Microbial infections in free-living protozoa

Critical Reviews in Immunology

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 95-106

  Goertz, Hans Dieter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Holospora; Intracellular bacteria; Invasion; Symbiosis

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL INFECTION; BIODIVERSITY; HOLOSPORA; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; PARAMECIUM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTOZOON; REVIEW; SYMBIOSIS; HOLOSPORACEAE; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

HOLOSPORACEAE; PARAMECIUM;

EID: 77950966776     PISSN: 10408401     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Horn M, Wagner M. Bacterial endosymbionts of free-living amoebae. J Eukar Microbiol. 2004;51:509-514.
2. Görtz H-D. Symbiotic associations between ciliates and prokaryotes. In: Dworkin M, Falkow S, Rosenberg E, Schleifer KH, Stackebrandt E, eds. Te prokaryotes. 3 ed. vol 1. East Lansing, MI: Springer, 2007.
3. Jeon KW. Bacterial endosymbiosis in amoebae. Trends Cell Biol. 1995:137-140.
4. Heckmann K. Endosymbionts of Euplotes. Int Rev Cytol Suppl. 1983;14:111-144.
5. Görtz HD, Fokin SI. Diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria in Paramecium. In: Fujishima M, ed. Endosymbionts in Paramecium. Microbiological Monographs 12. Berlin: Springer, 2009.
6. Fujishima M. Infection and Maintenance of Holospora species in Paramecium caudatum. In: Fujishima M, ed. Endosymbionts in Paramecium. Microbiological Monographs 12. Berlin: Springer, 2009.
7. Fokin SI, Görtz H-D. Diversity of Holospora bacteria in Paramecium and their characterization. In: Fujishima M, ed. Endosymbionts in Paramecium. Microbiological Monographs 12. Berlin: Springer, 2009.
8. Kusch J, Görtz H-D. Towards an understanding of the killer trait: Caedibacter endocytobionts in Paramecium. Prog Mol Subcell Biol. 2006;41:61-76.
9. Schrallhammer M, Schweikert M. Te killer efect of Paramecium and its causative agents. In: Fujishima M, ed. Endosymbionts in Paramecium. Microbiological Monographs 12. Berlin: Springer, 2009.
10. Görtz H-D, Michel R. Bacterial symbionts in protozoa in aqueous environments-potential pathogens? In: Greenblatt C, Spigelman M, eds. Emerging pathogens. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
11. Keeling PJ, Burger G, Durnford DG, Lang BF, Lee RW, Pearlman RE, Roger AJ, Gray MW. Te tree of eukaryotes. Trends Ecol Evol. 2005 Dec;20(12):670-676.
12. Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, Bowser SS, Brugerolle G, Fensome RA, Fredericq S, James TY, Karpov S, Kugrens P, Krug J, Lane CE, Lewis LA, Lodge J, Lynn DH, Mann DG, McCourt RM, Mendoza L, Moestrup O, Mozley-Standridge SE, Nerad TA, Shearer CA, Smirnov AV, Speigel FW, Taylor MFJR. Te new higher level classifcation of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists. J Eukar Microbiol. 2005;52: 399-451.
13. Foissner W. Protist diversity: estimates of the near-imponderable. Protist. 1999;150:363-368.
14. Vannini C, Petroni G, Verni F, Rosati G. A bacterium belonging to the Rickettsiaceae family inhabits the cytoplasm of the marine ciliate Diophrys appendiculata (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia). Microb Ecol. 2005;49:434-442.
15. Vannini C, Pöckl M, Petroni G, Wu QL, Lang E, Stackebrandt E, Schrallhammer M, Richardson PM, Hahn MW. Endosymbiosis in statu nascendi: close phylogenetic relationship between obligately endo-symbiotic and obligately free-living Polynucleobacter strains (Betaproteobacteria). Environ Microbiol. 2007;9:347-359.
16. Schweikert M, Meyer B. Characterization of intracel-lular bacteria in the freshwater dinofagellate Peridinium cintum. Protoplasma. 2001;217:177-184.
17. Görtz HD, Rosati G, Schweikert M, Schrallhammer M, Omura G, Suzaki T. Defensive mutualism in microbial symbiosis. In: White JF Jr, Torres MS, eds. Boca Raton: Taylor and Francis, (in press).
18. Görtz H-D. Symbiosis in ciliates. In: Hausmann K, Bradbury PC, eds. Ciliates-cells as organisms. Stuttgart: Gustav-Fischer Verlag, 1996.
19. Fokin SI. Bacterial endocytobionts of Ciliophora and their interactions with the host cell. Intern Rev Cytol. 2004;236:181-249.
20. Fenchel T, Perry T, Tane A. Anaerobiosis and symbiosis with bacteria in free-living ciliates. J Protozool. 1977;24:154-163.
21. Stumm CK, Gijzen HJ, Vogels GD. Association of methanogenic bacteria with bovine rumen ciliates. Brit J Nutr. 1982;47:95-99.
22. Barbaree JM, Fields BS, Feeley JC, Gormann GW, Martin W T. Isolation of protozoa from water associated with a legionellosis outbreak and demonstration of intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1986;51:422-424.
23. Hausmann K, Bradbury PM, editors. Ciliates. Cells as Organisms. Stuttgart: Gustav-Fischer Verlag, 1996.
24. Allen RD. Cytology. In: Görtz HD, ed. Paramecium. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
25. Görtz H-D, Schmidt HJ. Genus Polynucleobacter. In: Garrity GM, Boone DR, Castenholz RW, eds. Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology. 2 ed. vol 2. part C. East Lansing, MI: Springer, 2005.
26. Fok AK, Allen RD. Te lysosome system. In: Görtz HD, ed. Paramecium. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
27. Fokin S, Karpov S. Bacterial endocytobionts inhabiting the perinuclear space of Protista. Endocyt Cell Res. 1995;11:81-94.
28. Paulin JJ. Morphology and cytology of ciliates. In: Hausmann K, Bradbury PM, eds. Ciliates: cells as organisms. Stuttgart: Gustav-Fischer Verlag, 1996.
29. Nanney DL. Experimental ciliatology. New York: Wiley and Sons, 1980.
30. Nowacki, M., Vijayan, V., Zhou, Y., Schotanus, K., Doak, T.G., Landweber, F. RNA-mediated epigenetic programming of a genome-rearrangement pathway. Nature. 2008;451:153-158.
31. Yao MC. RNA rules. Nature. 2008;451:131-132.
32. Ball GH. Organisms living on and in protozoa. In: Chen T T, ed. Research in protozoology. Vol 3. New York: Pergamon Press, 1969.
33. Görtz HD. Infection of Paramecium bursaria with bacteria and a yeast. J Cell Sci. 1982;58,445-453.
34. Kodama Y, Fujishima M. Infection of Paramecium bursaria by symbiotic Chlorella species. In: Fujishima M, ed. Endosymbionts in Paramecium. Microbiological Monographs 12. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2009.
35. Reisser W, Meier R, Görtz HD, Jeon KW. Establishment, maintenance, and integration mechanisms of endo-symbionts in Protozoa. J Protozool. 1985;32: 383-390.
36. Kato Y, Imamura N. Metabolic control between the symbiotic Chlorella and the host Paramecium. In: Fujishima M, ed. Endosymbionts in Paramecium. Microbiological Monographs 12. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2009.
37. Miwa I. Regulation of circadian rhythms of Paramecium bursaria by symbiotic Chlorella species. In: Fujishima M, ed. Endosymbionts in Paramecium. Microbiological Monographs 12. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2009.
38. Sommeruga R, Sonntag B. Photobiological aspects of the mutualistic association between Paramecium bursaria and Chlorella. In: Fujishima M, ed. Endosymbionts in Paramecium. Microbiological Monographs 12. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2009.
39. Müller J. Einige Beobachtungen an Infusorien. Monatsber Preuss Akad Wissensch. 1856: 389-393.
40. Fokin SI,Schweikert M, Brümmer F, Görtz H-D. Spirostomum spp. (Ciliophora, Protista)-a new suitable system for endocytobiosis research. Protoplasma. 2005;225:93-102.
41. Boss AO-L, Borchsenius ON, Ossipov DV. Pseudo-lyticum multifagellatum n. g., n. sp.-a new symbiotic bacterium in the cytoplasm of Paramecium caudatum (Ciliata, Protozoa). Cytologia (Sankt-Petersburg). 1987;29:94-99.
42. Linka N, Hurka H, Lang BF, Burger G, Winkler HH, Stamme C, Urbany C, Seil I, Kusch J, Neuhaus HE. Phylogenetic relationships of non-mitochondrial nucleotide transport proteins in bacteria and eukaryotes. Gene. 2003;306:27-35.
43. Heckmann K. Omikron, ein essentieller Endosymbiont von Euplotes aediculatus. J Protozool. 1975;22:97-104.
44. Heckmann K, ten Hagen R, Görtz HD. Fresh-water Euplotes species with a 9 type 1 cirrus pattern depend upon endosymbionts. J Protozool. 1983;30:284-289.
45. Heckmann K, Schmidt HJ. Polynucleobacter necessarius gen. nov., sp. nov., an obligately endosymbiotic bacterium living in the cyotplasm of Euplotes aediculatus. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1987;37:456-457.
46. Fujishima M, Heckmann K. Intra-and interspecies transfer of endosymbionts in Euplotes. J Exp Zool. 1984;230:339-345.
47. Springer N, Amann R, Ludwig WG, Schleifer KH, Schmidt H. Polynucleobacter necessarius, an obligate bacterial endosymbiont of the hypotrichous ciliate Euplotes aediculatus, is a member of the β-subclass of Proteobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1996;135:333-336.
48. Hahn MW. Isolation of strains belonging to the cosmopolitan Polynucleobacter necessarius cluster from freshwater habitats located in three climatic zones. Appl Environm Microbiol. 2003;69:5248-5254.
49. Preer JR Jr, Preer LB, Jurand A. Kappa and other endosymbionts in Paramecium aurelia. Bacteriol Rev. 1974;38:113-163.
50. Sonneborn TM. Gene and cytoplasm. I. Te determination and inheritance of the killer character in variety 4 of Paramecium aurelia. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 1943;90:9892-9895.
51. Quackenbush RL. Endosymbionts of killer paramecia. In: Görtz H-D, ed. Paramecium. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
52. Landis W. Ecology. In: Görtz H-D, ed. Paramecium. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
53. Kusch J, Czubatinski L, Wegmann S, Hübner M, Alter M, Albrecht P. Competitive advantages of Caedibacter-infected Paramecia. Protist. 2002;153:47-58.
54. Beier CL, Horn M, Michel, R, Schweikert, M, Görtz H-D, Wagner M. Te genus Caedibacter comprises endobionts of Paramecium spp. related to the Rickettsiales (Alphaproteobacteria) and to Francisella tularensis (Gammaproteobacteria). Appl Environ Microbiol 2002;68:6043-6050.
55. Soldo AT. Te biology of the senosome, an intracellular symbiont. Int Rev Cytol. 1983;14:79-109.
56. Görtz H-D, Maier G. A bacterial infection in a ciliate from sewage sludge. Endocyt Cell Res. 1991;8:45-52.
57. Görtz H-D, Wiemann M. Colonization of the ciliate Stentor multiformis by three diferent endocytobionts. Endocyt Cell Res. 1987;4:177-184.
58. Görtz H-D, Wiemann M. Route of infection of the bacteria Holospora elegans and Holospora obtusa into the nuclei of Parame cium caudatum. Eur J Protistol. 1989;24:101-109.
59. Ossipov DV, Podlipaev SA. Electron microscope examination of early stages of infection of Paramecium caudatum by bacterial symbionts of the macronu-cleus (Jota-bacteria). Acta Protozool. (Warszawa). 1977;16:289-308.
60. Podlipaev SA, Ossipov DV. Early stages of infection of Paramecium caudatum micronuclei by symbiotic bacteria-omega-particles (electron microscope examination). Acta Protozool. 1979;18:465-480.
61. Ossipiv DV. Problems of nuclear heteromorphism in the unicellular organisms [In Russian with English summary]. Leningrad: Nauka, 1981.
62. Yu XJ, Walker DH. Genus Rickettsia. In: Garrity GM, Boone DR, Castenholz RW, eds. Bergeys manual of systematic bacteriology. 2 ed, vol 2, part C. East Lansing, MI: Springer, 2005.
63. Ferrantini F, Fokin SI, Modeo L, Andreoli I, Dini F, Görtz H-D, Verni F, Petroni G.,Candidatus Cryptoprodotis polytropus," a novel Rickettsia-like organism in the ciliated protist Pseudomicrothorax dubius (Ciliophora, Nassophorea). J Eukar Microbiol. 2009;56:119-29.
64. Hafkine MW. Maladies infectieuses des paramécies. Ann Inst Pasteur. 1890;4:363-379.
65. Görtz H-D. Endonuclear symbionts in Ciliates. Int Rev Cytol. 1983;14 (Suppl):145-176.
66. Görtz H-D, Fujishima M. Conjugation and meiosis of Paramecium caudatum infected with the micronucleus-specifc bacterium Holospora elegans. Europ J Cell Biol. 1983;32:86-91.
67. Fujishima M. Control of morphological changes of the endonuclear symbiont Holospora of the ciliate Paramecium. In: Sato S, Ishida M, Ishikawa H, eds. Endocytobiology V. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press, 1993.
68. Sabaneeva EV, Benken KA, Derkacheva VE, Skovorodkin IN, Fokin SI. Holospora trafcking in Paramecium: the role of the host cell cytoskeleton. Protistology. 2007;5:68.
69. Sabaneyeva EV, Derkacheva ME, Benken KA, Fokin SI, Vainio S, Skovorodkin IN. Actin-Based Mechanism of Holospora obtusa Trafcking in Paramecium caudatum. Protist. 2009;160:205-219.
70. Iwatani K, Dohra H, Lang BF, Burger G, Hori M, Fujishima M. Translocation of an 89-kDa periplasmic protein is associated with Holospora infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;337:1198-1205.
71. Fujishima M, Iwatani K, Nakamura Y, Kodama Y. Infection of Holospora is controlled by 89-kDa proplas-mic proteins and the host actin [abstract]. Protistology. 2007;5:31.
72. Görtz H-D, Ahlers N, Robenek H. Ultrastructure of the infectious and reproductive forms of Holospora obtusa, a bacterium infecting the macronucleus of Paramecium caudatum. J Gen Microbiol. 1989;135:3079-3085.
73. Fujishima M, Kawai M. Endonuclear symbiotic bacteria Holospora species distinguish the host nuclear envelopes. Endocyt Cell Res. 2004;15:71-76.
74. Freiburg M. Isolation and characterization of macro-nuclei of Paramecium caudatum infected with the macronucleus-specifc bacterium Holospora obtusa. J Cell Sci. 1985;73:389-398.
75. Hori M, Fujishima M. Te endosymbiotic bacterium Holospora obtusa enhances heatshock gene expression of the host Paramecium caudatum. J Eukar Microbiol 2003;50:293-298.
76. Hori M, Fujii K, Fujishima M. Micronucleus-specifc bacterium Holospora elegans irreversibly enhances stress gene expression of the host Paramecium caudatum. J Eukar Microbiol. 2008;55:515-521.
77. Nakamura Y, Aki M, Aikawa T, Hori M, Fujishima M. Diferences in gene expression of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum caused by endonuclear symbiosis with Holospora obtusa, revealed using diferential display reverse transcribed PCR. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2004;240:209-213.
78. Lang BF, Brinkmann H, Koski LB, Fujishima M, Görtz H-D, Burger G. On the origin of mitochondria and Rickettsia-related eukaryotic endosymbionts. Jpn J Protozool. 2005;38:171-183.
79. Skoblo II, Borchsenius ON, Lebedeva NA, Ossipov DV. Symbiogenic lysis of bacteria Holospora acuminata in the generative nucleus of the ciliate Paramecium bursaria. Cytologia. 1990;32:515-519.
80. Ossipov DV, Skoblo II, Borchsenius ON, Lebedeva NA. Interactions between Paramecium bursaria (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Hymenostomatida) and their nuclear symbionts. Eur J Protistol.1993;29:61-71.
81. Fokin SI, Skovorodkin IN. Experimental analysis of the resistance of Paramecium caudatum (Ciliophora) against infection by bacterium Holospora undulata. Eur J Protistol. 1997;33:214-218.
82. Skovorodkin IN, Fokin SI, Fujishima M. Fates of the endonuclear symbiotic bacteria Holospora obtusa and Holospora undulata injected into the macronucleus of Paramecium caudatum. Eur J Protistol. 2001;237: 137-145.
83. Fujishima M, Görtz H-D. Infection of macronuclear anlagen of Paramecium caudatum with the macronu-cleus-specifc symbiont Holospora obtusa. J Cell Sci 1983;64:137-146.
84. Lohse K, Gutierrez A, Kaltz O. Experimental evolution of resistance in Paramecium caudatum against the bacterial parasite Holospora undulata. Evolution. 2006 Jun;60(6):1177-1186