Sexual harassment: Prevalence, outcomes, and gender differences assessed by three different estimation methods

Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 252-274

  Nielsen, Morten Birkeland ^a   Bjørkelo, Brita ^a   Notelaers, Guy ^a   Einarsen, Ståle ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

Gender differences; Latent class cluster analysis; Outcomes; Prevalence; Sexual harassment

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMAN; JOB SATISFACTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; NORWAY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PREVALENCE; RAPE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUAL HARASSMENT;

EID: 77951242626     PISSN: 10926771     EISSN: 1545083X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10926771003705056     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Arvey, R. D., & Cavanaugh, M. A. (1995). Using surveys to assess the prevalence of sexual harassment: Some methodological problems. Journal of Social Issues, 51(1), 39-52.
2. Bates, C. A., Bowes-Sperry, L., & O'Leary, A. M. (2006). Sexual harassment in the workplace. In E. K. Kelloway, J. Barling & J. J. Hurrell (Eds.), Handbook of workplace violence (pp. 381-415). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
3. Berdahl, J. L., Magley, V. J., & Waldo, C. R. (1996). The sexual harassment of men? Exploring the concept with theory and data. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 527-547. (Pubitemid 126163817)
4. Brayfield, A. H., & Rothe, H. F. (1951). An index of job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 307-311.
5. Brown, T. J., & Sumner, K. E. (2006). Perceptions and punishments of workplace aggression: The role of aggression content, context, and perceiver variables. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 2509-2531.
6. Davies, M. (2006). Effects of perpetrator gender and victim sexuality on blame toward male victims of sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 146, 275-291. (Pubitemid 44022365)
7. Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E. H., & Covi, L. (1974). The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self report symptom inventory. Behavioral Science, 19, 1-15.
8. Donovan, M. A., & Drasgow, F. (1999). Do men's and women's experiences of sexual harassment differ? An examination of the differential test functioning of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire. Military Psychology, 11, 265-282.
9. Einarsen, S. (1996). Bullying and harassment at work: Epidemiological and psychosocial aspects. Bergen, Norway: University of Bergen.
10. Einarsen, S., & Sørum, D. R. (1996). "Arbeidskamerat eller sex-objekt?" En krysskulturell studie av seksuell trakassering [Colleague or sex object? A cross-cultural study of sexual harassment in the workplace]. Nordisk Sexologi, 14, 17-33.
11. European Commission. (1998). Sexual harassment in the workplace in the European Union. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs.
12. Fitzgerald, L. F., Magley, V. J., Drasgow, F., & Waldo, C. R. (1999). Measuring sexual harassment in the military: The Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ-DoD). Military Psychology, 11, 243-263.
13. Fitzgerald, L. F., Shullmann, S. L., Bailey, N., Richards, M., Swecker, W., Gold, Y., et al. (1988). The incidence and dimensions of sexual harassment in academia and the workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 32, 152-175.
14. Fitzgerald, L. F., Swan, S., & Magley, V. J. (1997). But was it really sexual harassment? Legal, behavioral, and psychological definitions of the workplace victimization of women. In W. O'Donohue (Ed.), Sexual harassment: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 5-28). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
15. Frazier, P. A., Cochran, C. C., & Olson, A. M. (1995). Social science research on lay definitions of sexual harassment. Journal of Social Issues, 51(1), 21-37.
16. Frese, M., & Zapf, D. (1988). Methodological issues in the study of work stress: Objective vs. subjective measurements and the question of longitudinal studies. In C. L. Cooper & R. Payne (Eds.), Causes, coping and consequences of stress at work (pp. 371-411). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
17. Giang, M. T., & Graham, S. (2008). Using latent class analysis to identify aggressors and victims of peer harassment. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 203-213.
18. Gruber, J. E. (1990). Methodological problems and policy implications in sexual harassment research. Population Research and Policy Review, 9, 235-254.
19. Gruber, J. E. (1997). An epidemiology of sexual harassment: Evidence from North America and Europe. In W. O'Donohue (Ed.), Sexual harassment: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 84-98). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
20. Gutek, B. A., Murphy, R. O., & Douma, B. (2004). A review and critique of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ). Law and Human Behavior, 28, 457-482. (Pubitemid 39200375)
21. Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). London, UK: Sage.
22. Høstmark, M., & Lagerstrøm, B. O. (2006). Undersøkelse om arbeidsmiljø: Destruktiv atferd i arbeidslivet. Dokumentasjonsrapport [A study of work environments: Destructive behaviours in working life. Documentation report] (No.44). Oslo, Norway: Statistisk Sentralbyrå/Statistic Norway.
23. Ilies, R., Hauserman, N., Schwochau, S., & Stibal, J. (2003). Reported incidence rates of work-related sexual harassment in the United States: Using meta-analysis to explain reported rate disparities. Personnel Psychology, 56, 607-631. (Pubitemid 37239832)
24. Judge, T. A., Parker, S., Colbert, A. E., Heller, D., & Ilies, R. (2001). Job-satisfaction: A cross-cultural review. In N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. K. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaran (Eds.), Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 25-52). London, UK: Sage.
25. Lapierre, L. M., Spector, P. E., & Leck, J. D. (2005). Sexual versus nonsexual workplace aggression and victims' overall job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 155-169.
26. Lee, D. (2000). Hegemonic masculinity and male feminisation: The sexual harassment of men at work. Journal of Gender Studies, 9, 141-155.
27. Lee, K. H., Baillargeon, R. H., Vermunt, J. K., Wu, H.-X., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007). Age differences in the prevalence of physical aggression among 5-11-year-old Canadian boys and girls. Aggressive Behavior, 33(1), 26-37.
28. Lengnick-Hall, M. L. (1995). Sexual harassment research: A methodological critique. Personnel Psychology, 48, 841-864.
29. Magidson, J., & Vermunt, J. K. (2002). Latent class modelling as a probabilistic extension of K-means clustering. Quirk's Marketing Research Review, 3(20), 77-80.
30. Magidson, J., & Vermunt, J. K. (2004). Latent class models. In D. Kaplan (Ed.), The Sage handbook for quantitative methodology (pp. 175-198). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
31. Mullen, P. E., Pathé, M., Purcell, R., & Stuart, G. W. (1999). Study of stalkers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1244-1249. (Pubitemid 29374886)
32. Munson, L. J., Hulin, C. L., & Drasgow, F. (2000). Longitudinal analysis of dispositional influence and sexual harassment: Effects on job and psychological outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 53, 21-46.
33. Nettelbladt, P., Hansson, L., Stefansson, C.-G., Borgquist, L., & Nordström, G. (1993). Test characteristics of the Hopkins Symptom Check List-25 (HSCL-25) in Sweden, using the Present State Examination (PSE-9) as a caseness criterion. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 28, 130-133. (Pubitemid 23256549)
34. Nielsen, M. B. (2009). Methodological issues in research on workplace bullying. Operationalisations, measurements, and samples. Bergen, Norway: University of Bergen.
35. Nielsen, M. B., & Einarsen, S. (2008). Sampling in research on interpersonal aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 265-272.
36. Notelaers, G., Einarsen, S., De Witte, H., & Vermunt, J. (2006). Measuring exposure to bullying at work: The validity and advantages of the latent class cluster approach. Work & Stress, 20, 288-301. (Pubitemid 44915708)
37. O'Connell, P. J., Calvert, E., & Watson, D. (2007). Bullying in the workplace: Survey reports, 2007. Dublin, Ireland: The Economic and Social Research Institute.
38. O'Donohue, W., Downs, K., & Yeater, E. A. (1998). Sexual harassment: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3, 111-128. (Pubitemid 28217825)
39. Pryor, J. B., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2003). Sexual harassment research in the United States. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 79-100). London, UK: Taylor & Francis.
40. Rosen, L. N., & Martin, L. (1998). Psychological effects of sexual harassment, appraisal of harassment, and organizational climate among U.S. army soldiers. Military Medicine, 163(2), 63-67. (Pubitemid 28100703)
41. Rotundo, M., Nguyen, D. H., & Sackett, P. R. (2001). A meta-analytic review of gender differences in perception of sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 914-922. (Pubitemid 33582417)
42. Saunders, P., Huynh, A., & Goodman-Delahunty, J. (2007). Defining workplace bullying behaviour: Professional lay definitions of workplace bullying. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 30, 340-354. (Pubitemid 47513199)
43. Stockdale, M. S., Berry, C. G., Schneider, R. W., & Cao, F. (2004). Perceptions of the sexual harassment of men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5, 158-167. (Pubitemid 38882924)
44. Strand, B. H., Dalgard, O. S., Tambs, K., & Rognerud, M. (2003). Measuring the mental health status of the Norwegian population: A comparison of the instruments SCL-25, SCL-10. SCL-5 and MHI-5 (SF-36). Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 57, 113-118. (Pubitemid 36626132)
45. Straus, M. A. (1990). The Conflict Tactics Scales and its critics: An evaluation and new data on validity and reliability. In M. A. Straus & R. J. Gelles (Eds.), Physical violence in American families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8145 families (pp. 49-73). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
46. Street, A. E., Gradus, J. L., Stafford, J., & Kelly, K. (2007). Gender differences in experiences of sexual harassment: Data from a male-dominated environment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 464-474. (Pubitemid 47444750)
47. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
48. Timmerman, G., & Bajema, C. (1999a). Incidence and methodology in sexual harassment research in northwest Europe. Women's Studies International Forum, 22, 673-681. (Pubitemid 30094981)
49. Timmerman, G., & Bajema, C. (1999b). Sexual harassment in Northwest Europe: A cross-cultural comparison. The European Journal of Women's Studies, 6, 419-439. (Pubitemid 30094981)
50. Tryon, R. C. (1939). Cluster analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: Edwards Brothers.
51. Tryon, R. C., & Bailey, D. E. (1970). Cluster analysis. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
52. Uggen, C., & Blackstone, A. (2004). Sexual harassment as a gendered expression of power. American Sociological Review, 69, 64-92. (Pubitemid 38463005)
53. Vermunt, J. K. (2001). The use of restricted latent class models for defining and testing nonparametric and parametric IRT models. Applied Psychological Measurement, 25, 283-294. (Pubitemid 33317123)
54. Vermunt, J. K., & Magidson, J. (2002). Latent class cluster analysis. In J. Hagenaars & A. L. McCutcheon (Eds.), Applied latent class analysis (pp. 89-106). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
55. Welsh, S. (1999). Gender and sexual harassment. Annual Reviews of Sociology, 25, 169-190.
56. Willness, C. R., Steel, P., & Lee, K. (2007). A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of workplace sexual harassment. Personnel Psychology, 60, 127-162.