Independent associations of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness with cardiovascular risk in adults

European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 175-180

  Ekblom Bak, Elin ^a,b   Hellénius, Mai Lis ^a   Ekblom, Örjan ^a,b   Engström, Lars Magnus ^c   Ekblom, Björn ^b  

^a KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^b SWEDISH SCHOOL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^c STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Adults; Aerobic fitness; Cardiovascular disease risk factors; Epidemiology; Exercise; Sweden

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; LIPID; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; ATHEROGENIC DIET; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; ERGOMETRY; FEMALE; FITNESS; HUMAN; INDEPENDENT VARIABLE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; SWEDEN; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE;

EID: 77951285403     PISSN: 17418267     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/HJR.0b013e32833254f2     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Powell KE, Blair SN. The public health burdens of sedentary living habits: theoretical but realistic estimates. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26:851-856.
2. Wei M, Macera CA, Hornung CA, Blair SN. Changes in lipids associated with change in regular exercise in free-living men. J Clin Epidemiol 1997; 50:1137-1142.
3. Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136:493-503.
4. Gautier JF. Physical activity and type 2 diabetes. Rev Med Liege 2005; 60:395-401.
5. Lochen ML, Rasmussen K. The Tromso study: physical fitness, self reported physical activity, and their relationship to other coronary risk factors. J Epidemiol Community Health 1992; 46:103-107.
6. Young DR, Steinhardt MA. The importance of physical fitness versus physical activity for coronary artery disease risk factors: a cross-sectional analysis. Res Q Exerc Sport 1993; 64:377-384.
7. McMurray RG, Ainsworth BE, Harrell JS, Griggs TR, Williams OD. Is physical activity or aerobic power more influential on reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors? Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30:1521-1529.
8. Lakka TA, Venalainen JM, Rauramaa R, Salonen R, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. Relation of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness to the risk of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1549-1554.
9. Blair SN, Cheng Y, Holder JS. Is physical activity or physical fitness more important in defining health benefits? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33:S379-S399; discussion S419-420.
10. Plowman SA. Physical activity and physical fitness: weighing the relative importance of each. J Phys Activity Health 2005; 2:143-158.
11. Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Mannikko N, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, et al. Sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35:1279-1286.
12. Ekelund U, Franks PW, Sharp S, Brage S,Wareham NJ. Increase in physical activity energy expenditure is associated with reduced metabolic risk independent of change in fatness and fitness. Diab Care 2007; 30:2101-2106.
13. Engstrom LM, Ekblom B, Forsberg A, vKoch M, Seger J. Livsstil-Prestation- Hälsa LIV90. Stockholm: Folksams förlag; 1993.
14. Ekblom B, Engstrom LM, Ekblom O. Secular trends of physical fitness in Swedish adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007; 17:267-273.
15. Ekblom-Bak E, Hellenius ML, Ekblom O, Engstrom LM, Ekblom B. Fitness and abdominal obesity are independently associated with cardiovascular risk. J Intern Med 2009. DOI 10.1111/j.365-2796.009.02131.x. [Epub ahead of print]
16. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007; 116:1081-1093.
17. Astrand I. Aerobic work capacity in men and women with special reference to age. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet; 1960, p. 92.
18. Nilsson-Ehle P, Ganrot P, Laurell C. Laurells Klinisk Kemi i praktisk medicin. Lund: Studentlitteratur; 2003.
19. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18:499-502.
20. Ardern CI, Janssen I. Metabolic syndrome and its association with morbidity and mortality. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 32:33-45
21. Rothman KJ. Epidemiology. An introduction. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002.
22. Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Confidence interval estimation of interaction. Epidemiology 1992; 3:452-456.
23. Eaton CB, Lapane KL, Garber CE, Assaf AR, Lasater TM, Carleton RA. Physical activity, physical fitness, and coronary heart disease risk factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27:340-346.
24. Helge JW, Damsgaard R, Overgaard K, Andersen JL, Donsmark M, Dyrskog SE, et al. Low-intensity training dissociates metabolic from aerobic fitness. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008; 18:86-94.
25. Schnohr P, Scharling H, Jensen JS. Intensity versus duration of walking, impact on mortality: the Copenhagen city heart study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14:72-78.
26. Laaksonen DE, Lakka HM, Salonen JT, Niskanen LK, Rauramaa R, Lakka TA. Low levels of leisure-time physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness predict development of the metabolic syndrome. Diab Care 2002; 25:1612-1618.
27. Hein HO, Suadicani P, Gyntelberg F. Physical fitness or physical activity as a predictor of ischaemic heart disease? a 17-year follow-up in the Copenhagen male study. J Intern Med 1992; 232:471-479.
28. Franks PW, Ekelund U, Brage S, Wong MY, Wareham NJ. Does the association of habitual physical activity with the metabolic syndrome differ by level of cardiorespiratory fitness? Diab Care 2004; 27:1187-1193.
29. Bouchard C, Rankinen T. Individual differences in response to regular physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33:S446-S451; discussion S52-S53.
30. Wong MY, Day NE, Wareham NJ. Measurement error in epidemiology: the design of validation studies II: bivariate situation. Stat Med 1999; 18:2831-2845.