Prevention of stroke in patients with patent foramen ovale

International Journal of Stroke

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 92-102

  Mattle, H P ^a   Meier, B ^a   Nedeltchev, K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Antithrombotic; Aspirin; Device closure; Patent foramen ovale; Prevention; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; WARFARIN;

ARTIFICIAL EMBOLISM; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CLIP; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY; HEART ATRIUM SEPTUM DEFECT; HEART RIGHT LEFT SHUNT; HEART SURGERY; HUMAN; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PARADOXICAL EMBOLISM; PATENT FORAMEN OVALE; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENCE RISK; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SURGICAL EQUIPMENT;

ADULT; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CORONARY THROMBOSIS; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, TRANSESOPHAGEAL; FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT; HUMANS; ODDS RATIO; RECURRENCE; RISK FACTORS; STROKE;

EID: 77951264387     PISSN: 17474930     EISSN: 17474949     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2010.00413.x     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Cohnheim J. Thrombose und Embolie. Vorlesung über allgemeine Pathologie 1877, 134. Berlin, Hirschwald
2. Nedeltchev K, Mattle HP. Contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler ultrasound for diagnosis of patent foramen ovale. Front Neurol Neurosci 2006, 21:206-15.
3. Doufekias E, Segal AZ, Kizer JR. Cardiogenic and aortogenic brain embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 51:1049-59.
4. Meissner I, Khandheria BK, Heit JA. Patent foramen ovale: innocent or guilty? Evidence from a prospective population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 47:440-5.
5. Schwerzmann M, Nedeltchev K, Meier B. Patent foramen ovale closure: a new therapy for migraine. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2007, 69:277-84.
6. Weber F, Goriup A. Prevalence of right-to-left shunts in active fighter pilots. Aviat Space Environ Med 2007, 78:135-6.
7. Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clin Proc 1984, 59:17-20.
8. Seib G. Incidence of the patent foramen cordis in adult American whites and American Negroes. Am J Anat 1935, 55:511-25.
9. Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR, Jin Z, Homma S. Patent foramen ovale and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:797-802.
10. Ward R, Jones D, Haponik EF. Paradoxical embolism: unrecognized problem. Chest 1995, 108:549-58.
11. Lechat P, Mas JL, Lascault G. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke. N Engl J Med 1988, 318:1148-52.
12. Webster MW, Chancellor AM, Smith HJ. Patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients. Lancet 1988, 2:11-2.
13. Chen WJ, Lin SL, Cheng JJ, Lien WP. The frequency of patent foramen ovale in patients with ischemic stroke: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Formos Med Assoc 1991, 90:744-8.
14. de Belder MA, Tourikis L, Leech G, Camm AJ. Risk of patent foramen ovale for thromboembolic events in all age groups. Am J Cardiol 1992, 69:1316-20.
15. Cabanes L, Mas JL, Cohen A. Atrial septal aneurysm and patent foramen ovale as risk factors for cryptogenic stroke in patients less than 55-years of age. A study using transesophageal echocardiography. Stroke 1993, 24:1865-73.
16. Job FP, Ringelstein EB, Grafen Y. Comparison of transcranial contrast Doppler sonography and transesophageal contrast echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients. Am J Cardiol 1994, 74:381-4.
17. Jones EF, Calafiore P, Donnan GA, Tonkin AM. Evidence that patent foramen ovale is not a risk factor for cerebral ischemia in the elderly. Am J Cardiol 1994, 74:596-9.
18. Zahn R, Lehmkuhl S, Lotter R, Zander M, Senges J. Cardiac sources of cerebral ischemic events with special regard to a patent foramen ovale. Herz Kreislauf 1995, 27:279-84.
19. Del Sette M, Angeli S, Leandri M. Migraine with aura and right-to-left shunt on transcranial Doppler: a case-control study. Cerebrovasc Dis 1998, 8:327-30.
20. Petty GW, Khandheria BK, Meissner I. Population-based study of the relationship between patent foramen ovale and cerebrovascular ischemic events. Mayo Clin Proc 2006, 81:602-8.
21. Jeanrenaud X, Bogousslavsky J, Payot M, Regli F, Kappenberger L. Patent foramen ovale and cerebral infarct in young patients. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1990, 120:823-9.
22. Hausmann D, Mugge A, Becht I, Daniel WG. Diagnosis of patent foramen ovale by transesophageal echocardiography and association with cerebral and peripheral embolic events. Am J Cardiol 1992, 70:668-72.
23. Di Tullio M, Sacco RL, Gopal A, Mohr JP, Homma S. Patent foramen ovale as a risk factor for cryptogenic stroke. Ann Intern Med 1992, 117:461-5.
24. Di Tullio M, Sacco RL, Venketasubramanian N, Sherman D, Mohr JP, Homma S. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for the detection of a patent foramen ovale in stroke patients. Stroke 1993, 24:1020-4.
25. Ranoux D, Cohen A, Cabanes L, Amarenco P, Bousser MG, Mas JL. Patent foramen ovale: is stroke due to paradoxical embolism? Stroke 1993, 24:31-4.
26. Homma S, Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Mihalatos D, Li Mandri G, Mohr JP. Characteristics of patent foramen ovale associated with cryptogenic stroke. A biplane transesophageal echocardiographic study. Stroke 1994, 25:582-6.
27. Albers GW, Comess KA, DeRook FA. Transesophageal echocardiographic findings in stroke subtypes. Stroke 1994, 25:23-8.
28. Klötzsch C, Janssen G, Berlit P. Transesophageal echocardiography and contrast-TCD in the detection of a patent foramen ovale: experiences with 111 patients. Neurology 1994, 44:1603-6.
29. Schminke U, Ries S, Daffertshofer M, Staedt U, Hennerici M. Patent foramen ovale: a potential source of cerebral embolism? Cerebrovasc Dis 1995, 5:133-8.
30. Yeung M, Khan KA, Shuaib A. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in the detection of venous to arterial shunting in acute stroke and transient ischaemic attacks. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996, 61:445-9.
31. Petty GW, Khandheria BK, Chu CP, Sicks JD, Whisnant JP. Patent foramen ovale in patients with cerebral infarction. A transesophageal echocardiographic study. Arch Neurol 1997, 54:819-22.
32. Roijer A, Lindgren A, Algotsson L, Norrving B, Olsson B, Eskilsson J. Cardiac changes in stroke patients and controls evaluated with transoesophageal echocardiography. Scand Cardiovasc J 1997, 31:329-37.
33. Serena J, Segura T, Perez-Ayuso MJ, Bassaganyas J, Molins A, Davalos A. The need to quantify right-to-left shunt in acute ischemic stroke: a case-control study. Stroke 1998, 29:1322-8.
34. Steiner MM, Di Tullio MR, Rundek T. Patent foramen ovale size and embolic brain imaging findings among patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke 1998, 29:944-8.
35. Kanda N, Yasaka M, Otsubo R, Nagatsuka K, Minematsu K, Yamaguchi T. Right-to-left shunt and atrial septal aneurysm in stroke patients: a contrast transesophageal echocardiographic study. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1998, 38:213-8.
36. Handke M, Harloff A, Olschewski M, Hetzel A, Geibel A. Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke in older patients. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:2262-8.
37. Force M, Massabuau P, Larrue V. Prevalence of atrial septal abnormalities in older patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2008, 110:779-83.
38. Overell JR, Bone I, Lees KR. Interatrial septal abnormalities and stroke: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Neurology 2000, 55:1172-9.
39. Chaikof EL, Campbell BE. SRB. Paradoxical embolism and acute arterial occlusion: rare or unsuspected? J Vasc Surg 1994, 20:377-84.
40. Inoue T, Tadehara F, Hinoi T. Paradoxical peripheral embolism coincident with acute pulmonary thromboembolism. Intern Med 2005, 44:243-5.
41. Dethy S, Manto M, Kentos A. PET findings in a brain abscess associated with a silent atrial septal defect. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1995, 97:349-53.
42. Moon RE, Camporesi EM, Kisslo JA. Patent foramen ovale and decompression sickness in divers. Lancet 1989, 1:513-4.
43. Rigatelli G, Giordan M, Braggion G. Incidence of extracerebral paradoxical embolism in patients with intracardiac shunts. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2007, 8:248-50.
44. Silver MT, Lieberman EH, Thibault GE. Refractory hypoxemia in inferior myocardial infarction from right-to-left shunting through a patent foramen ovale: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Cardiol 1994, 17:627-30.
45. Cheng TO. Platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome: etiology, differential diagnosis, and management. Cathet Cardiovasc Interv 1999, 47:64-6.
46. Beelke M, Angeli S, Del Sette M. Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study. Sleep Med 2003, 4:219-23.
47. Allemann Y, Hutter D, Lipp E. Patent foramen ovale and high-altitude pulmonary edema. JAMA 2006, 296:2954-8.
48. Anzola GP, Magoni M, Guindani M, Rozzini L, Dalla Volta G. Potential source of cerebral embolism in migraine with aura: a transcranial Doppler study. Neurology 1999, 52:1622-5.
49. Alzamora MT, Sorribes M, Heras A. Ischemic stroke incidence in Santa Coloma de Gramenet (ISISCOG), Spain. A community-based study. BMC Neurol 2008, 8:5.
50. Kraywinkel K, Jauss M, Diener HC, Weimar C. Patent foramen ovale, atrial septum aneurysm, and stroke. An examination of the status of recent evidence. Nervenarzt 2005, 76:935-42.
51. Hansen A, Kuecherer H. Caught in the act: entrapped embolus through a patent foramen ovale. Eur J Echocardiogr 2008, 9:692-3.
52. Thanigaraj S, Zajarias A, Valika A, Lasala J, Perez JE. Caught in the act: serial, real time images of a thrombus traversing from the right to left atrium across a patent foramen ovale. Eur J Echocardiogr 2006, 7:179-81.
53. Belkin RN, Hurwitz BJ, Kisslo J. Atrial septal aneurysm: association with cerebrovascular and peripheral embolic events. Stroke 1987, 18:856-62.
54. Hausmann D, Mugge A, Daniel WG. Identification of patent foramen ovale permitting paradoxic embolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 26:1030-8.
55. Jones HRJ, Caplan LR, Come PC, Swinton NWJ, Breslin DJ. Cerebral emboli of paradoxical origin. Ann Neurol 1983, 13:314-9.
56. Adams HPJ. Cardiac disease and stroke: will history repeat itself? Mayo Clin Proc 2006, 81:597-601.
57. Bonati LH, Kessel-Schaefer A, Linka AZ. Diffusion-weighted imaging in stroke attributable to patent foramen ovale: significance of concomitant atrial septum aneurysm. Stroke 2006, 37:2030-4.
58. Schuchlenz HW, Saurer G, Weihs W, Rehak P. Persisting eustachian valve in adults: relation to patent foramen ovale and cerebrovascular events. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2004, 17:231-3.
59. De Castro S, Cartoni D, Fiorelli M. Morphological and functional characteristics of patent foramen ovale and their embolic implications. Stroke 2000, 31:2407-13.
60. Telman G, Yalonetsky S, Kouperberg E, Sprecher E, Lorber A, Yarnitsky D. Size of PFO and amount of microembolic signals in patients with ischaemic stroke or TIA. Eur J Neurol 2008, 15:969-72.
61. Fox ER, Picard MH, Chow CM, Levine RA, Schwamm L, Kerr AJ. Interatrial septal mobility predicts larger shunts across patent foramen ovales: an analysis with transmitral Doppler scanning. Am Heart J 2003, 145:730-6.
62. Homma S, Sacco RL. Patent foramen ovale and stroke. Circulation 2005, 112:1063-72.
63. Schuchlenz HW, Saurer G, Weihs W. Patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, and recurrent stroke. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:1331-2.
64. Botto N, Spadoni I, Giusti S, Ait-Ali L, Sicari R, Andreassi MG. Prothrombotic mutations as risk factors for cryptogenic ischemic cerebrovascular events in young subjects with patent foramen ovale. Stroke 2007, 38:2070-3.
65. Pezzini A, Del Zotto E, Magoni M. Inherited thrombophilic disorders in young adults with ischemic stroke and patent foramen ovale. Stroke 2003, 34:28-33.
66. Belvis R, Santamaria A, Marti-Fabregas J. Patent foramen ovale and prothrombotic markers in young stroke patients. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007, 18:537-42.
67. Florez JC, Ay H, Van Cott EM, Buonanno FS. Patent foramen ovale and hypercoagulability as combined risk factors for stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2003, 12:114-8.
68. Cramer SC, Rordorf G, Maki JH. Increased pelvic vein thrombi in cryptogenic stroke: results of the Paradoxical Emboli from Large Veins in Ischemic Stroke (PELVIS) study. Stroke 2004, 35:46-50.
69. Sorensen HT, Horvath-Puho E, Pedersen L, Baron JA, Prandoni P. Venous thromboembolism and subsequent hospitalisation due to acute arterial cardiovascular events: a 20-year cohort study. Lancet 2007, 370:1773-9.
70. Berthet K, Lavergne T, Cohen A. Significant association of atrial vulnerability with atrial septal abnormalities in young patients with ischemic stroke of unknown cause. Stroke 2000, 31:398-403.
71. Djaiani G, Phillips-Bute B, Podgoreanu M. The association of patent foramen ovale and atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Anesth Analg 2004, 98:585-9.
72. Meier B. Patent foramen ovale, guilty but only as a gang member and for a lesser crime. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 47:446-8.
73. Schrale RG, Mitchell AR, Ormerod OJ. Patent foramen ovale and the risk of cryptogenic stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:1913-4.
74. Messe SR, Silverman IE, Kizer JR. Practice parameter: recurrent stroke with patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2004, 62:1042-50.
75. Homma S, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR, Sciacca RR, Mohr JP. Effect of medical treatment in stroke patients with patent foramen ovale: patent foramen ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study. Circulation 2002, 105:2625-31.
76. Bogousslavsky J, Garazi S, Jeanrenaud X, Aebischer N, Van Melle G. Stroke recurrence in patients with patent foramen ovale: the Lausanne Study. Lausanne Stroke with Paradoxal Embolism Study Group. Neurology 1996, 46:1301-5.
77. Mas JL, Arquizan C, Lamy C. Recurrent cerebrovascular events associated with patent foramen ovale, atrial septal aneurysm, or both. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:1740-6.
78. Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation 2006, 113:e409-49.
79. Nedeltchev K, Arnold M, Wahl A. Outcome of patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002, 72:347-50.
80. Dearani JA, Ugurlu BS, Danielson GK. Surgical patent foramen ovale closure for prevention of paradoxical embolism-related cerebrovascular ischemic events. Circulation 1999, 100:II171-5.
81. Devuyst G, Bogousslavsky J, Ruchat P. Prognosis after stroke followed by surgical closure of patent foramen ovale: a prospective follow-up study with brain MRI and simultaneous transesophageal and transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Neurology 1996, 47:1162-6.
82. Homma S, Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR, Smith C, Mohr JP. Surgical closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke patients. Stroke 1997, 28:2376-81.
83. Sievert H, Fischer E, Heinisch C, Majunke N, Roemer A, Wunderlich N. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale without an implant: initial clinical experience. Circulation 2007, 116:1701-6.
84. Walpoth NB, Habermacher K, Moarof I. Device-less patent foramen ovale closure by radiofrequency thermal energy. Swiss Med Wkly 2008, 138:108-13.
85. Ruiz CE, Kipshidze N, Chiam PT, Gogorishvili I. Feasibility of patent foramen ovale closure with no-device left behind: first-in-man percutaneous suture closure. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2008, 71:921-6.
86. Mills NL, King TD. Nonoperative closure of left-to-right shunts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1976, 72:371-8.
87. Bridges ND, Hellenbrand W, Latson L, Filiano J, Newburger JW, Lock JE. Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale after presumed paradoxical embolism. Circulation 1992, 86:1902-8.
88. Hung J, Landzberg MJ, Jenkins KJ. Closure of patent foramen ovale for paradoxical emboli: intermediate-term risk of recurrent neurological events following transcatheter device placement. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 35:1311-6.
89. Kutty S, Brown K, Asnes JD, Rhodes JF, Latson LA. Causes of recurrent focal neurologic events after transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale with the CardioSEAL septal occluder. Am J Cardiol 2008, 101:1487-92.
90. Wahl A, Meier B, Haxel B. Prognosis after percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale for paradoxical embolism. Neurology 2001, 57:1330-2.
91. Windecker S, Wahl A, Chatterjee T. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical embolism: long-term risk of recurrent thromboembolic events. Circulation 2000, 101:893-8.
92. Windecker S, Wahl A, Nedeltchev K. Comparison of medical treatment with percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 44:750-8.
93. Wahl A, Kunz M, Moschovitis A. Long-term results after fluoroscopy-guided closure of patent foramen ovale for secondary prevention of paradoxical embolism. Heart 2008, 94:336-41.
94. Wohrle J. Closure of patent foramen ovale after cryptogenic stroke. Lancet 2006, 368:350-2.
95. Amin Z, Hijazi ZM, Bass JL, Cheatham JP, Hellenbrand W, Kleinman CS. PFO closure complications from the AGA registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2008, 72:74-9.
96. Shishehbor MH, Christofferson RD, Tuzcu EM, Kapadia SR. Long-term results after PFO closure. Heart 2008, 94:100.
97. Sigler M, Jux C. Biocompatibility of septal defect closure devices. Heart 2007, 93:444-9.
98. Bayard YL, Ostermayer SH, Hein R. Percutaneous devices for stroke prevention. Cardiovasc Revasc Med 2007, 8:216-25.
99. Taaffe M, Fischer E, Baranowski A. Comparison of three patent foramen ovale closure devices in a randomized trial (Amplatzer versus CardioSEAL-STARflex versus Helex occluder). Am J Cardiol 2008, 101:1353-8.
100. Schuchlenz HW, Weihs W, Berghold A, Lechner A, Schmidt R. Secondary prevention after cryptogenic cerebrovascular events in patients with patent foramen ovale. Int J Cardiol 2005, 101:77-82.
101. Wahl A, Krumsdorf U, Meier B. Transcatheter treatment of atrial septal aneurysm associated with patent foramen ovale for prevention of recurrent paradoxical embolism in high-risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005, 45:377-80.
102. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002, 288:321-33.
103. Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke 2006, 37:577-617.
104. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee; ESO Writing Committee. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008, 25:457-507.
105. Brainin M, Barnes M, Baron JC. Guidance for the preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS scientific task forces - revised recommendations 2004. Eur J Neurol 2004, 11:577-81.