Engineering investigation of hydrogen storage in the form of clathrate hydrates: Conceptual design of hydrate production plants

Energy and Fuels

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 2576-2588

  Nakayama, Takayuki ^a   Tomura, Shigeo ^a   Ozaki, Makoto ^a   Ohmura, Ryo ^b   Mori, Yasuhiko H ^b  

^a IHI CORPORATION   (Japan)

^b KEIO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLATHRATE HYDRATE; CONTAINER TRUCKS; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; ENGINEERING INVESTIGATIONS; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; HYDRATE PRODUCTION; HYDROGEN UPTAKE; IN-PLANT OPERATIONS; IN-SITU; INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX; PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS; STORAGE OF HYDROGEN; TETRAHYDROFURAN HYDRATE; URBAN AREAS;

AUTOMOBILES; CONCEPTUAL DESIGN; HYDRATES; HYDRATION; HYDROGEN; INDUSTRIAL PLANTS; MACHINERY; PRODUCTION ENGINEERING;

HYDROGEN STORAGE;

EID: 77951127781     PISSN: 08870624     EISSN: 15205029     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ef100039a     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (36)

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25. Di Profio, P.; Arca, S.; Rossi, F.; Filipponi, M. Comparison of hydrogen hydrates with existing hydrogen storage technologies: Energetic and economic evaluations. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2009, 34, 9173 - 9180. In this paper describing a comparative study of various hydrogen-storage technologies, the authors estimated the ratio of the energy required for producing each hydrogen-storing material to the energy that the material can store. According to their analyses, the above ratio is about 36% for liquefied hydrogen, 9-12% (or higher) for compressed hydrogen gas (20-70 MPa), and 9% for a binary hydrogen + THF hydrate. It should be noted, however, that the above estimate for the hydrate is dependent on an invalid assumption that hydrogen can be stored in the binary hydrogen + THF hydrate up to 5.6 mass %, which far exceeds the hydrogen-storage capacity actually observed for such binary hydrates (cf., the next section of this paper).
26. 3 capacity (for use as an urban area hydrogen supply station). The silo is expected to store a simple hydrogen hydrate at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of 140 K. Some details of this study will be described in a separate paper.
27. 1H NMR-based evaluation by Strobel et al. (14) rather than their gas-release-data-based evaluation. On the other hand, Anderson et al. (16) reported gas-release data indicating 0.95 mass % hydrogen storage in a hydrate formed from a stoichiometric THF solution under conditions of 30.3 MPa and 283 K. In view of such circumstances, our assumption of 0.8 mass % hydrogen storage may be said to be moderately optimistic, rather than very conservative. Very recently, Sugahara et al. (28) reported that they had succeeded in tuning hydrogen into a hydrogen + THF hydrate up to 3.4 mass %. However, this tuning procedure requires pressurization of the hydrate-forming system to 60 MPa, which far exceeds the maximum pressure available with conventional hydrogen compressors for industrial use. Thus, the possibility of such hydrogen tuning is not taken into account in this study.
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30. Although we find an advantage of metal hydrides as hydrogen-storage media for short-distance hydrogen transportation, we assume them inappropriate as the media for stationary, large-scale hydrogen storage because of their production cost and inevitable deterioration through the repetition of hydrogen charging/discharging. Note that the quantity of the metal hydride required for use of hydrogen transportation to each plant is much smaller than the quantity that would be required for storing the hydrogen in the quantity comparable to those to be stored in the hydrogen silo mentioned in ref 26.
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33. H,sol is higher than their estimate by 63%, which should contribute to making our assessment for the binary hydrate more severe when compared to that by Di Profio et al. (25)
34. The regasification equipment considered in this paper is for dissociating the simple hydrogen hydrate stored at atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of 140 K. (26) Because the hydrogen storage capacity of THF + hydrogen hydrates seems to decrease to ∼0.2 mass % or an even lower level during their preservation at atmospheric (or a nearly atmospheric) pressure, (14, 20) we have abandoned our plan for designing a binary-hydrate storage silo. Consequently, we cannot present any plan for regasification equipment relevant to the binary hydrates.
35. 3/h hydrogen uptake.
36. Note that the values of the "electricity-to-stored energy" ratio given in Table 5 are substantially higher than the nearly corresponding estimate by Di Profio et al. (25) of the ratio of the energy required for producing a binary hydrogen + THF hydrate to the energy stored in it. Such differences are ascribed, at least in part, to the discrepancy about the assumed hydrogen-storage capacity per unit mass of hydrate (25) and also the estimated heat of hydrate dissociation (33) between this study and that of Di Profio et al.