'Pumping the life-blood into politics and place': Labour culture and the eveleigh railway workshops

Labour History

Volumn , Issue 79, 2000, Pages 11-34

  Taksa, Lucy ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 77951521121     PISSN: 00236942     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3828/27516727     Document Type: Article

References (266)

1. E. Olssen and J. Brecher, The Power of Shop Culture: The Labour Process in the New Zealand Railway Workshops, 1890-1930', International Review of Social History, vol. 37,1992, pp.350-51.
2. D.K. Drummond, Crewe: Railway Town, Company and People, 1840-1914, Scolar Press, Aldershot, 1995, p.13
3. J. Cattell and K. Falconer, Swindon: The Legacy of A Railway Town, HMSO, London, 1995, pp.10-15
4. E. Olssen, Building the New World: Work, Politics and Society in Caversham, 1880s-1920s, Auckland University Press, Auckland, 1995
5. A. Sharpe, Pictorial History Newtown, Kingsclear Books, Alexandria, 1999. It is worthwhile noting that in Glynn's view 'in Australia, urbanisation gave rise to manufacturing-contrary to the situation in Britain and other countries'. S. Glynn, Urbanisation in Australian History, 1788-1900, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne, 1970, p.17.
6. S. Macintyre, Little Moscows: Communism and Working-Class Militancy in Inter-War Britain, Croom Helm, London, 1980
7. J. McCalman, Struggletown: Public and Private Life in Richmond, 1900-1965, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1984
8. K. Tsokhas, 'Proletarian Cultures', Meanjin, vol. 44, no. 2,1985, pp.170,174-5,177
9. B. Scates, A New Australia: Citizenship, Radicalism and the New Republic, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 1997, p.8.
10. R. Samuel, 'People's History7, in R. Samuel (ed.), People's History and Socialist Theory, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1981, pp.xv-xxxix
11. A Round Table: 'Labor, Historical Pessimism, and Hegemony', The Journal of American History, vol. 75, no. 1,1988, pp.115-161
12. C.W.E. Bigsby (ed.), Approaches to Popular Culture, Edward Arnold, London, 1976.
13. Sea tes, A New Australia, pp.8-11.
14. Scates, ibid., pp.203-4.
15. L. Layman, 'Labour History in the Making: The Australian Scene in the 1980s and Directions for the 1990s', in J.E. Martin and K. Taylor (eds), Culture and the Labour Movement, The Dunmore Press, Palmerston North, 1991, pp.33-49, p.41
16. S. Garton, 'What Have We Done? Labour History, Social History, Cultural History*, in T. Irving (ed.), Challenges to Labour History, UNSW Press, Sydney, 1994, pp.52-7.
17. G. Patmore, 'Community and Australian Labour History7, in T. Irving (ed.), Challenges to Labour History, pp.178-184
18. L. Taksa, 'Like a Bicycle, Forever Teetering between Individualism and Collectivism: Considering Community in Relation to Labour History7, Labour History, vol. 78,2000, pp.7-32. Also see other articles in the thematic section of this volume of Labour History.
19. E. Hobsbawm, On History, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1997, p.276.
20. N. Kirk, Change, Continuity and Class: Labour in British Society, 1850-1920, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1998, p.155.
21. Ibid., p.215.
22. Although I recognise that respectability provided an important source of distinction between working class people, it is beyond the scope of the paper to consider its implications. See further, J. McCalman, 'Class and Respectability in a Working-Class Suburb: Richmond Victoria, Before the Great War', Historical Studies, vol. 20, no. 78,1982, pp.90-103
23. E. Ross, 'Not the Sort that Would Sit on the Doorstep: Respectability in Pre-World War I London Neighborhoods', International Labor and Working Class History, no. 27,1985, pp.39-59.
24. L. Heerma van Voss and F. van Holthoon, 'Introduction: Popular Culture, Local Culture, Working Class Culture. Problems of Definition and Comparison', in L. van Voss and F. van Holthoon (eds), Working Class and Popular Culture, p.9
25. R. Gable (ed.), Raymond Williams, Resources of Hope Culture, Democracy, Socialism, Verso, London, 1989, p.4
26. R. Williams, Culture and Society, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1961, pp.312-14
27. E.P. Thompson, The Making Of the English Working Class, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1968, pp.462-3
28. R. Williams, The Long Revolution, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1965, originally published 1961, p.57.
29. G.M. Sider, The Ties that Bind: Culture and Agriculture, Property and Propriety in the Newfoundland Village Fisher/, Social History, vol. 5, no. 1,1980, pp.1-2.
30. Sider, ibid., pp.15-16
31. J. Rickard, 'Cultural History: The 'High' and the 'Popular", Australian Cultural History, no. 5,1986, p.41.
32. van Voss and van Holthoon, 'Introduction: Popular Culture', pp.10-11
33. P. Burke, The "Discovery" of Popular Culture', and S. Hall, 'Notes on Deconstructing The Popular", in Samuel (ed.), People's History, pp.221-25, and pp.227,232-35.
34. E. Yeo, 'Phases in the History of Popular Culture and Power Relations in Britain, 1789 to the Present', in van Voss and van Holthoon (eds), Working Class and Popular Culture, p.136.
35. S. Lukes, Power: A Radical View, Macmillan, London, 1974, pp.26-33.
36. S. Pile, 'Introduction: opposition, political identities and spaces of resistance', in S. Pile and M. Keith (eds), Geographies of Resistance, Routledge, London, 1997, pp.1-2,16,24.
37. R. Blackburn, 'Introduction', in Gable (ed.), Raymond Williams, p.x
38. M. Keith & S. Pile (eds), Place and the Politics of Identity, Routledge, London, 1993
39. Pile and Keith (eds), Geographies of Resistance
40. M. Denning, The Cultural Front: The Labouring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century, Verso, London and New York, 1997.
41. Williams, 'Culture is Ordinary, 1958', Williams, 'Communications and Community, 1961', Williams, The Idea of Common Culture, 1968', in Gable (ed.), Raymond Williams, pp.4,8,21,32-33, 36-38.
42. Williams, 'Communications and Community, p.22.
43. Yeo, 'Phases in the History of Popular Culture', pp.137-145
44. M. du Bois Reymond and A. E.M. Jonker, The City's Public Space and Urban Childhood', in van Voss and van Holthoon (eds), Working Class and Popular Culture, pp.43-58
45. E. Ross, 'Survival Networks: Women's Neighbourhood Sharing in London Before World War I', History Workshop, no. 15,1983, p.4
46. E. Ross, 'Fierce Questions and Taunts: Married Life in Working-Class London, 1870-1914', Feminist Studies, vol. 8, no. 3,1982
47. A. May, 'Structures with Actors: An Approach to the Historical Experience of the Street in Melbourne', Melbourne Historical Journal, vol. 18,1987, pp.16-17
48. A. Brown-May, Melbourne Street Life, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Kew, 1998.
49. May, 'Structures with Actors', p.17.
50. Ross, 'Survival Networks', pp.5,8-9
51. Reymond and Jonker, The City's Public Space', pp.43,46-8
52. J. Schlumbohm, Traditional Collectivity and Modern Individuality: Some Questions and Suggestions for the Historical Study of Socialization. The Examples of the German Lower and Upper Bourgeoisies around 1800', Social History, vol. 5, no. 1,1980, pp.84-6
53. M. Indian, 'Formalisation of Urban Leisure', in R. Cashman and M. McKernan (eds), Sport, Money, Morality and the Media, UNSW Press, Sydney, 1981, pp.273-4,278-81.
54. Interviews by L. Taksa with S. Jones on 8 September 1983
55. J. Mongan on 19 March 1987
56. E. Ryan on 19 October 1987 on behalf of the NSW Bicentennial Oral History Project
57. J. Willis on 5 February 1996 for the Eveleigh Social History project.
58. Interview with A. Doyle conducted by L. Taksa on behalf of the NSW Bicentennial Oral History Project on 25 May 1987.
59. Interview with N. Edwards conducted by L. Taksa on 20 August 1987 on behalf of the NSW Bicentennial Oral History Project.
60. Doyle interview.
61. Mongan interview.
62. Sider, The Ties that Bind', pp.1-2.
63. J. Gunn, Along Parallel Lines: A History of the Railways of New South Wales, 1850-1986, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne 1989, pp.35-8
64. K. Buckley and T. Wheelwright, No Paradise for Workers: Capitalism and the Common People in Australia, 1788-1914, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1988, p.104
65. Annual Report (AR) of the Commissioner For Railways for the Year 1881, NSW State Rail Authority Archives (SRAA), R8\3, pp.11-12, pp.29-31
66. AR for 1882, SRAA, R8\4, pp.12-13
67. AR for 1898, including Chief Mechanical Engineer's Report, SRAA R9/10, p.7, p.14
68. The Origin and Growth of Eveleigh', The Staff, 18 February 1930, pp.105-107
69. The New Erecting Shops, Eveleigh', The New South Wales Railway Budget, 20 June 1898, p.172 (henceforth Budget)
70. The Railway Workshops', and The Locomotive Shops at Eveleigh', Budget, 21 July 1900, p.226 and p.239, respectively
71. The Carriage and Wagon Shops at Eveleigh', Budget, 21 August 1900, p.250
72. 'Extension of the Eveleigh Railway Workshops', Budget, 1 August, 1903, p.289.
73. R. Markey, The Making of the Labor Parry in New South Wales, 1880-1900, UNSW Press, Sydney, 1988, pp.99-103
74. J.C. Docherty, The Rise of Railway Unionism: A Study of NSW and Victoria c. 1880 1905, unpublished Masters thesis, Australian National University, 1973, pp.6-59
75. The Locomotive Shops', p.239
76. W. Blacket, Report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry as to Whether the Supply of Locomotives is Adequate for Traffic Purposes and if Inadequate, to Inquire into the Causes and Reasons of such Inadequacy, and as to how far Future Locomotive Requirements can be met at Eveleigh Works, Government Printer, Sydney, 1912, pp.6-10, p.13
77. D. Burke, Man of Steam: E.E. Lucy-A Gentleman Engineer in the Great Days of the Iron Horse, Iron Horse Press, Sydney, 1986, p.46.
78. K. Buckley, The Amalgamated Engineers in Australia, 1852-1920, Department of Economic History, Canberra, 1970, pp.15-16
79. L. Taksa, 'Social and Oral Histor/, in Godden Mackay Pty. Ltd., Eveleigh Workshops Management Plan for Moveable Items and Social History, vol. 2, Sydney, July 1996
80. Government Gazette Employee Lists, 1887-1939, SRAA
81. Railway Personnel Cards, State Records Office of NSW (SRO), Series: 11/16552 to 11/16745, and SRAA. One hundred and twenty-seven women have been identified from the Government Gazette lists between 1887 and 1939. Over 60 female munitions workers and 10 industrial nurses have been identified from SRA Personnel Cards. Information on women clerks, industrial nurses, canteen workers, train cleaners, language teachers and apprentices have been obtained from oral sources and SRA personnel records. Interview with J. Hitchen conducted on 15 October 1996
82. Interview with A. Patrick conducted by L. Taksa on 5 January 1999
83. Interview with E. Wheatley conducted by L. Taksa on 28 September 1999
84. Interview with P. Holdorf conducted by L. Taksa on 17 May 1999
85. Genealogical reconstructions performed by P. Mclntyre, 1999 on the Powys, McDoughall and Breen families using SRA Personnel Cards for Employees born before 1900, SRO and Births, Deaths and Marriage Records.
86. G.E. Patmore, A History of Industrial Relations in the NSW Government Railways: 1855-1929, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Sydney, 1985, pp.22-3,26,51,54-6,64-70,210-12
87. Eveleigh Workers' Data Base, compiled with assistance from an Australian Research Council, Strategic Partnerships with Industry-Research and Training (SPIRT) grant, using Government Gazette Employee Lists published every three years from 1887, held by the SRAA.
88. Mr Justice Curlewis, Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Effects of the Workings of the System known as the Job and Time Cards System introduced into the Tramways and Railways Workshops of the Railways Commissioners, NSW Parliamentary Papers, vol. 5-6,1918, p.57, p.65
89. M. Hearn, Working Lives: A History of the Australian Railways Union (NSW Branch), Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1990, p.31
90. G. E. Patmore, The Origins of the National Union of Railwaymen', Labour History, no. 43,1982, pp.44 52.
91. Interview with B. Dunnett conducted by J. Kent on 10 May 1996.
92. Interview with H. Alexander conducted by J. Kent on 15 April 19%.
93. Willis, interview.
94. Patmore, 'A History', chapter four, pp.305-306,335-335,338-340
95. C. McAllister, T. Roberts, G. Nutt, T.H. Woodroffe, W. Thow, Royal Commission of Inquiry Into the Practicability of the Construction of Locomotives by the Government, or by Private Enterprise, in this State, Government Printer, Sydney, 1904, SRAA, R158/10, pp.12-17
96. L. Taksa, 'Defence not Defiance: Social Protest and the NSW General Strike of 1917', Labour History, no. 60,1991, pp.16-33.
97. The largest unions included the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AUE), the Australasian Society of Engineers (ASE), the Australian Railways Union (ARU), the Federated Ironworkers Association (FIA), and the Boilermakers Society. After its deregistration in 1917, the Amalgamated Railway and Tramway Service Association was reformed as the ARU, which was registered under the Industrial Arbitration Act on 30 December 1920. S. Jones, 'Eveleigh-The Heart Of The Transport System', Daily News: Feature for Transport Workers, 19 January, 1939
98. A. Wilson, The Railway Shop Committees' Struggle', Fifty Years of Struggle, Vol. 1, pp.45-6
99. A. Wilson, 'Australia's First Shop Committees', The Modern Unionist, June 1971, pp.39-40
100. Hearn, Working Lives, p.33.
101. Schwager Brooks, Eveleigh Precinct Conservation Policy, p.1
102. NSW State Heritage Inventory, http:// www.heritage.nsw.gov.au 43. The sources are conclusive for all but three of the following politicians: W. Ainsworth, J.A. Bodkin, J.J. Cahill, WJ. Carlton, C.J. Danahey, Roger Degen, J.L. Geraghty, E.J. Harrison, M.L. Hunter, N.J. Kearns, WJ. Long, R.B. Marsh, CH. Matthews, J.S.T. McGowen, W.J. McKell, J. McNeil, J.A. Mulvihill, W.T. Murray, G.WH. Noble, W.T. Padgen, AT. (Spence) Powell, W.M. Rigby, G.S. Sinclair, E.J. Ward, S.A.L. Wyatt. The three in doubt include: Powell, Rigby, and Sinclair. H. Radi, P. Spearritt and E. Hinton (eds), Biographical Register of the New South Wales Parliament, 1801-1970, Australian National University (ANU) Press, Canberra, 1979
103. C.N. Connolly, Biographical Register of the New South Wales Parliament, 1856-1901, ANU Press, Canberra, 1983
104. J. Rydon, A Biographical Register of the Commonwealth Parliament, 1901-1972, ANU Press, Canberra, 1975
105. Railway Personnel Cards, SRO and SRAA
106. Government Gazette Employee Lists.
107. 'Mass Rally of Eveleigh Railway Workers Listen to an Election Speech from Jack Lang at Redfern, August 22,1934', Sydney: At Work and Play Photographic Collection, Still 00354, Mitchell Library (ML), Sydney
108. They w?l Vote For Labor To-morrow', photograph of Eveleigh workers listening to an election speech by J.H. Scullin, Leader of the Federal Labor Party, Barrier Daily Truth, 16 November 1928. Thanks to J. Shields for drawing my attention to the latter source.
109. Patmore, 'A History', pp.66-9
110. Markey, The Making, pp.100,104,137,197-9.
111. Patmore, ibid, pp.4,8,18-19,21,24-5,43-4
112. P. Loveday, 'New South Wales', in D.J. Murphy (ed.), Labor in Politics: The State Labor Parties in Australia, 1880-1920, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, 1975, pp.16-20
113. Photograph: The Railway Workers' Section of the Eight Hour Day March, 1873', Australian Sketcher, 1873, National Library of Australia
114. Buckley, The Amalgamated Engineers, pp.31,51,56,64-5
115. Markey, The Making, pp.137,139-40,153,212
116. R. Markey, In Case of Oppression: The Life and Times of the Labor Council of New South Wales, Pluto Press, Sydney, 1994, pp.16,27,100, 115.
117. Taksa, 'Social and Oral History7, p.56
118. 'Family Generations in Railway Employment', NSW Railway and Tramway Magazine, December 1917, p.74
119. M. Klein, Unfinished Business: The Railroad in American Life, University Press of New England, Hanover, 1994, p.15
120. G.R. Poole and D.J. Young (eds), R.E. (Lefty) Morgan, Workers' Control on the Railroad: A Practical Example "Right Under Your Nose",' St. John's Canadian Committee on Labour History, St. John's, 1994, p.51
121. Drummond, Crewe, pp.75, 123
122. A. Williams, Life in a Railway Factory, Alan Sutton, Gloucester, 1984
123. F. McKenna, 'Victorian Railway Workers', History Workshop, no. 1, Spring 1976, pp.26-73
124. F. McKenna, The Railway Workers, 1840-1970, Faber and Faber, London, 1980
125. Olssen, Building the New World, p.133
126. Willis, Jones, Holdorf, interviews
127. Interview with J. Barnes conducted by L. Taksa, 16 March 1998
128. Interview with B. Rhymes conducted by L. Taksa on 5 June 1998
129. Genealogical and oral sources referred to in note 34.
130. Patmore, 'A History', pp.66-9
131. Markey, The Making, p.137.
132. R.M. Audley, 'Schey William Francis (1857-1913)', in G. Serie (ed.), Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 11,1891-1939, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1988, pp.535-6
133. S. Fitzgerald, Rising Damp, Sydney, 1870-90, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1987, pp.21,34.
134. Originally a blacksmith, Hoyle joined the railways in 1876. He helped to form the Railway and Tramway Employees Association and in 1885 he became its President. In 1890 he was dismissed from the railways and the following year he won a Redfern seat, alongside Schey, both of who later joined the Labor Party. Hoyle continued to represent Redfern until 1894 and although he was defeated the following year, he subsequently represented Surry Hills between 1910 and 1917. Return of Persons employed in the Permanent Way Branch on 31 December, 1887, Government Gazette Employee List, SRAA, p.41
135. Radi, Spearritt and Hinton (eds), Biographical Register, p.138
136. G. Black, A History of the NSW Labor Party From Conception until 1917, Sydney, vol. 5, no date, p.4.
137. Danahey was a fitter at Eveleigh between 1884 and 1891, and was closely associated with the formation of the Australasian Society of Engineers. When he was returned for the seat of Canterbury in the 1891 election, he 'styled' himself as a Labor Member. He attended the first annual Labor Party Conference in November 1893, as a trade union representative and he voted for the Labor Platform. Although he was one of the 'pioneers of political Laborism' in NSW, Danahey cut his ties with the labour movement in 1898. Black, A History, vol. 2, pp.12,24,31,35, 44, vol. 7, p.9
138. Connolly, Biographical Register, p.75
139. Loveday, 'New South Wales', p.107
140. Hansard Index to Speeches, Sessions 1891-92,1892-93,1894.1 would like to extend my thanks to D. Clune, Manager, Research, NSW Parliamentary Library for providing me with the last reference.
141. B. Nairn, 'McGowen, James Sinclair Taylor (1855-1922)', in B. Nairn and G. Serle (eds), Australian Dictionary of Biography, vol. 10,1891-1939, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1986, p.273
142. R. McMullin, The Light on the Hill: The Australian Labor Party, 1891-1991, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1991, pp.12,56
143. Black, A History, vol. 5, p.4, vol. 3, p.13, vol. 4, pp.8-9.
144. Markey, In Case of Oppression, p.5
145. Patmore, 'A History', pp.52-63
146. Scates, A New Australia, pp.3,9, 85.
147. B. Nairn, The 1916-17 Labor Party Crisis in New South Wales and the Advent of WJ. McKell', Labour History, no. 16,1969, p.3
148. Sydney Morning Herald (SMH), 12 August 1901, p.5
149. 'Railway and Tramway Association', Budget, 21 August 1901, p.278.
150. Worker, 16 March 1901,27 April 1901.
151. Worker, 2 April 1904, p.4
152. Report of the Royal Commission on Strikes, 1891, SRAA, R158/4, Literary Appendix, p.155, Item 30
153. The People, 8 June 1901.
154. The Worker, 10 June 1905, p.6
155. July 1905, p.6.
156. McAllister, Roberts, Nutt, Woodroffe, Thow, Royal Commission, pp.1-8,13-14,21-22.
157. McMullin, The Light on the Hill, pp.56,72
158. H.V. Evatt, William Holman: Australian Labour Leader, Angus & Roberston, Sydney, 1979, originally published in 1940, pp.154,177
159. Nairn, 'McGowen', p.274.
160. The Co-Operator, 14 March 1912,21 March 1912
161. Blacket, Royal Commission, 1912, pp.6-10,13
162. Burke, Man of Steam, p.46.
163. The Co-operator, 2 November, 1911.
164. Patmore, 'A History', pp.253-4.
165. McKell represented this district as a Minister in various State Labor Governments between 1920 1922,1925-1927,1930-1932 and as Premier and Treasurer in the period 1941-1947. Radi, Spearitt and Hinton, Biographical Register, pp.181-2
166. M. Easson, 'Introduction', pp.xv-xvi, K. Turner, 'From Boilermaker to Governor-General', pp.1-4
167. B. Nairn, 'Parliamentarian: W.J. McKell in the New South Wales Parliament, 1917-1939', pp.9-10,13, in M. Easson (ed.), McKell: The Achievements of Sir William McKell, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1988
168. SMH, 12 January 1985. Information also gratefully received from C. Cuneen, author of forthcoming biography of McKell.
169. Jones interview, 1983
170. Nairn, 'Parliamentarian', p.21
171. Interview with Sir W. McKell conducted by L. Taksa on 25 July 1983
172. SMH, 12 October 1941
173. January 1985
174. Nairn, The 1916-1917 Labor Party', p.10
175. D. Hickie, Chow Hayes: Gunman, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1991, pp.109-110.
176. E. Spratt, Eddie Ward: Firebrand of East Sydney, Rigby, Adelaide, 1965, pp.7,9-12.
177. Fitzgerald, Rising Damp, pp.18,21,27,34,36,144
178. T.A. Coghlan, General Report on the Eleventh Census of New South Wales, Government Printer, Sydney, 1894, p.121
179. S. Fitzgerald, 'Community, Politics and Work in the Inner-City, 1900-1970', inS. Fitzgerald and G. Wotherspoon (eds.), Minorities: Cultural Diversity in Sydney, State Library of New South Wales Press, Sydney, 1995, p.68.
180. Fitzgerald, Rising Damp, pp.28-30,36,144
181. The Echo, 5 June 1890, pp.2-3.
182. Radi, Spearritt and Hinton, Biographical Register, p.38
183. Returns for 1887-1908, Government Gazette Employee Lists, SRAA
184. Jones interview, 1983
185. Interview with S. Jones conducted by R. Herman in 1988 on behalf of the Combined Railway Unions Cultural Committee's Oral History Project
186. Marriage Certificate: T.S. Jones and M. Parsons, 1900
187. Fitzgerald, Rising Damp, pp.26-7,40
188. Railway Personal History Cards, SRO. Family reconstructions, P. Mclntyre.
189. Jones interview, 1983
190. McKell, Willis, Mongan interviews
191. Fitzgerald, Rising Damp, p.30.
192. Jones interviews, 1983,1988
193. Doyle, Ryan, interviews
194. Spratt, Eddie Ward, pp.12,15
195. J.T. Lang, / Remember: Autobiography, McNamara's Books, Katoomba, 1980, p.254
196. J.T. Lang, The Great Bust: The Depression of the Thirties, McNamara's Books, Leura, 1980, originally published in 1962, p.369
197. Rydon, A Biographical Register, p.218
198. Personnel Cards, SRO and SRAA.
199. Glynn, Urbanisation, p.40
200. Jones interview, 1983
201. Williams, The Social Significance of 1926', and Williams, The Importance of Community, 1977', in Gable (ed.), Raymond Williams, pp.106,109, 114.
202. Figures taken from the NSW Census, 1891, pp.370-7,446-53, cited in S.H. Fisher, Life and Work in Sydney, 1870-1890: Aspects of Social Development in a Nineteenth Century City, unpublished PhD thesis, Macquarie University, 1976, pp.224-225
203. Fitzgerald, Rising Damp, p.43.
204. These were: J.A. Bodkin, J.J. Cahill, W.J. Carlton, J.L. Geraghty, H.C. Hoyle, R.B. Marsh, C.H. Matthews, J.A. Mulvihill, WT. Murray, A.T. (Spence) Powell, W.M. Rigby, E.J. Ward. Radi, Spearritt and Hinton, Biographical Register
205. Connolly, Biographical Register
206. Spratt, Eddie Ward, p.7.
207. Before the Split, 17 of the 47 Labor Members in the NSW Legislative Assembly, or 36 per cent, were Catholics. Afterwards 11 of the 24, or 46 per cent, 'were of the faith'. Lang, / Remember, p.22
208. B. Nairn, The 'Big Fella': Jack Lang and the Australian Labor Party, 1891-1949, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1995, originally published in 1986, pp.7,9,18-19
209. C. Hamilton, 'Irish Catholics of New South Wales and The Labor Party, 1890-1910', Historical Studies, vol. 8, no. 31,1958, pp.264 5.
210. McMullin, The Light on the Hill, p.56
211. McKell interview
212. Jones interview, 1983.
213. Jones interview, 1983
214. McCalman, Struggletoum, p.22
215. Nairn, 'McGowen', p.273
216. McKell, Mongan interviews.
217. Interview with C. Dunnett conducted by L. Taksa on 18 March 1999
218. Group Interview with B. Driver, F. Bollens, G. North, B. Matthews, B. Leech, J. Bruce, B. Rhymes conducted at Eveleigh by L. Taksa and filmed by Summer Hill Media on behalf of the NSW Department of Urban Affairs and Planning on 17 November 1996
219. Group Interview with J. Aldridge, B. Rhymes, J. Lloyd and J. Lee conducted by L. Taksa on 5 March 1999
220. Hearn, Working Lives, pp.42-3.
221. Evatt, William Holman, p.187
222. Black, A History, vol. 6, p.35
223. Nairn, 'McGowen', p.273
224. Nairn, The 1916-17 Labor Party Crisis', p.10
225. Radi, Spearritt and Hinten, Biographical Register, pp.182,212
226. Rydon, Biographical Register, p.136
227. Personnel Cards, SRO.
228. Jones interview, 1983
229. Group interview, March 1999.
230. Group interview, March 1999
231. G. Dorren, 'Communities within Community: Aspects of Neighbourhood in Seventeenth Century Harlem', Urban History, vol. 25, no. 2,1988, p.175.
232. Scates, A New Australia, p.11
233. Spratt, Eddie Ward, pp.12,15
234. Lang, / Remember, p.254
235. Lang, The Great Bust, p.369
236. Rydon, A Biographical Register, p.218
237. Personnel Cards, SRO and SRAA.
238. Interviews with B. Dunnett on 10 May 19%
239. J.R. Bruce on 25 March 1996
240. K. Johnson on 23 February 1996
241. B. Matthews on 20 February 1996 (all conducted by J. Kent)
242. Interviews with L. Cavalierie on 5 November 1997
243. B. Rhymes on 31 July 1998
244. V. Russo on 30 October 1998 (all conducted by L. Taksa)
245. OBU, 1 April 1914, p.4,1 April 1919.
246. Railway Union Gazette, 11 July 1925, p.15,10 September 1926, p.11
247. Jones interview, 1988
248. Wilson, The Railway Shop Committees' Struggle', pp.45-6
249. Wilson, 'Australia's First Shop Committees', pp.39-40.
250. The Ironworker, 1 January 1928, p.14, May-July 1929, p.32
251. The Railroad, 10 March 1931, p.10
252. December 1931, p.5
253. Lang, The Great Bust, pp.302-5
254. G. Patmore, 'Systematic Management and Bureaucracy: The NSW Railways Prior to 1932', Labour and Industry, vol. 1, no. 2,1988, pp.315-7
255. Hearn, Working Lives, p.87.
256. Group interview, 1996
257. Railway Union Gazette, 10 September 1926, p.11
258. The Ironworker, 1 January 1928, p.14
259. Redfern Branch Report, Quarterly Report of the Federated Society of Boilermakers and Iron Shipbuilders of Australia, October 1929, p.137.
260. The Railroad, 10 June 1929, p.5,10 April 1930, p.22
261. Jones interview, 1988
262. Interview with F. Bollins conducted by L. Taksa on 10 August 1998.
263. The Railroad, 10 December 1931, p.5,10 April 1933, p.8,10 April 1935, p.10,10 May 1935, p.12.
264. The Labor Daily, 11 November 1938, p.5
265. Cavalierie, Rhymes, Russo interviews
266. The Railroad, 10 February 1930, p.1,15 November 1938, p.14, February 1936, p.7,23 May 1939, p.11.