Late Cenozoic deformation of the Kura fold-thrust belt, southern Greater Caucasus

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 122, Issue 3-4, 2010, Pages 465-486

  Forte, A M ^a   Cowgill, E ^a   Bernardin, T ^a   Kreylos, O ^a   Hamann, B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED SPACEBORNE THERMAL EMISSION AND REFLECTION RADIOMETER; BALANCED CROSS SECTIONS; CAUCASUS; COLLISION ZONE; DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL; EASTERN ANATOLIA; EASTWARD PROPAGATION; EURASIA; FIRST-ORDER; FOLD-THRUST BELTS; GEOLOGIC MAPS; GREATER CAUCASUS; INTERACTIVE MAPPING; LATE CENOZOIC; NEAR INFRARED; NEOTECTONICS; PLATE MOTIONS; PLIOCENE; SENSING DATA; STRATIGRAPHIC DATA; STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY; STRUCTURAL GEOMETRY; STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS;

DEFORMATION; FORESTRY; GEOMETRY; MAPPING; REMOTE SENSING; STRATIGRAPHY; SURVEYING;

DATA FLOW ANALYSIS;

ASTER; CENOZOIC; COLLISION ZONE; CRUSTAL SHORTENING; DEFORMATION; DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL; EOCENE; FOLD AND THRUST BELT; GEOLOGICAL MAPPING; NEOTECTONICS; PLATE CONVERGENCE; PLATE MOTION; PLIOCENE; QUATERNARY; REMOTE SENSING;

ANATOLIA; CAUCASUS; IRAN; TURKEY;

EID: 77951001657     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: 00167606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B26464.1     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Adamia, S., Lordkipandize, M.B., and Zakariadze, G.S., 1977, Evolution of an active continental margin as exemplified by the alpine history of the Caucasus: Tectonophysics. 40, p. 183-199, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(77)90065-8.
2. Adamia, S., Asanidze, B.Z., Gambashidze, R.A., Nadareyshvili, G.S., and Thoa, N.T.K., 1979, Paleomagnetism of Upper Cretaceous rocks of Southern Georgia and its geologic interpretation: International Geology Review. 22, no. 11, p. 1241-1256.
3. Adamia, S., Akhvlediani, K.T., Kilasonia, V.M., Nairn, A.E.M., Papava, D., and Patton, D.K., 1992, Geology of the Republic of Georgia: A review: International Geology Review. 34, no. 5, p. 447-476.
4. Agabekov, M.G., and Moshashvili, A.B., 1978, Kyurdamir-Saatly buried uplift of the Kura Basin, an integral part of the Lesser Caucasus geosyncline in Cretaceous time: Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 232, p. 120-122.
5. Agabekov, M.G., Azizbekov, S.A., Akhmedbejli, F.S., Gadzhiev, T.G., Grigor'nc, B.V., Mamedov, A.V., and Shikalibeily, E.S., 1971, Tectonic schema of Azerbaijan SSR (In Russian): Ministry of Geology, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, scale 1:1,000,000.
6. Agabekov, M.G., Kerimov, K.M., Moshashvili, A.B., and Khain, V.Y., 1976, New data on the structure of the central part of the Kura trough: Geotectonics. 10, p. 350-354.
7. Allen, M.B., and Armstrong, H.A., 2008, Arabia-Eurasia collision and the forcing of mid-Cenozoic global cooling: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 265, p. 52-58, doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.021.
8. Allen, M.B., Jones, S., Ismail-Zadeh, A., Simmons, M., and Anderson, L., 2002, Onset of subduction as the cause of rapid Pliocene-Quaternary subsidence in the South Caspian basin: Geology. 30, no. 9, p. 775-778, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0775:OOSATC>2.0.CO;2.
9. Allen, M.B., Vincent, S.J., Alsop, G.I., Ismail-Zadeh, A., and Flecker, R., 2003, Late Cenozoic deformation in the South Caspian region: Effects of a rigid basement block within a collision zone: Tectonophysics. 366, p. 223-239, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00098-2.
10. Allen, M.B., Jackson, J., and Walker, R., 2004, Late Cenozoic reorganization of the Arabia-Eurasia collision and the comparison of short-term and long-term deformation rates: Tectonics. 23, TC2008, doi: 10.1029/2003TC001530.
11. Allmendinger, R.W., Reilinger, R., and Loveless, J., 2007, Strain and rotation rate from GPS in Tibet, Anatolia, and the Altiplano: Tectonics. 26, TC3013, doi: 10.1029/2006TC002030.
12. Asanidze, B.Z., and Pecherskiy, D.M., 1979, Paleomagnetic studies of Jurassic rocks in Georgia and the northern Caucasus: Izvestiya: Physics of the Solid Earth. 15, no. 10, p. 736-747.
13. Avdeev, B., and Niemi, N.A., 2008, Constraints on the rates and timing of exhumation of the Greater Caucasus from low-temperature thermochronology: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union). 89, no. 53.
14. Axen, G.J., Lam, P.S., Grove, M., Stockli, D.F., and Hassanzadeh, J., 2001, Exhumation of the west-central Alborz Mountains, Iran, Caspian subsidence, and collision-related tectonics: Geology. 29, no. 6, p. 559-562, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0559:EOTWCA>2.0.CO;2.
15. Azizbekov, S.A., 1972, Azerbaijan SSR (in Russian), Geology of the USSR: Moscow, Nauka, p. 433.
16. Banks, C.J., Robinson, A.G., and Williams, M.P., 1997, Structure and regional tectonics of the Achara-Trialet fold belt and the adjacent Rioni and Karli foreland basins, Republic of Georgia, in Robinson, A.G., ed., Regional and petroleum geology of the Black Sea and surrounding region: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, p. 331-346.
17. Barka, A., 1992, The North Anatolian fault zone: Annales Tectonicæ. 6 (Special Issue: Supplement to v. 6), p. 164-195.
18. Bazhenov, M.L., and Burtman, V.S., 1989, Paleomagentism of Upper Cretaceous rocks from the Caucasus and its implications for tectonics, in Sengor, A.M.C., ed., Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan Region: Kluwer Academic Publishing, p. 217-239.
19. Bazhenov, M.L., and Burtman, V.S., 2002, Eocene paleomagnetism of the Caucasus (southwest Georgia): Oroclinal bending in the Arabian syntaxis: Tectonophysics. 344, p. 247-259, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00189-5.
20. Beaumont, C., Fullsack, P., and Hamilton, J., 1991, Erosional control of active compressional orogens, in McClay, K.R., ed., Thrust tectonics: New York, Chapman Hall, p. 1-18.
21. Bennett, R.A., Friedrich, A.M., and Furlong, K.P., 2004, Codependent histories of the San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones from inversion of fault displacement rates: Geology. 32, no. 11, p. 961-964, doi: 10.1130/G20806.1.
22. Berberian, M., 1983, The southern Caspian: A compressional depression floored by a trapped, modified oceanic crust: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 20, p. 163-183.
23. Berberian, M., and King, G.C.P., 1981, Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 18, p. 210-265, doi: 10.1139/e81-163.
24. Berberian, M., and King, G.C.P., 1997, Seismic sources of the Transcaucasian historical earthquakes, in Giardini, D., and Balassanian, S., eds., Historical and prehistorical earthquakes in the Caucasus: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 233-311.
25. Berberian, M., and Yeats, R.S., 1999, Patterns of historical earthquake rupture in the Iranian Plateau: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 89, p. 120-139.
26. Bernardin, T., Cowgill, E., Gold, R.D., Hamann, B., Kreylos, O., and Schmitt, A., 2006, Interactive mapping on 3-D terrain models: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. 7, no. 10, Q10013, doi: 10.1029/2006GC001335.
27. Borisov, A.A., 1965, Climates of the U.S.S.R.: Edinburgh and London, Oliver and Boyd.
28. Brown, E.T., Molnar, P., and Bourles, D.L., 2005, Comment on "Slip-rate measurements on the Karakorum fault may imply secular variations in fault motion": Science. 309, p. 1326b-1326c, doi: 10.1126/science.1112508.
29. Bull, W.B., and McFadden, L.D., 1977, Tectonic geomorphology north and south of the Garlock fault, California, in Doehring, D.O., ed., Geomorphology in arid regions: Binghamton, New York, State University of New York at Binghamton, p. 115-138.
30. Burbank, D., and Anderson, R.S., 2001, Tectonic geomorphology: Malden, Massachusetts, Blackwell Publishing, 274 p.
31. Burbank, D., Meigs, A., and Brozovic, N., 1996, Interactions of growing folds and coeval depositional systems: Basin Research. 8, p. 199-223, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2117.1996.00181.x.
32. Burbank, D., McLean, J.K., Bullen, M., Abdrakhmatov, K.Y., and Miller, M.M., 1999, Partitioning of intermontane basins by thrust-related folding, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan: Basin Research. 11, p. 75-92, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2117.1999.00086.x.
33. Chevalier, M.-L., Ryerson, F.J., Tapponnier, P., Finkel, R.C., Van Der Woerd, J., Haibing, L., and Qing, L., 2005, Slip-rate measurements on the Karakorum fault may imply secular variations in fault motion: Science. 307, p. 411-414, doi: 10.1126/science.1105466.
34. Copley, A., and Jackson, J., 2006, Active tectonics of the Turkish-Iranian Plateau: Tectonics. 25, TC6006, doi: 10.1029/2005TC001906.
35. Cowgill, E., Forte, A.M., Murtuzayev, I., and Kangarli, T., 2008, Localization of Pliocene to present Arabia-Eurasia convergence in the Kura fold-thrust belt, Azerbaijan: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union). 89, no. 53.
36. Dahlen, F.A., 1990, Critical taper model of fold-and-thrust belts and accretionary wedges: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 18, p. 55-99, doi: 10.1146/annurev.ea.18.050190.000415.
37. Dahlen, F.A., and Suppe, J., 1988, Mechanics, growth, and erosion of mountain belts, in Clark Jr., S.P., Burchfiel, B.C., and Suppe, J., eds., Processes in continental lithospheric deformation: Geological Society of America Special Paper, p. 161-178.
38. Davis, D., Suppe, J., and Dahlen, F.A., 1983, Mechanics of fold-and-thrust belts and accretionary wedges: Journal of Geophysical Research. 88, no. B2, p. 1153-1172, doi: 10.1029/JB088iB02p01153.
39. DeMets, C., Gordon, R.G., Argus, D.F., and Stein, S., 1994, Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions: Geophysical Research Letters. 21, no. 20, p. 2191-2194, doi: 10.1029/94GL02118.
40. Devlin, W.J., Cogswell, J.M., Gaskins, G.M., Isaken, G.H., Picther, D.M., Puls, D.P., Stanely, K.O., and Wall, G.R.T., 1999, South Caspian Basin: Young, cool, and full of promise: GSA Today. 9, no. 7, p. 1-9.
41. Dewey, J.F., Hempton, M.R., Kidd, W.S.F., Saroglu, F., and Sengor, A.M.C., 1986, Shortening of continental lithosphere: the neotectonics of Eastern Anatolia-A young collision zone, in Coward, M.P., and Ries, A.C., eds., Collision tectonics: The Geological Society of London Special Publication, p. 3-36.
42. Dhont, D., and Chorowicz, J., 2006, Review of the neotectonics of the Eastern Turkish-Armenian Plateau by geomorphic analysis of digital elevation model imagery: International Journal of Earth Sciences. 95, p. 34-49, doi: 10.1007/s00531-005-0020-3.
43. Dotduyev, S.I., 1986, Nappe structure of the Greater Caucasus range: Geotectonics. 20, no. 5, p. 420-430.
44. Ershov, A.V., Brunet, M.-F., Nikishin, A.M., Bolotov, S.N., Nazarevich, B.P., and Korotaev, M.V., 2003, Northern Caucasus basin: Thermal history and synthesis of subsidence models: Sedimentary Geology. 156, p. 95-118, doi: 10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00284-1.
45. Erslev, E.A., 1991, Trishear fault-propagation folding: Geology. 19, p. 617-620, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0617:TFPF>2.3.CO;2.
46. Farr, T.G., Rosen, P.A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S., Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., and Alsdorf, D., 2007, The shuttle radar topography mission: Reviews of Geophysics. 45, p. 1-33, doi: 10.1029/2005RG000183.
47. Forte, A.M., Cowgill, E., Murtuzayev, I., and Kangarli, T., 2008, Structural styles of active shortening within the Kura fold-thrust belt: Insights from the Qaramaryam fold, Azerbaijan: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union). 89, no. 53.
48. Frankel, K.L., and Dolan, J.F., 2007, Characterizing arid regional alluvial fan surface roughness with airborne laser swath mapping digital topographic data: Journal of Geophysical Research. 112, F02025, doi: 10.1029/2006JF000644.
49. 36Cl geochronology of offset alluvial fans along the northern Death Valley fault zone: Implications for transient strain in the eastern California shear zone: Journal of Geophysical Research. 112, B06407, doi: 10.1029/2006JB004350.
50. 10Be geochronology: Geophysical Research Letters. 34, L18303, doi: 10.1029/2007GL030549.
51. Gamkrelidze, I.P., 1986, Geodynamic evolution of the Caucasus and adjacent areas in alpine time: Tectonophysics. 127, p. 261-277, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(86)90064-8.
52. Gasanov, T.A., and Alyyeva, S.G., 2003, Stratigraphy of sediments of Akchagyl and Apsheron in foothills of southeast part of Lesser Caucasus: Petroleum Geology. 37, p. 23-30.
53. Golonka, J., 2004, Plate tectonic evolution of the southern margin of Eurasia in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic: Tectonophysics. 381, p. 235-273, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2002.06.004.
54. Golonka, J., 2007, Geodynamic evolution of the South Caspian Basin, in Yilmaz, P.O., and Isaken, G.H., eds., Oil and gas of the Greater Caspian Area: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Studies in Geology, p. 17-41.
55. Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., and Smith, A.G., 2004, A geological time scale 2004: Cambridge University Press, 589 p.
56. Guest, B., Axen, G.J., Lam, P.S., and Hassanzadeh, J., 2006, Late Cenozoic shortening in the west-central Alborz Mountains, northern Iran, by combined conjugate strike-slip and thin-skinned deformation: Geosphere. 2, no. 1, p. 35-52, doi: 10.1130/GES00019.1.
57. Hafkenscheid, E., Wortel, M.J.R., and Spakman, W., 2006, Subduction history of the Tethyan region derived from seismic tomography and tectonic reconstructions: Journal of Geophysical Research. 111, B080401, doi: 10.1029/2005JB003791.
58. Hempton, M.R., 1987, Constraints on Arabian plate motion and extensional history of the Red Sea: Tectonics. 6, p. 687-705, doi: 10.1029/TC006i006p00687.
59. Hinds, D.J., Simmons, M., Allen, M.B., and Aliyeva, E., 2007, Architecture variability in the Pereriva and Balakhany Suites of the Neogene Productive Series, Azerbaijan: Implications for reservoir quality, in Yilmaz, P.O., and Isaken, G.H., eds., Oil and gas of the Greater Caspian area: American Association of Petroleum Geol ogists, Studies in Geology, p. 87-107.
60. Hirano, A., Welch, R., and Lang, H., 2003, Mapping from ASTER stereo image data: DEM validation and accuracy assessment: International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 57, p. 356-370, doi: 10.1016/S0924-2716(02)00164-8.
61. Hovius, N., and Allen, M.B., 2000, Uplift and erosion of the eastern Greater Caucasus, Azerbaijan: The importance of orographic precipitation: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union). 81, no. 48, p. 1166.
62. Inan, S., Yalcin, M.N., Guliev, I., Kuliev, K., and Feizullayev, A.A., 1997, Deep petroleum occurrences in the Lower Kura Depression, South Caspian Basin, Azerbaijan: An organic geochemical and basin modeling study: Marine and Petroleum Geology. 14, no. 7/8, p. 731-762, doi: 10.1016/S0264-8172(97)00058-5.
63. Jackson, J., 1992, Partitioning of strike-slip convergent motion between Eurasia and Arabia in eastern Turkey and the Caucasus: Journal of Geophysical Research. 97, p. 12,471-12,479, doi: 10.1029/92JB00944.
64. Jackson, J., and Ambraseys, N.N., 1997, Convergence between Eurasia and Arabia in eastern Turkey and the Caucasus, in Giardini, D., and Balassanian, S., eds., Historical and prehistorical earthquakes in the Caucasus: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 79-90.
65. Jackson, J., and McKenzie, D., 1984, Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan Belt between western Turkey and Pakistan: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 77, p. 185-264.
66. Jackson, J., Norris, R., and Youngson, J., 1996, The structural evolution of active fault and fold systems in central Otago, New Zealand: Evidence revealed by drainage patterns: Journal of Structural Geology. 18, no. 2/3, p. 217-234, doi: 10.1016/S0191-8141(96)80046-0.
67. Jackson, J., Priestly, K., Allen, M.B., and Berberian, M., 2002, Active tectonics of the South Caspian Basin: Geophysical Journal International. 148, p. 214-245, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01588.x.
68. Jarvis, A., Reuter, H.I., Nelson, A., and Guevara, E., 2006, Hole-filled seamless SRTM data, version 3: International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT).
69. Jones, R.W., and Simmons, M., 1996, A review of the stratigraphy of Eastern Paratethys (Oligocene-Holocene): Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London. 52, no. 1, p. 25-49.
70. Keller, E.A., Gurrola, L., and Tierney, T.E., 1999, Geomorphic criteria to determine direction of lateral propagation of reverse faulting and folding: Geology. 27, no. 6, p. 515-518, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0515:GCTDDO>2.3.CO;2.
71. Keskin, M., 2003, Magma generation by slab steepening and breakoff beneath a subduction-accretion complex: An alternative model for collision-related volcanism in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey: Geophysical Research Letters. 30, no. 24, 8046, doi: 10.1029/2003GL018019.
72. Khain, V. Y., 1975, Structure and main stages in the tectonomagmatic development of the Caucasus: An attempt at geodynamic interpretation: American Journal of Science. 275 A, p. 131-156.
73. Koçyiǧit, A., Yi{dotless}lmaz, A., Adamia, S., and Kuloshvili, S., 2001, Neotectonics of East Anatolia Plateau (Turkey) and Lesser Caucasus: Implication for transition from thrusting to strike-slip faulting: Geodinamica Acta. 14, p. 177-195, doi: 10.1016/S0985-3111(00)01064-0.
74. Kopp, M.L., and Shcherba, I.G., 1985, Late alpine development of the east Caucasus: Geotectonics. 19, no. 6, p. 497-507.
75. Král, J., and Gurbanov, A.G., 1996, Apatite fission track data from the Greater Caucasus pre-Alpine basement: Chemie der Erde. 56, p. 177-192.
76. Kremenetskiy, A.A., Lapidus, A.V., and Voronovskiy, S.N., 1990, New data on the age and oil and gas potential of the basement of Kura depression, based on ultradeep well logs: Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 312, no. 1-6, p. 139-142.
77. Lozar, F., and Polino, R., 1997, Early Cenozoic uprising of the Greater Caucasus revealed by reworked calcareous nanofossils: Terra Nova. 9, p. 141.
78. Lydolph, P.E., 1977, Climates of the Soviet Union, world survey of climatology: Amsterdam-Oxford-New York, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
79. Mangino, S., and Priestly, K., 1998, The crustal structure of the Southern Caspian region: Geophysical Journal International. 133, p. 630-648, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00520.x.
80. McClusky, S., Balassanian, S., Barka, A., Demir, C., Ergintav, S., Georgiev, I., Gurkan, O., Hamburger, M., Hurst, K., Kahle, H., Kastens, K., Kekelidze, G., King, R., Kotzev, V., Lenk, O., Mahmoud, S., Mishin, A., Nadariya, M., Ouzounis, A., Paradissis, D., Peter, Y., Prilepin, M., Reilinger, R., Sanli, I., Seeger, H., Tealeb, A., Toksoz, M.N., and Veis, G., 2000, Global positioning system constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus: Journal of Geophysical Research. 205, no. B3, p. 5695-5719.
81. McKenzie, D., 1972, Active tectonics of the Mediterranean region: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 30, p. 109-185.
82. McQuarrie, N., Stock, J.M., Verdel, C., and Wernicke, B.P., 2003, Cenozoic evolution of Neotethys and implications for the causes of plate motions: Geophysical Research Letters. 30, no. 20, p. doi: 10.1029/2003GL017992.
83. Meulenkamp, J.E., and Sissingh, W., 2003, Tertiary palaeogeography and tectonostratigraphic evolution of the northern and southern Peri-Tethys platforms and the intermediate domains of the African-Eurasian convergent plate boundary zone: Palaeogeography, Palaeo climatology, Palaeoecology. 196, no. 1-2, p. 209-228, doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00319-5.
84. Mitchell, J., and Westaway, R., 1999, Chronology of Neogene and Quaternary uplift and magmatism in the Caucasus, constraints from K-Ar dating of volcanism in Armenia: Tectonophysics. 304, p. 157-186, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00027-X.
85. Morton, A.C., Allen, M.B., Simmons, M., Spathopoulos, F., Still, J., Hinds, D.J., Ismail-Zadeh, A., and Kroonenberg, S.B., 2003, Provenance patterns in a neotectonic basin: Pliocene and Quaternary sediment supply to the South Caspian: Basin Research. 15, p. 321-337, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2117.2003.00208.x.
86. Murtuzayev, I., 2000, Implications of endogenous systems' tilting for tectonics of South Caspian Basin: Glasgow, Scotland, 62nd European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers (EAGE) Conference and Technical Exhibition.
87. Nadirov, R.S., Bagirov, E.B., Tagiyev, M.F., and Lerche, I., 1997, Flexural plate subsidence, sedimentation rates, and structural development of the superdeep South Caspian Basin: Marine and Petroleum Geology. 14, no. 4, p. 383-400, doi: 10.1016/S0264-8172(96)00054-2.
88. Nalivkin, D.V., 1973, The Mediterranean geosyncline, in Nalivkin, D.V., ed., Geology of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (English translation): Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd, p. 578-685.
89. Nalivkin, D.V., 1976, Geologic map of the Caucasus (in Russian): Ministry of Geology, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, scale 1:500,000.
90. Oberlander, T.M., 1985, Origin of drainage transverse to structures in orogens, in Morisawa, M., and Hacker, J.T., eds., 15th Annual Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium, p. 155-182.
91. Oskin, M., and Iriondo, A., 2004, Large-magnitude transient strain accumulation on the Blackwater fault, Eastern California shear zone: Geology. 32, no. 4, p. 313-316, doi: 10.1130/G20223.1.
92. Oskin, M., Perg, L., Blumentritt, D., Mukhopadhyay, S., and Iriondo, A., 2007, Slip rate of the Calico fault: Implications for geologic versus geodetic rate discrepancy in the Easter California Shear Zone: Journal of Geophysical Research. 112, B03402, doi: 10.1029/2006JB004451.
93. Philip, H., Cisternas, A., Gvishiani, A., and Gorshkov, A., 1989, The Caucasus: An actual example of the initial stages of continental collision: Tectonophysics. 161, p. 1-21, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(89)90297-7.
94. Philip, H., Rogozhin, E., Cisternas, A., Bousquet, J.C., Borisov, B., and Karakhanian, A., 1992, The Armenian earthquake of 1988 December 7: Faulting and folding, neotectonics and paleoseismicity: Geophysical Journal International. 110, p. 141-158, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00718.x.
95. Philip, H., Avagyan, A., Karakhanian, A., Ritz, J.-F., and Rebai, S., 2001, Estimating slip rates and recurrence intervals for strong earthquakes along an intracontinental fault: Example of the Pambak-Sevan-Sunik fault (Armenia): Tectonophysics. 343, p. 205-232, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00258-X.
96. Priestley, K., Baker, C., and Jackson, J., 1994, Implications of earthquake focal mechanism data for the active tectonics of the south Caspian Basin and surrounding regions: Geophysical Journal International. 118, p. 111-141, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1994.tb04679.x.
97. Rebai, S., Philip, H., Dorbath, L., Borissoff, B., Haessler, H., and Cisternas, A., 1993, Active tectonics in the Lesser Caucasus: Coexistence of compressive and extensional structures: Tectonics. 12, no. 5, p. 1089-1114, doi: 10.1029/93TC00514.
98. Reilinger, R., and Barka, A., 1997, GPS Constraints on fault slip rates in the Arabia-Africa-Eurasia Plate Collision Zone: Implications for earthquake recurrence times, in Giardini, D., and Balassanian, S., eds., Historical and prehistorical earthquakes in the Caucasus: Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 91-108.
99. Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Souter, B.J., Hamburger, M., Prilepin, M., Mishin, A., Guseva, T., and Balassanian, S., 1997, Preliminary estimates of plate convergence in the Caucasus collision zone from global positioning system measurements: Geophysical Research Letters. 24, no. 14, p. 1815-1818.
100. Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., and Lawrence, S., 2004, GPS constraints on continental deformation in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus Region: Evidence for plate/block-like behavior of the continental lithosphere: Geophysical Research Abstracts. 6, p. 04380.
101. Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Cakmak, R., Ozener, H., Kadirov, F., Guliev, I., Stepanyan, R., Nadariya, M., Hahubia, G., Mahmoud, S., Sakr, K., ArRajehi, A., Paradissis, D., Al-Aydrus, A., Prilepin, M., Guseva, T., Evren, E., Dmitrotsa, A., Filikov, S. V., Gomez, F., Al-Ghazzi, R., and Karam, G., 2006, GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions: Journal of Geophysical Research. 111, B05411, doi: 10.1029/2005JB004051.
102. Robertson, A.H.F., 2000, Mesozoic-Tertiary tectonicsedimentary evolution of the south Tethyan oceanic basin and its margins in southern Turkey, in Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A., and Piper, J.D.A., eds., Tectonics and magmatism in Turkey and the surrounding area: The Geological Society of London Special Publication, p. 97-138.
103. Robinson, A.G., Banks, C.J., Rutherford, M.M., and Hirst, J.P.P., 1995, Stratigraphic and structural development of the Eastern Pontides, Turkey: The Geological Society of London. 152, p. 861-872, doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.152.5.0861.
104. Saintot, A., and Angelier, J., 2002, Tectonic paleostress fields and structural evolution on the NW-Caucasus fold-and-thrust belt from Late Cretaceous to Quaternary: Tectonophysics. 357, p. 1-31, doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00360-8.
105. Saroglu, F., 1992, Active fault map of Turkey: General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA).
106. Sella, G. F., Dixon, T. H., and Mao, A., 2002, REVEL: A model for Recent plate velocities from space geodesy: Journal of Geophysical Research. 107, no. B4, p. 2081, doi: 10.1029/2000JB000033.
107. Şengör, A.M.C., Özeren, S., Genç, T., and Zor, E., 2003, East Anatolian high plateau as a mantle-supported, north-south shortened domal structure: Geophysical Research Letters. 30, no. 24, 8045, doi: 10.1029/2003GL017858.
108. Sobornov, K.O., 1994, Structure and petroleum potential of the Dagestan thrust belt, northeastern Caucasus, Russia: Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology. 42, no. 3, p. 352-364.
109. Suppe, J., 1983, Geometry and kinematics of fault-bend folding: American Journal of Science. 283, p. 684-721.
110. Suppe, J., and Medwedeff, D.A., 1990, Geometry and kinematics of fault-propagation folding: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 83, no. 3, p. 409-454.
111. Tagiyev, R.E., 1984, New data on the structure of the Kura Basin and the southeasterly plunge of the Greater Caucasus: Geotectonics. 18, no. 5, p. 444-447.
112. Talebian, M., and Jackson, J., 2002, Offset on the main Recent fault of NW Iran and implications for the late Ceno zoic tectonics of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone: Geophysical Journal International. 150, p. 422-439, doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01711.x.
113. Tan, O., and Taymaz, T., 2006, Active tectonics of the Caucasus: Earthquake source mechanisms and rupture histories obtained from inversion of teleseismic body waveforms, in Dilek, Y., and Pavlides, S., eds., Postcollisional tectonics and magmatism of the Mediterranean region and Asia: Geological Society of America Special Paper, p. 531-578.
114. Tevelev, A.V., and Blyumkin, E.I., 1990, Comparative tectonics from space images of the Kura and Surkhandar'ya depressions: Soviet Journal of Remote Sensing. 7, no. 3, p. 509-516.
115. Thatcher, W., 2007, Microplate model for the present-day deformation of Tibet: Journal of Geophysical Research. 112, B01401, doi: 10.1029/2005JB004244.
116. Triep, E.G., Abers, G.A., Lerner-Lam, A.L., Mishatkin, V., Zakharchenko, N., and Starovoit, O., 1995, Active thrust front of the Greater Caucasus: The April 29, 1991, Racha earthquake sequence and its tectonic implications: Journal of Geophysical Research. 100, no. B3, p. 4011-4033, doi: 10.1029/94JB02597.
117. Vasiliev, I., Krijgsman, W., Langereis, C.G., Panaiotu, C.E., Matenco, L., and Bertotti, G., 2004, Towards an astrochronological framework for the eastern Paratethys Mio-Pliocene sedimentary sequences of the Foscani basin (Romania): Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 227, p. 231-247, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.09.012.
118. Vernant, P., Nilforoushan, F., Hatzfeld, D., Abbassi, M.R., Vigny, C., Masson, F., Nankali, H., Martinod, J., Ashtiani, A., Bayer, R., Tavakoli, F., and Chery, J., 2004, Present-day crustal deformation and plate kinematics in the Middle East constrained by GPS measurements in Iran and northern Oman: Geophysical Journal International. 157, p. 381-398, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02222.x.
119. Vincent, S.J., Morton, A.C., Carter, A., Gibbs, S., and Teimuraz, G.B., 2007, Oligocene uplift of the Western Greater Caucasus: An effect of initial Arabia-Eurasia collision: Terra Nova. 19, p. 160-166, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00731.x.
120. Wells, S.G., Bullard, T.F., Menges, C.M., Drake, P.G., Karas, P.A., Kelson, K.I., Ritter, J.B., and Wesling, J.R., 1988, Regional variations in tectonic geomorphology along a segmented convergent plate boundary pacific coast of Costa Rica: Geomorphology. 1, p. 239-265, doi: 10.1016/0169-555X(88)90016-5.
121. Wessel, R., and Smith, W.H.F., 1995, New version of the generic mapping tools released: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union). 76, p. 329, doi: 10.1029/95EO00198.
122. Westaway, R., 1990, Seismicity and tectonic deformation rate in Soviet Armenia: Implications for local earthquake hazard and evolution of adjacent regions: Tectonics. 9, no. 3, p. 477-503, doi: 10.1029/TC009i003p00477.
123. Westaway, R., 1994, Present-day kinematics of the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean: Journal of Geophysical Research. 99, no. B6, p. 12,071-12,090, doi: 10.1029/94JB00335.
124. Woodward, N.B., Boyer, S.E., and Suppe, J., 1989, Balanced geological cross sections: An essential technique in geological research and exploration: Washington, D.C., Short Courses in Geology, American Geophysical Union, 132 p.
125. Yamaguchi, Y., Kahle, A.B., Tsu, H., Kawakami, T., and Pniel, M., 1998, Overview of advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER): IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 36, no. 4, p. 1062-1071, doi: 10.1109/36.700991.
126. Yi{dotless}lmaz, A., Adamia, S., Chabukiani, A., Chkhotua, T., Erdogan, K., Tuzcu, S., and Karabiyikoglu, M., 2000, Structural correlation of the southern Transcaucasus (Georgia)-eastern Pontides (Turkey), in Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J.A., and Piper, J.D.A., eds., Tectonics and magmatism in Turkey and the surrounding area: The Geological Society of London Special Publication, p. 171-182.
127. Zonenshain, L.P., and Le Pichon, X., 1986, Deep basins of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea as remnants of Mesozoic back-arc basins: Tectonophysics. 123, p. 181-211, doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(86)90197-6.