Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis and Organic Dust Toxic Syndromes

Asthma in the Workplace and Related Conditions: Third Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 713-736

  Cormier, Yvon ^a   Schuyler, Mark ^b  

^a LAVAL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77951125874     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.3109/9780849374531-32     Document Type: Chapter

References (149)

1. Pepys J. Hypersensitivity diseases of the lungs due to fungi and organic dusts. Monogr Allergy 1969; 4:1-147.
2. Rask-Anderson A. Pulmonary reactions to inhalation of mould dust in farmers with special reference to fever and allergic alveolitis. Acta Univ Ups 1988:8-20.
3. Ramazzini B. Latin text of 1713 revised, with translation and notes by WC Wright. In: Wright W, ed. The Classics of Medicine Series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983:243-248.
4. Campbell J. Acute symptoms following work with hay. Br Med J 1969; 2:1143-1144.
5. Sansores R, Salas J, Chapela R, Barquin N, Selman M. Clubbing in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Its prevalence and possible prognostic role. Arch Int Med 1990; 150(9):1849-1851.
6. Hayakawa H, Shirai M, Sato A, et al. Clinicopathological features of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Respirology 2002; 7(4):359-364.
7. Richerson HB, Bernstein IL, Fink JN, et al. Guidelines for the clinical evaluation of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Report of the Subcommittee on Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 84(5 Pt 2):839-844.
8. Terho E. Diagnostic criteria for farmer’s lung disease. Am J Ind Med 1986; 10:329.
9. Lacasse Y, Selman M, Costabel U, et al. Clinical diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168(8):952-958.
10. Dinda P, Chatterjee SS, Riding WD. Pulmonary function studies in bird breeder’s lung. Thorax 1969; 24(3):374-378.
11. Sansores R, Perez-Padilla R, Pare PD, Selman M. Exponential analysis of the lung pressure-volume curve in patients with chronic pigeon-breeder’s lung. Chest 1992; 101(5):1352-1356.
12. Cormier Y. Treatment of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP): comparison between contact avoidance and corticosteroids. Can Respir J 1994; 1:223-228.
13. Perez-Padilla R, Salas J, Chapela R, et al. Mortality in Mexican patients with chronic pigeon breeder’s lung compared with those with usual interstitial pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148(1):49-53.
14. Lalancette M, Carrier G, Laviolette M, et al. Farmer’s lung. Long-term outcome and lack of predictive value of bronchoalveolar lavage fibrosing factors. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148(1):216-221.
15. Warren C, Tse K, Cherniack R. Mechanical properties of the lung in extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Thorax 1978; 33:315-321.
16. Freedman PM, Ault B. Bronchial hyperreactivity to methacholine in farmers’ lung disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1981; 67(1):59-63.
17. Monkare S. Clinical aspects of farmer’s lung: airway reactivity, treatment and prognosis. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 1984; 137:1-68.
18. Monkare S, Haahtela T. Farmer’s lung—a five-year follow-up of eighty-six patients. Clin Allergy 1987; 17(2):143-151.
19. Kokkarinen JI, Tukiainen HO, Terho EO. Asthma in patients with farmer’s lung during a five-year follow-up. Scand J Work Environ Health 1997; 23(2):149-151.
20. Hansell DM, Moskovic E. High-resolution computed tomography in extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Clin Radiol 1991; 43(1):8-12.
21. Akira M, Kita N, Higashihara T, Sakatani M, Kozuka T. Summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis: comparison of high-resolution CT and plain radiographic findings. Am J Roentgenol 1992; 158:1223-1228.
22. Buschman DL, Gamsu G, Waldron JA Jr, Klein JS, King TE Jr. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: use of CT in diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992; 159(5):957-960.
23. Hansell DM, Wells AU, Padley SP, Muller NL. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: correlation of individual CT patterns with functional abnormalities. Radiology 1996; 199(1):123-128.
24. Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Wallaert B, Muller NL. Subacute and chronic bird breeder hypersensitivity pneumonitis: sequential evaluation with CT and correlation with lung function tests and bronchoalveolar lavage. Radiology 1993; 189(1):111-118.
25. Cormier Y, Brown M, Worthy S, Racine G, Muller NL. High-resolution computed tomographic characteristics in acute farmer’s lung and in its follow-up. Eur Respir J 2000; 16(1):56-60.
26. Dalphin JC, Toson B, Monnet E, et al. Farmer’s lung precipitins in Doubs (a department of France): prevalence and diagnostic value. Allergy 1994; 49(9):744-750.
27. Ouchterlony O. Antigen-antibody reactions in gels. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1953; 32:231.
28. Banham SW, McSharry C, Lynch PP, Boyd G. Relationships between avian exposure, humoral immune response, and pigeon breeders’ disease among Scottish pigeon fanciers. Thorax 1986; 41(4):274-278.
29. Carrillo T, Rodriguez de Castro F, Cuevas M, Diaz F, Cabrera P. Effect of cigarette smoking on the humoral immune response in pigeon fanciers. Allergy 1991; 46(4):241-244.
30. Fink JN, Schlueter DP, Sosman AJ, et al. Clinical survey of pigeon breeders. Chest 1972; 62(3):277-281.
31. Elgerfors B, Belin L, Hanson LA. Pigeon breeder’s lung. Clinical and immunological observations. Scand J Respir Dis 1971; 52(3):167-176.
32. Cormier Y, Belanger J. The fluctuant nature of precipitating antibodies in dairy farmers. Thorax 1989; 44(6):469-473.
33. Krasnick J, Meuwissen HJ, Nakao MA, Yeldandi A, Patterson R. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: problems in diagnosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 97(4):1027-1030.
34. Barbee RA, Callies Q, Dickie HA, Rankin J. The long-term prognosis in farmer’s lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 97(2):223-231.
35. Williams J. Inhalation and skin tests with extracts of hay and fungi in patients with farmer’s lung. Thorax 1963; 18:182-196.
36. Ramirez A, Perez-Padilla R, Selman M, Sansores R. Inhalation challenge test with avian antigens for the differential diagnosis of pigeon breeder’s disease (PBD). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:A546.
37. Drent M, Mulder PG, Wagenaar SS, Hoogsteden HC, van Velzen-Blad H, van den Bosch JM. Differences in BAL fluid variables in interstitial lung diseases evaluated by discriminant analysis. Eur Respir J 1993; 6(6):803-810.
38. Godard P, Clot J, Jonquet O, Bousquet J, Michel FB. Lymphocyte subpopulations in bronchoalveolar lavages of patients with sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Chest 1981; 80(4):447-452.
39. Grubek-Jaworska H, Hoser G, Droszcz P, Chazan R. CD4/CD8 lymphocytes in BALF during the efferent phase of lung delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction induced by single antigen inhalation. Med Sci Monit 2001; 7(5):878-883.
40. Laviolette M, Cormier Y, Loiseau A, Soler P, Leblanc P, Hance AJ. Bronchoalveolar mast cells in normal farmers and subjects with farmer’s lung. Diagnostic, prognostic, and physiologic significance. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144(4):855-860.
41. Patterson R, Wang JL, Fink JN, Calvanico NJ, Roberts M. IgA and IgG antibody activities of serum and bronchoalveolar fluid from symptomatic and asymptomatic pigeon breeders. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 120(5):1113-1118.
42. Calvanico NJ, Ambegaonkar SP, Schlueter DP, Fink JN. Immunoglobulin levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from pigeon breeders. J Lab Clin Med 1980; 96(1):129-140.
43. Cormier Y, Belanger J, Laviolette M. Prognostic significance of bronchoalveolar lymphocytosis in farmer’s lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135(3):692-695.
44. Cormier Y, Belanger J, Beaudoin J, Laviolette M, Beaudoin R, Hebert J. Abnormal bronchoalveolar lavage in asymptomatic dairy farmers. Study of lymphocytes. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130(6):1046-1049.
45. Cormier Y, Belanger J, Laviolette M. Persistent bronchoalveolar lymphocytosis in asymptomatic farmers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133(5):843-847.
46. Lacasse Y, Fraser RS, Fournier M, Cormier Y. Diagnostic accuracy of transbronchial biopsy in acute farmer’s lung disease. Chest 1997; 112(6):1459-1465.
47. Reyes N, Wenzel F, Lawton B, Emanuel D. The pulmonary pathology of farmer’s lung disease. Chest 1982; 81:142-146.
48. Coleman A, Colby TV. Histologic diagnosis of extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Am J Surg Pathol 1988; 12(7):514-518.
49. Planes C, Valeyre D, Loiseau A, Bernaudin JF, Soler P. Ultrastructural alterations of the air-blood barrier in sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis and their relation to lung histopathology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150(4):1067-1074.
50. Vourlekis JS, Schwarz MI, Cool CD, Tuder RM, King TE, Brown KK. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis as the sole histologic expression of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am J Med 2002; 112(6):490-493.
51. Lopez M, Salvaggio JE. Epidemiology of hypersensitivity pneumonitis/allergic alveolitis. Monogr Allergy 1987; 21:70-86.
52. Fink JN. Epidemiologic aspects of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Monogr Allergy 1987; 21:59-69.
53. Johnson C, Bernstein I, Gallegher J, Bonventre P, Brooks S. Familial hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by Bacillus subtilis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 122:339-348.
54. Malmberg P, Rask-Andersen A, Hoglund S, Kolmodin-Hedman B, Read Guernsey J. Incidence of organic dust toxic syndrome and allergic alveolitis in Swedish farmers. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1988; 87(1):47-54.
55. Marx JJ, Guernsey J, Emanuel DA, Merchant JA, Morgan DP, Kryda M. Cohort studies of immunologic lung disease among Wisconsin dairy farmers. Am J Ind Med 1990; 18(3):263-268.
56. McSharry C, Banham SW, Boyd G. Effect of cigarette smoking on the antibody response to inhaled antigens and the prevalence of extrinsic allergic alveolitis among pigeon breeders. Clin Allergy 1985; 15(5):487-494.
57. Christensen LT, Schmidt CD, Robbins L. Pigeon breeders’ disease-a prevalence study and review. Clin Allergy 1975; 5(4):417-430.
58. Cormier Y, Belanger J, Durand P. Factors influencing the development of serum preci-pitins to farmer’s lung antigen in Quebec dairy farmers. Thorax 1985; 40(2):138-142.
59. Terho EO, Husman K, Vohlonen I. Prevalence and incidence of chronic bronchitis and farmer’s lung with respect to age, sex, atopy, and smoking. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 1987; 152:19-28.
60. Kitt S, Lee CW, Fink JN, Calvanico NJ. Immunoglobulin G4 in pigeon breeder’s disease. J Lab Clin Med 1986; 108(5):442-447.
61. Schuyler MR, Thigpen TP, Salvaggio JE. Local pulmonary immunity in pigeon breeder’s disease. A case study. Ann Int Med 1978; 88(3):355-358.
62. Lee TH, Wraith DG, Bennett CO, Bentley AP. Budgerigar fancier’s lung. The persistence of budgerigar precipitins and the recovery of lung function after cessation of avian exposure. Clin Allergy 1983; 13(3):197-202.
63. Schkade PA, Routes JM. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98(3):710-712.
64. Morris AM, Nishimura S, Huang L. Subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis in an HIV infected patient receiving antiretroviral therapy. Thorax 2000; 55(7):625-627.
65. Ando M, Konishi K, Yoneda R, Tamura M. Difference in the phenotypes of bronchoal-veolar lavage lymphocytes in patients with summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis, farmer’s lung, ventilation pneumonitis, and bird fancier’s lung: report of a nationwide epidemiologic study in Japan. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 87(5):1002-1009.
66. Trentin L, Zambello R, Facco M, et al. Selection of T lymphocytes bearing limited TCR-Vbeta regions in the lung of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and sarcoidosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155(2):587-596.
67. Facco M, Trentin L, Nicolardi L, et al. T cells in the lung of patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis accumulate in a clonal manner. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 75(5): 798-804.
68. Denis M. Proinflammatory cytokines in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151(1):164-169.
69. Denis M, Bedard M, Laviolette M, Cormier Y. A study of monokine release and natural killer activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage of subjects with farmer’s lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147(4):934-939.
70. Cormier Y, Israel-Assayag E, Desmeules M, Lesur O. Effect of contact avoidance or treatment with oral prednisolone on bronchoalveolar lavage surfactant protein A levels in subjects with farmer’s lung. Thorax 1996; 51(12):1210-1215.
71. Tremblay GM, Sallenave JM, Israel-Assayag E, Cormier Y, Gauldie J. Elafin/elastase-specific inhibitor in bronchoalveolar lavage of normal subjects and farmer’s lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154(4 Pt 1):1092-1098.
72. Cormier Y, Letourneau L, Racine G. Significance of precipitins and asymptomatic lymphocytic alveolitis: a 20-yr follow-up. Eur Respir J 2004; 23(4):523-525.
73. Oshima M, Maeda A, Ishioka S, Hiyama K, Yamakido M. Expression of C-C chemo-kines in bronchoalveolar lavage cells from patients with granulomatous lung diseases. Lung 1999; 177(4):229-240.
74. Pardo A, Smith KM, Abrams J, et al. CCL18/DC-CK-1/PARC up-regulation in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J Leukoc Biol 2001; 70(4):610-616.
75. Laflamme C, Israel-Assayag E, Cormier Y. Apoptosis of bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Eur Respir J 2003; 21(2):225-231.
76. Drent M, Grutters JC, Mulder PG, van Velzen-Blad H, Wouters EF, van den Bosch JM. Is the different T helper cell activity in sarcoidosis and extrinsic allergic alveolitis also reflected by the cellular bronchoalveolar lavage fluid profile? Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1997; 14:31-38.
77. Semenzato G, Trentin L, Zambello R, Agostini C, Cipriani A, Marcer G. Different types of cytotoxic lymphocytes recovered from the lungs of patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137(1):70-74.
78. Mendoza F, Melendro EI, Baltazares M, et al. Cellular immune response to fractionated avian antigens by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with pigeon breeder’s disease. J Lab Clin Med 1996; 127(1):23-28.
79. Allen JT, Spiteri MA. Pigeon breeder’s disease. J Lab Clin Med 1996; 127:10-12.
80. Richerson HB. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis-pathology and pathogenesis. Clin Rev Allergy 1983; 1(4):469-486.
81. Denis M, Ghadirian E. Transforming growth factor-beta is generated in the course of hypersensitivity pneumonitis: contribution to collagen synthesis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 7(2):156-160.
82. Denis M, Ghadirian E. Murine hypersensitivity pneumonitis: production and importance of colony-stimulating factors in the course of a lung inflammatory reaction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 7(4):441-446.
83. Kopp WC, Dierks SE, Butler JE, Upadrashta BS, Richerson HB. Cyclosporine immunomodulation in a rabbit model of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132(5):1027-1033.
84. Takizawa H, Suko M, Kobayashi N, et al. Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the mouse: histologic and immunologic features and their modulation with cyclosporin A. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 81(2):391-400.
85. Denis M, Cormier Y, Laviolette M. Murine hypersensitivity pneumonitis: a study of cellular infiltrates and cytokine production and its modulation by cyclosporin A. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 6(1):68-74.
86. Takizawa H, Ohta K, Horiuchi T, et al. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in athymic nude mice. Additional evidence of T cell dependency. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146(2): 479-484.
87. Gudmundsson G, Hunninghake GW. Interferon-gamma is necessary for the expression of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J Clin Invest 1997; 99(10):2386-2390.
88. Nance S, Cross R, Fitzpatrick E. Chemokine production during hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34(3):677-685.
89. Gudmundsson G, Monick MM, Hunninghake GW. IL-12 modulates expression of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J Immunol 1998; 161(2):991-999.
90. Schuyler M, Gott K, Cherne A. Is IL12 necessary in experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis? Int J Exp Pathol 2002; 83(2):87-98.
91. Pan LH, Yamauchi K, Sawai T, et al. Inhibition of binding of E- and P-selectin to sialyl-Lewis X molecule suppresses the inflammatory response in hypersensitivity pneumonitis in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161(5):1689-1697.
92. Schuyler M, Gott K, Haley P. Experimental murine hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Cell Immunol 1991; 136(2):303-317.
93. Butler NS, Monick MM, Yarovinsky TO, Powers LS, Hunninghake GW. Altered IL-4 mRNA stability correlates with Th1 and Th2 bias and susceptibility to hypersensitivity pneumonitis in two inbred strains of mice. J Immunol 2002; 169(7):3700-3709.
94. Schuyler M, Gott K, Cherne A. Mediators of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J Lab Clin Med 2000; 136(1):29-38.
95. Gudmundsson G, Monick MM, Hunninghake GW. Viral infection modulates expression of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J Immunol 1999; 162(12):7397-7401.
96. Schuyler M, Gott K, Cherne A. Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis: role of MCP-1. J Lab Clin Med 2003; 142(3):187-195.
97. Schuyler M, Gott K, French V. The role of MIP-1a in experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Lung 2004; 182:135-149.
98. Gudmundsson G, Bosch A, Davidson BL, Berg DJ, Hunninghake GW. Interleukin-10 modulates the severity of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 19(5):812-818.
99. Cormier Y, Israel-Assayag E, Fournier M, Tremblay GM. Modulation of experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis by Sendai virus. J Lab Clin Med 1993; 121(5):683-688.
100. Blanchet MR, Israel-Assayag E, Cormier Y. Inhibitory effect of nicotine on experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis in vivo and in vitro. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169(8):903-909.
101. Israel-Assayag E, Fournier M, Cormier Y. Blockade of T cell costimulation by CTLA4-Ig inhibits lung inflammation in murine hypersensitivity pneumonitis. J Immunol 1999; 163(12):6794-6799.
102. Cormier Y, Tremblay GM, Fournier M, Israel-Assayag E. Long-term viral enhancement of lung response to Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149(2 Pt 1):490-494.
103. Schuyler M, Gott K, Shopp G, Crooks L. CD3+ and CD4+ cells adoptively transfer experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146(6):1582-1588.
104. Schuyler M, Gott K, French V. The role of IL-10 in experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169:A83.
105. Schuyler M, Cook C, Listrom M, Fengolio-Preiser C. Blast cells transfer experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis in guinea pigs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137(6):1449-1455.
106. Richerson HB, Coon JD, Lubaroff D. Adoptive transfer of experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the LEW rat. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151(4):1205-1210.
107. Schuyler M, Gott K, Cherne A, Edwards B. Th1 CD4+ cells adoptively transfer experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Cell Immunol 1997; 177(2):169-175.
108. Schuyler M, Gott K, Edwards B, Nikula KJ. Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Effect of CD4 cell depletion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149(5):1286-1294.
109. Schuyler M, Gott K, Edwards B, Nikula KJ. Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis: effect of Thy1.2+ and CD8+ cell depletion. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151(6):1834—1842.
110. Schuyler M, Gott K, Fei R, Edwards B. Experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis: location of transferring cells. Lung 1998; 176(3):213-225.
111. Schuyler MR, Gott K, Edwards B. Adoptive transfer of experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis: CD4+ cells are memory and naive cells. J Lab Clin Med 1994; 123(3): 378-386.
112. Schuyler M, Gott K, Edwards B. Th1 cells that adoptively transfer experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis are activated memory cells. Lung 1999; 177(6):377-389.
113. Braun SR, doPico GA, Tsiatis A, Horvath E, Dickie HA, Rankin J. Farmer’s lung disease: long-term clinical and physiologic outcome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119(2): 185-191.
114. Kokkarinen J, Tukiainen H, Terho EO. Mortality due to farmer’s lung in Finland. Chest 1994; 106(2):509-512.
115. Barrowcliff DF, Arblaster PG. Farmer’s lung: a study of an early acute fatal case. Thorax 1968; 23(5):490-500.
116. Chasse M, Blanchette G, Malo J, Malo JL. Farmer’s lung presenting as respiratory failure and homogeneous consolidation. Chest 1986; 90(5):783-784.
117. Greenberger PA, Pien LC, Patterson R, Robinson P, Roberts M. End-stage lung and ultimately fatal disease in a bird fancier. Am J Med 1989; 86(1):119-122.
118. Grammer LC, Roberts M, Lerner C, Patterson R. Clinical and serologic follow-up of four children and five adults with bird-fancier’s lung. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85(3):655-660.
119. Schmidt CD, Jensen RL, Christensen LT, Crapo RO, Davis JJ. Longitudinal pulmonary function changes in pigeon breeders. Chest 1988; 93(2):359-363.
120. Leblanc P, Belanger J, Laviolette M, Cormier Y. Relationship among antigen contact, alveolitis, and clinical status in farmer’s lung disease. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146(1): 153-157.
121. Allen DH, Williams GV, Woolcock AJ. Bird breeder’s hypersensitivity pneumonitis: progress studies of lung function after cessation of exposure to the provoking antigen. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 114(3):555-566.
122. de Gracia J, Morell F, Bofill JM, Curull V, Orriols R. Time of exposure as a prognostic factor in avian hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Respir Med 1989; 83(2):139-143.
123. Cormier Y, Belanger J. Long-term physiologic outcome after acute farmer’s lung. Chest 1985; 87(6):796-800.
124. Zejda JE, McDuffie HH, Dosman JA. Epidemiology of health and safety risks in agriculture and related industries. Practical applications for rural physicians. West J Med 1993; 158(1):56-63.
125. Duchaine C, Meriaux A, Brochu G, Cormier Y. Airborne microflora in Quebec dairy farms: lack of effect of bacterial hay preservatives. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1999; 60(1):89-95.
126. Bouchard S, Morin F, Bedard G, Gauthier J, Paradis J, Cormier Y. Farmer’s lung and variables related to the decision to quit farming. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152(3):997-1002.
127. Craig TJ, Hershey J, Engler RJ, Davis W, Carpenter GB, Salata K. Bird antigen persistence in the home environment after removal of the bird. Ann Allergy 1992; 69(6):510-512.
128. Nuutinen J, Terho EO, Husman K, Kotimaa M, Harkonen R, Nousiainen H. Protective value of powered dust respirator helmet for farmers with farmer’s lung. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 1987; 152:212-220.
129. Hendrick D, Marshall R, Faux J, Krall J. Protective value of dust respirators in extrinsic allergic alveolitis: clinical assessment using inhalation provocation tests. Thorax 1981; 36:917-921.
130. Macher JM. Inquiries received by the California Indoor Air Quality Program on biological contaminants in buildings. Experientia Suppl 1987; 51:275-278.
131. Carlsen KH, Leegaard J, Lund OD, Skjaervik H. Allergic alveolitis in a 12-year-old boy: treatment with budesonide nebulizing solution. Pediatr Pulmonol 1992; 12(4): 257-259.
132. Rylander R. Lung diseases caused by organic dusts in the farm environment. Am J Ind Med 1986; 10(3):221-227.
133. Emanuel DA, Wenzel FJ, Lawton BR. Pulmonary mycotoxicosis. Chest 1975; 67(3):293-297.
134. May JJ, Stallones L, Darrow D, Pratt DS. Organic dust toxicity (pulmonary mycotox-icosis) associated with silo unloading. Thorax 1986; 41(12):919-923.
135. Mamolen M, Lewis DM, Blanchet MA, Satink FJ, Vogt RL. Investigation of an outbreak of “humidifier fever’’ in a print shop. Am J Ind Med 1993; 23(3):483-490.
136. Weber S, Kullman G, Petsonk E, et al. Organic dust exposures from compost handling: case presentation and respiratory exposure assessment. Am J Ind Med 1993; 24(4): 365-374.
137. Sigsgaard T, Abel A, Donbaek L, Malmros P. Lung function changes among recycling workers exposed to organic dust. Am J Ind Med 1994; 25(1):69-72.
138. Fogelmark B, Sjostrand M, Rylander R. Pulmonary inflammation induced by repeated inhalations of beta(1,3)-D-glucan and endotoxin. Int J Exp Pathol 1994; 75(2):85-90.
139. Rylander R, Bake B, Fischer JJ, Helander IM. Pulmonary function and symptoms after inhalation of endotoxin. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140(4):981-986.
140. Malmberg P, Rask-Andersen A, Lundholm M, Palmgren U. Can spores from molds and actinomycetes cause an organic dust toxic syndrome reaction? Am J Ind Med 1990; 17(1):109-110.
141. Lewis D, Olenchock S. Cellular immune reactions to grain dust and extracts of grain dusts. In: Dosman JA, Cockcroft D, eds. Principles of Health and Safety in Agriculture. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1989:72-75.
142. Wang Z, Malmberg P, Larsson P, Larsson BM, Larsson K. Time course of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha increase in serum following inhalation of swine dust. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153(1):147-152.
143. Cormier Y, Duchaine C, Israel-Assayag E, Bedard G, Laviolette M, Dosman J. Effects of repeated swine building exposures on normal naive subjects. Eur Respir J 1997; 10(7):1516–1522.
144. Larsson KA, Eklund AG, Hansson LO, Isaksson BM, Malmberg PO. Swine dust causes intense airways inflammation in healthy subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150(4):973–977.
145. Brinton WT, Vastbinder EE, Greene JW, Marx JJ Jr, Hutcheson RH, Schaffner W. An outbreak of organic dust toxic syndrome in a college fraternity. JAMA 1987; 258(9): 1210–1212.
146. Lecours R, Laviolette M, Cormier Y. Bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary mycotoxicosis (organic dust toxic syndrome). Thorax 1986; 41(12):924–926.
147. May JJ, Marvel LH, Pratt DS, Coppolo DP. Organic dust toxic syndrome: a follow-up study. Am J Ind Med 1990; 17(1):111–113.
148. Emanuel D, Marx J, Ault B, Roberts R, Kryda M. Organic dust toxic syndrome (pulmonary mycotoxicosis)– a review of the experience in central Wisconsin. In: Dosman JA, Cockcroft D, eds. Principles of Health and Safety in Agriculture. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1989:72–75.
149. Malmberg P, Rask-Andersen A, Palmgren U, Hoglund S, Kolmodin-Hedman B, Stalenheim G. Exposure to microorganisms, febrile and airway-obstructive symptoms, immune status and lung function of Swedish farmers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1985; 11(4):287–293.