and Strategy (London, Law Society), available at: http://www.lawsociety.org.uk/documents/downloads/Equality%20and%20Diversity% 20Framework%20for%20Action.pdf, accessed 11 April 2008.
53. Law Society (2005a) Solicitors' Race Equality Awards: the winners, Press Release, 25 May.
54. The Lawyer (2006) Firms fail to meet DCA diversity deadline, The Lawyer, 22 May.
55. TheLawyer.com (2007) How to Survive: Summer Vacation Schemes, available at: www.thelawyer.com/cgibin/item.cgi?id= 126344&d=pndpr&h=pnhpr&f=pnfpr, accessed 15 March 2008.
56. Lee, R. (1999) Firm Views - Work of and Work in the Largest Law Firms, Research Study No. 35 (London, Law Society).
57. Legal Services Commission (2007) Equality and Diversity Policy Guidance 2007, p. 4, available at: http://www.legalservices.gov.uk/docs/civil_contracting/ 070830EqualityandDiversityGuidanceforLSCProviders(1).pdf.
58. Legal Week Intelligence (2008) Law Student Survey - Executive Summary, available at: http://www.legalweek.com/assets/getAsset.aspx?uiAssetID = 9b4b3ba4-9a55-4ca1-8503-0384134152c9, accessed 23 April 2008.
59. Lind, S. (2008) Major firms sign up for diversity drive, Legal Week, 22 January, available at: www.legalweek.com/Articles/1088418/Major+firms+sign+up+for+diversity+drive.html.
60. Linklaters (2008) Linklaters Graduate Recruitment, available at: www.linklatersgraduates.co.uk/schemes/ summer.aspx, accessed 15 March 2008.
61. Mann, C. & Stewart, F. (2000) Internet Communication and Qualitative Research: A Handbook for Researching Online (London, Sage).
62. McNabb, R. & Wass, V. (2006) Male female earnings differentials among lawyers in Britain: a legacy of the law or a current practice?, Labour Economics, 13(2), pp. 219-235.
63. McPartland, C. (2009) Shoosmiths to withdraw training contracts, The Lawyer, 30 March, available at: http://www.thelawyer.com/shoosmiths-to-withdraw-training-contracts/1000257.article, accessed 4 April 2009.
64. Melville, A. & Laing, K. (2007) I just drifted into it': constraints faced by publicly funded family lawyers, International Journal ofthe Legal Profession, 14(3), pp. 281-300.
65. Morley, L. (2007) The X factor: employability, elitism and equity in graduate recruitment, 21st Century Society, 2(2), pp. 191-207.
66. Morley, L., Eraut, M., Aynsley, S., MacDonald, D. & Shepherd, J. (2006) Needs of Employers and Related Organisations for Information about Quality and Standards of Higher Education, Report to HEFCE by the University of Sussex School of Education.
67. Muzio, D. & Ackroyd, S. (2005) On the consequences of defensive professionalism: the transformation of the legal labour process, Journal ofLaw and Society, 32(4), pp. 615-642.
68. Nicolson, D. (2005) Demography, discrimination and diversity: a new dawn for the British legal profession?, International Journal of the Legal Profession, 12, pp. 201-228.
69. Nixon, S. (1996) Hard Looks, Masculinities, Spectatorship and Contemporary Consumption (London, UCL Press).
70. Norman, L. (2004) Career Choices in Law: A Survey of Law Students (Research Study 50) (London, The Law Society).
71. Paton, N. (2008) Are you experienced?, Guardian Work, 23 November, pp. 1-2.
72. Reay, D., David, M. & Ball, S. (2005) Degrees of Choice: Social Class, Race and Gender in Higher Education (Stoke on Trent, Trentham Books).
73. Robbins, D. (1991) The World of Pierre Bourdieu: Recognising Society (Milton Keynes, Open University Press).
74. Rolfe, H. & Anderson, T. (2002) A Firm Decision: The Recruitment of Trainee Solicitors, Research Study 42 (London, The Law Society).
75. Russell-Cooke Solicitors, available at: www.russell-cooke.co.uk/graduate_recruitment.htm, accessed 26 February 2008.
76. Schleef, D. (2006) Managing Elites: Professional Socialization in Law and Business Schools (Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc).
77. Shiner, M. (1999) Entry into the Legal Professions: The Law Student Cohort Study, Year 5 (London, The Law Society).
78. Shiner, M. (2000) Young, gifted and blocked! Entry to the solicitors' profession, in: P. Thomas (Ed.) Discriminating Lawyers (London, Cavendish), pp. 87-120.
79. Silverman, D. (1993) Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction (London, Sage).
80. Slaughter and May (2008) Trainee Graduate Recruitment, available at: http://www.slaughterandmay.com/ brochures/brochures/general/trainee_recruitment_brochure_london.pdfm, accessed 23 April 2008.
81. Smith, A. (2006) Vicious (magic) circle, Legal Ethics, 9(2), pp. 152-156.
82. Solicitors' Regulation Authority (2007) Training Trainee Solicitors - The Solicitors Regulation Authority Requirements (Education and Training Unit, Solicitors Regulation Authority), available at:www.sra.org.uk/documents/students/training-contract/requirements.pdf, accessed 10 April 2008.
83. Solicitors Regulation Authority (Voluntary Code), available at: www.sra.org.uk/documents/students/training-contract/voluntarycode.pdf
84. Sommerlad, H. (1995) Managerialism and the legal profession: a new professional paradigm, International Journal of the Legal Profession, 2(3), pp. 159-186.
85. Sommerlad, H. (1999) The implementation of quality initiatives and the New Public Management in the legal aid sector in England and Wales: bureaucratisation, stratification and surveillance, Internationalm Journal ofthe Legal Profession, 6(3), pp. 311-344.
86. Sommerlad, H. (2002) Women solicitors in a fractured profession: intersections ofgender and professionalism in England and Wales, International Journal ofthe Legal Profession, 9(3), pp. 213-234.
87. Sommerlad, H. (2006) 'Becoming' a lawyer: gender and the processes of professional identity formation, in: E. Sheehy & S. Mclntyre (Eds) Calling for Change: Women, Law and the Legal Profession Ten Years after Touchstones for Change (Ottawa, University of Ottawa Press), pp. 159-177.
88. Sommerlad, H. (2007) Researching and theorizing the processes of professional identity formation, Journal of Law and Society, 34(2), pp. 190-217.
89. Sommerlad, H. (2008a) That obscure object of desire: sex equality and the legal profession, in: R. Hunter (Ed.) Rethinking Equality (Oxford, Hart Publishing), pp. 171-194.
90. Sommerlad, H. (2008b) What are you doing here? You should be working in a hair salon or something.' Outsider status and professional socialization in the solicitors' profession, Web Journal ofCurrent Legal Issues.
91. Sommerlad, H. & Sanderson, P. (1998) Gender, Choice and Commitment: Women Solicitors in England and Wales and the Struggle for Equal Status (Aldershot, Ashgate).
92. Sommerlad, H. & Sanderson, P. (2009) Training and Regulating those Providing Publicly Funded Legal Advice Services: A Case Study ofCivil Provision, unpublished report for the Ministry of Justice.
93. Thornton, M. (1996) Dissonance and Distrust: Women in the Legal Profession (Melbourne, Oxford University Press).
94. Thornton, M. (2001) The demise of diversity in legal education: globalisation and the new knowledge economy, International Journal ofthe Legal Profession, 8(1), pp. 37-56.
95. Verkaik, R. (2000) Oxbridge recruits dominate law firms, The Independent, 15 July, p. 11.
96. Vignaendra, S. (2001) Social Class and Entry into the Solicitors' Profession, Research Study 41 (London, The Law Society).
97. Webb, J. (1999) Post-Fordism and the reformation of liberal legal education, in: F. Cownie (Ed.) The Law School - Global Issues, Local Questions (Dartmouth, Ashgate).
98. Webb, J. (2004) Turf wars and market control: competition and complexity in the market for legal services, International Journal of the Legal Profession, 11(1 /2), pp. 81-102.
99. Wilkins, D. (1998) Fragmenting professionalism: racial identity and the ideology of bleached out lawyering, International Journal of the Legal Profession, 5, pp. 141-173.
100. Wilkins, D. & Gulati, G. (1996) Why are there so few black lawyers in corporate law firms?, California Law Review, 84, pp. 493-625.