Pelvic node dissection in prostate cancer: Extended, limited, or not at all?

Current Opinion in Urology

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 211-217

  Hyndman, Matthew Eric ^a   Mullins, Jeffrey K ^a   Pavlovich, Christian P ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Lymph node dissection; Lymphatic metastasis; Prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; HUMAN; LAPAROSCOPY; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHADENECTOMY; NOMOGRAM; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PELVIC LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; ROBOTICS; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE;

HUMANS; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; MALE; PROGNOSIS; PROSTATECTOMY; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77951294301     PISSN: 09630643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOU.0b013e328338405d     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Raghavaiah NV, Jordan WP Jr. Prostatic lymphography. J Urol 1979; 121:178-181.
2. Whitmore WF 3rd, Blute RD Jr, Kaplan WD, Gittes RF. Radiocolloid scintigraphic mapping of the lymphatic drainage of the prostate. J Urol 1980; 124:62-67.
3. Cellini N, Luzi S, Mantini G, et al. Lymphatic drainage and CTV in carcinoma of the prostate. Rays 2003; 28:337-341.
4. Bader P, Burkhard FC, Markwalder R, Studer UE. Is a limited lymph node dissection an adequate staging procedure for prostate cancer? J Urol 2002; 168:514-518; discussion 8. (Pubitemid 34793284)
5. Weckermann D, Dorn R, Trefz M, et al. Sentinel lymph node dissection for prostate cancer: experience with more than 1,000 patients. J Urol 2007; 177:916-920. (Pubitemid 46216337)
6. Mattei A, Fuechsel FG, Bhatta Dhar N, et al. The template of the primary lymphatic landing sites of the prostate should be revisited: results of a multimodality mapping study. Eur Urol 2008; 53:118-125. (Pubitemid 350166722)
7. Allaf ME, Palapattu GS, Trock BJ, et al. Anatomical extent of lymph node dissection: impact on men with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2004; 172 (5 Pt 1):1840-1844.
8. Touijer K, Rabbani F, Otero JR, et al. Standard versus limited pelvic lymph node dissection for prostate cancer in patients with a predicted probability of nodal metastasis greater than 1%. J Urol 2007; 178:120-124. (Pubitemid 46898466)
9. Clark T, Parekh DJ, Cookson MS, et al. Randomized prospective evaluation of extended versus limited lymph node dissection in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2003; 169:145-147; discussion 7-8. (Pubitemid 35461573)
10. Masterson TA, Bianco FJ Jr, Vickers AJ, et al. The association between total and positive lymph node counts, and disease progression in clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2006; 175:1320-1324; discussion 4-5. (Pubitemid 43312978)
11. Bader P, Burkhard FC, Markwalder R, Studer UE. Disease progression and survival of patients with positive lymph nodes after radical prostatectomy. Is there a chance of cure? J Urol 2003; 169:849-854. (Pubitemid 36188105)
12. Heidenreich A, Varga Z, Von Knobloch R. Extended pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: high incidence of lymph node metastasis. J Urol 2002; 167:1681-1686. (Pubitemid 34240702)
13. Heesakkers RA, Jager GJ, Hovels AM, et al. Prostate cancer: detection of lymph node metastases outside the routine surgical area with ferumoxtran-10-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 2009; 251:408-414.
14. Ross RW, Zietman AL, Xie W, et al. Lymphotropic nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (LNMRI) identifies occult lymph node metastases in prostate cancer patients prior to salvage radiation therapy. Clin Imaging 2009; 33:301-305.
15. Briganti A, Chun FK, Salonia A, et al. Critical assessment of ideal nodal yield at pelvic lymphadenectomy to accurately diagnose prostate cancer nodal metastasis in patients undergoing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Urology 2007; 69:147-151. (Pubitemid 46161677)
16. Weingartner K, Ramaswamy A, Bittinger A, et al. Anatomical basis for pelvic lymphadenectomy in prostate cancer: results of an autopsy study and implications for the clinic. J Urol 1996; 156:1969-1971. (Pubitemid 26378028)
17. Bochner BH, Herr HW, Reuter VE. Impact of separate versus en bloc pelvic lymph node dissection on the number of lymph nodes retrieved in cystectomy specimens. J Urol 2001; 166:2295-2296.
18. Stein JP, Penson DF, Cai J, et al. Radical cystectomy with extended lymphadenectomy: evaluating separate package versus en bloc submission for node positive bladder cancer. J Urol 2007; 177:876-881; discussion 81-82. (Pubitemid 46216362)
19. Touijer K, Secin FP, Cronin AM, et al. Oncologic outcome after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: 10 years of experience. Eur Urol 2009; 55:1014-1019.
20. Lattouf JB, Beri A, Jeschke S, et al. Laparoscopic extended pelvic lymph node dissection for prostate cancer: description of the surgical technique and initial results. Eur Urol 2007; 52:1347-1355. (Pubitemid 47445988)
21. Wyler SF, Sulser T, Seifert HH, et al. Laparoscopic extended pelvic lymph node dissection for high-risk prostate cancer. Urology 2006; 68:883-887. (Pubitemid 44633375)
22. Stone NN, Stock RG, Unger P. Laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection for prostate cancer: comparison of the extended and modified techniques. J Urol 1997; 158:1891-1894. (Pubitemid 27433173)
23. Polcari AJ, Hugen CM, Sivarajan G, et al. Comparison of open and robotassisted pelvic lymphadenectomy for prostate cancer. J Endourol 2009; 23:1313-1317.
24. Yates J, Haleblian G, Stein B, et al. The impact of robotic surgery on pelvic lymph node dissection during radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer: the Brown University early robotic experience. Can J Urol 2009; 16:4842-4846.
25. Zorn KC, Katz MH, Bernstein A, et al. Pelvic lymphadenectomy during robotassisted radical prostatectomy: assessing nodal yield, perioperative outcomes, and complications. Urology 2009; 74:296-302.
26. Harisinghani MG, Barentsz J, Hahn PF, et al. Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:2491-2499. (Pubitemid 36706536)
27. Cagiannos I, Karakiewicz P, Eastham JA, et al. A preoperative nomogram identifying decreased risk of positive pelvic lymph nodes in patients with prostate cancer. J Urol 2003; 170:1798-1803. (Pubitemid 37254931)
28. Bluestein DL, Bostwick DG, Bergstralh EJ, Oesterling JE. Eliminating the need for bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy in select patients with prostate cancer. J Urol 1994; 151:1315-1320.
29. Briganti A, Karakiewicz PI, Chun FK, et al. Percentage of positive biopsy cores can improve the ability to predict lymph node invasion in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and extended pelvic lymph node dissection. Eur Urol 2007; 51:1573-1581. (Pubitemid 46634767)
30. Briganti A, Chun FK, Salonia A, et al. Validation of a nomogram predicting the probability of lymph node invasion among patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and an extended pelvic lymphadenectomy. Eur Urol 2006; 49:1019-1026; discussion 26-27. (Pubitemid 43674000)
31. Conrad S, Graefen M, Pichlmeier U, et al. Prospective validation of an algorithm with systematic sextant biopsy to predict pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients with clinically localized prostatic carcinoma. J Urol 2002; 167 (2 Pt 1):521-525. (Pubitemid 34074519)
32. Makarov DV, Trock BJ, Humphreys EB, et al. Updated nomogram to predict pathologic stage of prostate cancer given prostate-specific antigen level, clinical stage, and biopsy Gleason score (Partin tables) based on cases from 2000 to 2005. Urology 2007; 69:1095-1101.
33. Yu JB, Makarov DV, Sharma R, et al. Validation of the partin nomogram for prostate cancer in a national sample. J Urol 2010; 183:105-111.
34. Haese A, Epstein JI, Huland H, Partin AW. Validation of a biopsy-based pathologic algorithm for predicting lymph node metastases in patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 95:1016-1021. (Pubitemid 34074519)
35. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA 1998; 280:969-974. (Pubitemid 28445094)
36. Briganti A, Chun FK, Salonia A, et al. Complications and other surgical outcomes associated with extended pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with localized prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2006; 50:1006-1013. (Pubitemid 44486500)
37. Eifler JB. Jr LAW, Walsh PC, Pavlovich CP. Pelvic lymph node dissection is associated with venous thrombo-embolism risk during laparoscopic radical prostatectomy [abstract]. 67th Annual Mid-Atlantic AUA Meeting 2009.
38. Secin FP, Jiborn T, Bjartell AS, et al. Multiinstitutional study of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in prostate cancer patients undergoing laparoscopic or robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 2008; 53:134-145. (Pubitemid 350166708)
39. Pagliarulo V, Hawes D, Brands FH, et al. Detection of occult lymph node metastases in locally advanced node-negative prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:2735-2742. (Pubitemid 46630570)
40. Terakawa T, Miyake H, Kurahashi T, et al. Improved sensitivity for detecting micrometastases in pelvic lymph nodes by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) compared with conventional RT-PCR in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2009; 103:1074-1078.
41. Briganti A, Karnes JR, Da Pozzo LF, et al. Two positive nodes represent a significant cut-off value for cancer specific survival in patients with node positive prostate cancer. A new proposal based on a two-institution experience on 703 consecutive N+ patients treated with radical prostatectomy, extended pelvic lymph node dissection and adjuvant therapy. Eur Urol 2009; 55:261-270.
42. Daneshmand S, Quek ML, Stein JP, et al. Prognosis of patients with lymph node positive prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy: long-term results. J Urol 2004; 172 (6 Pt 1):2252-2255. (Pubitemid 39507502)
43. Palapattu GS, Allaf ME, Trock BJ, et al. Prostate specific antigen progression in men with lymph node metastases following radical prostatectomy: results of long-term followup. J Urol 2004; 172 (5 Pt 1):1860-1864.
44. Messing EM, Manola J, Yao J, et al. Immediate versus deferred androgen deprivation treatment in patients with node-positive prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7:472-479. (Pubitemid 43779173)
45. DiMarco DS, Zincke H, Sebo TJ, et al. The extent of lymphadenectomy for pTXNO prostate cancer does not affect prostate cancer outcome in the prostate specific antigen era. J Urol 2005; 173:1121-1125. (Pubitemid 40380516)
46. Murphy AM, Berkman DS, Desai M, et al. The number of negative pelvic lymph nodes removed does not affect the risk of biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int 2010; 105:176-179.
47. Weight CJ, Reuther AM, Gunn PW, et al. Limited pelvic lymph node dissection does not improve biochemical relapse-free survival at 10 years after radical prostatectomy in patients with low-risk prostate cancer. Urology 2008; 71:141-145.
48. Berglund RK, Sadetsky N, DuChane J, et al. Limited pelvic lymph node dissection at the time of radical prostatectomy does not affect 5-year failure rates for low, intermediate and high risk prostate cancer: results from CaPSURE. J Urol 2007; 177:526-529; discussion 9-30. (Pubitemid 46054018)
49. Swanson GP, Hussey MA, Tangen CM, et al. Predominant treatment failure in postprostatectomy patients is local: analysis of patterns of treatment failure in SWOG 8794. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:2225-2229.
50. Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Paradelo J, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathological T3N0M0 prostate cancer significantly reduces risk of metastases and improves survival: long-term followup of a randomized clinical trial. J Urol 2009; 181:956-962.
51. Bolla M, van Poppel H, Collette L, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet 2005; 366:572-578. (Pubitemid 41140332)
52. Messing EM, Manola J, Sarosdy M, et al. Immediate hormonal therapy compared with observation after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in men with node-positive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1781-1788. (Pubitemid 30415406)
53. Da Pozzo LF, Cozzarini C, Briganti A, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with prostate cancer and nodal metastases treated by pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy: the positive impact of adjuvant radiotherapy. Eur Urol 2009; 55:1003-1011.
54. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Filen F, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in localized prostate cancer: the Scandinavian prostate cancer group-4 randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:1144-1154.
55. Klein EA, Kattan M, Stephenson A, Vickers A. How many lymphadenectomies does it take to cure one patient? Eur Urol 2008; 53:13-15; discussion 8-20. (Pubitemid 350166738)