Genetic variants associated with fasting blood lipids in the U.S. population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BMC Medical Genetics

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2010, Pages

  Chang, Man huei ^a   Yesupriya, Ajay ^a   Ned, Renée M ^a   Mueller, Patricia W ^b   Dowling, Nicole F ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER ON BIRTH DEFECTS AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES   (United States)

^b NATIONAL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

5,10 METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (FADH2); APOLIPOPROTEIN E; ARYLDIALKYLPHOSPHATASE 1; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; CHOLESTEROL;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ALLELE; ARTICLE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET RESTRICTION; DNA POLYMORPHISM; EUROPEAN AMERICAN; FEMALE; GENE FREQUENCY; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HAPLOTYPE; HEALTH SURVEY; HISPANIC; HUMAN; LIPOPROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; RACE DIFFERENCE; UNITED STATES; BLOOD; CAUCASIAN; ETHNIC GROUP; GENETICS; NEGRO; NUTRITION;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; ETHNIC GROUPS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FASTING; GENETIC VARIATION; HISPANIC AMERICANS; HUMANS; MEXICAN AMERICANS; NUTRITION SURVEYS; TRIGLYCERIDES; UNITED STATES;

EID: 77950948152     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712350     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-62     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. National Institutes of Health: Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002, 106(25):3143-3421.
2. Rywik SL, Manolio TA, Pajak A, Piotrowski W, Davis CE, Broda GB, Kawalec E. Association of lipids and lipoprotein level with total mortality and mortality caused by cardiovascular and cancer diseases (Poland and United States collaborative study on cardiovascular epidemiology). Am J Cardiol 1999, 84(5):540-548. 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00374-4, 10482152.
3. Bray M. Genetic and environmental factors in cardiovascular disease. Human Genome Epidemiology 2004, 436-450. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc, Khoury M, Little J, Burke W.
4. Briel M, Ferreira-Gonzalez I, You JJ, Karanicolas PJ, Akl EA, Wu P, Blechacz B, Bassler D, Wei X, Sharman A, Whitt I, Alves da Silva S, Khalid Z, Nordmann AJ, Zhou Q, Walter SD, Vale N, Bhatnagar N, O'Regan C, Mills EJ, Bucher HC, Montori VM, Guyatt GH. Association between change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. BMJ 2009, 338:b92. 10.1136/bmj.b92, 2645847, 19221140.
5. Asztalos BF, Cupples LA, Demissie S, Horvath KV, Cox CE, Batista MC, Schaefer EJ. High-density lipoprotein subpopulation profile and coronary heart disease prevalence in male participants of the Framingham Offspring Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004, 24(11):2181-2187. 10.1161/01.ATV.0000146325.93749.a8, 15388521.
6. Castelli WP. Epidemiology of triglycerides: a view from Framingham. Am J Cardiol 1992, 70(19):3H-9H. 10.1016/0002-9149(92)91083-G, 1466315.
7. Castelli WP. The role of plasma lipids as predictors of risk for coronary heart disease. Drugs 1990, 40(Suppl 1):1-4. discussion 5-6., 10.2165/00003495-199000401-00003, 2289404.
8. Castelli WP, Anderson K, Wilson PW, Levy D. Lipids and risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham Study. Ann Epidemiol 1992, 2(1-2):23-28.
9. Heller DA, de Faire U, Pedersen NL, Dahlen G, McClearn GE. Genetic and environmental influences on serum lipid levels in twins. N Engl J Med 1993, 328(16):1150-1156. 10.1056/NEJM199304223281603, 8455681.
10. Namboodiri KK, Kaplan EB, Heuch I, Elston RC, Green PP, Rao DC, Laskarzewski P, Glueck CJ, Rifkind BM. The Collaborative Lipid Research Clinics Family Study: biological and cultural determinants of familial resemblance for plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Genet Epidemiol 1985, 2(3):227-254. 10.1002/gepi.1370020302, 4054601.
11. Spielmann N, Leon AS, Rao DC, Rice T, Skinner JS, Bouchard C, Rankinen T. CETP genotypes and HDL-cholesterol phenotypes in the HERITAGE Family Study. Physiol Genomics 2007, 31(1):25-31. 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00281.2006, 17519358.
12. Choquette AC, Bouchard L, Houde A, Bouchard C, Perusse L, Vohl MC. Associations between USF1 gene variants and cardiovascular risk factors in the Quebec Family Study. Clin Genet 2007, 71(3):245-253. 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00755.x, 17309647.
13. Garenc C, Aubert S, Laroche J, Bergeron J, Gagne C, Rousseau F, Julien P. Gene polymorphisms in the Quebec population: a risk to develop hypertriglyceridemia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 344(2):588-596. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.187, 16630553.
14. Pallaud C, Gueguen R, Sass C, Grow M, Cheng S, Siest G, Visvikis S. Genetic influences on lipid metabolism trait variability within the Stanislas Cohort. J Lipid Res 2001, 42(11):1879-1890.
15. Petrone A, Zavarella S, Iacobellis G, Zampetti S, Vania A, Di Pietro S, Galgani A, Leonetti F, Di Mario U, Buzzetti R. Association of beta2 adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and related haplotypes with triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol levels. Eur J Hum Genet 2006, 14(1):94-100.
16. Dedoussis GV, Maumus S, Choumerianou DM, Skoumas J, Pitsavos C, Stefanadis C, Visvikis-Siest S. Different genes and polymorphisms affecting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in Greek familial hypercholesterolemia patients. Genet Test 2006, 10(3):192-199. 10.1089/gte.2006.10.192, 17020471.
17. Pollin TI, Damcott CM, Shen H, Ott SH, Shelton J, Horenstein RB, Post W, McLenithan JC, Bielak LF, Peyser PA, Mitchell BD, Miller M, O'Connell JR, Shuldiner AR. A null mutation in human APOC3 confers a favorable plasma lipid profile and apparent cardioprotection. Science 2008, 322(5908):1702-1705. 10.1126/science.1161524, 2673993, 19074352.
18. Aulchenko YS, Ripatti S, Lindqvist I, Boomsma D, Heid IM, Pramstaller PP, Penninx BW, Janssens AC, Wilson JF, Spector T, Martin NG, Pedersen NL, Kyvik KO, Kaprio J, Hofman A, Freimer NB, Jarvelin MR, Gyllensten U, Campbell H, Rudan I, Johansson A, Marroni F, Hayward C, Vitart V, Jonasson I, Pattaro C, Wright A, Hastie N, Pichler I, Hicks AA, et al. Loci influencing lipid levels and coronary heart disease risk in 16 European population cohorts. Nat Genet 2009, 41(1):47-55. 10.1038/ng.269, 2687074, 19060911.
19. Kathiresan S, Willer CJ, Peloso GM, Demissie S, Musunuru K, Schadt EE, Kaplan L, Bennett D, Li Y, Tanaka T, Voight BF, Bonnycastle LL, Jackson AU, Crawford G, Surti A, Guiducci C, Burtt NP, Parish S, Clarke R, Zelenika D, Kubalanza KA, Morken MA, Scott LJ, Stringham HM, Galan P, Swift AJ, Kuusisto J, Bergman RN, Sundvall J, Laakso M, et al. Common variants at 30 loci contribute to polygenic dyslipidemia. Nat Genet 2009, 41(1):56-65. 10.1038/ng.291, 2685478, 19060906.
20. Sabatti C, Service SK, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, Ripatti S, Brodsky J, Jones CG, Zaitlen NA, Varilo T, Kaakinen M, Sovio U, Ruokonen A, Laitinen J, Jakkula E, Coin L, Hoggart C, Collins A, Turunen H, Gabriel S, Elliot P, McCarthy MI, Daly MJ, Järvelin MR, Freimer NB, Peltonen L. Genome-wide association analysis of metabolic traits in a birth cohort from a founder population. Nat Genet 2009, 41(1):35-46. 10.1038/ng.271, 2687077, 19060910.
21. Burkhardt R, Kenny EE, Lowe JK, Birkeland A, Josowitz R, Noel M, Salit J, Maller JB, Pe'er I, Daly MJ, Altshuler D, Stoffel M, Friedman JM, Breslow JL. Common SNPs in HMGCR in micronesians and whites associated with LDL-cholesterol levels affect alternative splicing of exon13. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008, 28(11):2078-2084. 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.172288, 2764366, 18802019.
22. Sandhu MS, Waterworth DM, Debenham SL, Wheeler E, Papadakis K, Zhao JH, Song K, Yuan X, Johnson T, Ashford S, Inouye M, Luben R, Sims M, Hadley D, McArdle W, Barter P, Kesäniemi YA, Mahley RW, McPherson R, Grundy SM, , Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Loos RJ, Waeber G, Barroso I, Strachan DP, Deloukas P, Vollenweider P, Wareham NJ, et al. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium LDL-cholesterol concentrations: a genome-wide association study. Lancet 2008, 371(9611):483-491. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60208-1, 2292820, 18262040, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium.
23. Kathiresan S, Melander O, Guiducci C, Surti A, Burtt NP, Rieder MJ, Cooper GM, Roos C, Voight BF, Havulinna AS, Wahlstrand B, Hedner T, Corella D, Tai ES, Ordovas JM, Berglund G, Vartiainen E, Jousilahti P, Hedblad B, Taskinen MR, Newton-Cheh C, Salomaa V, Peltonen L, Groop L, Altshuler DM, Orho-Melander M. Six new loci associated with blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides in humans. Nat Genet 2008, 40(2):189-197. 10.1038/ng.75, 2682493, 18193044.
24. Wallace C, Newhouse SJ, Braund P, Zhang F, Tobin M, Falchi M, Ahmadi K, Dobson RJ, Marçano AC, Hajat C, Burton P, Deloukas P, Brown M, Connell JM, Dominiczak A, Lathrop GM, Webster J, Farrall M, Spector T, Samani NJ, Caulfield MJ, Munroe PB. Genome-wide association study identifies genes for biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: serum urate and dyslipidemia. Am J Hum Genet 2008, 82(1):139-149. 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.001, 2253977, 18179892.
25. Saxena R, Voight BF, Lyssenko V, Burtt NP, de Bakker PI, Chen H, Roix JJ, Kathiresan S, Hirschhorn JN, Daly MJ, Hughes TE, Groop L, Altshuler D, Almgren P, Florez JC, Meyer J, Ardlie K, Bengtsson Boström K, Isomaa B, Lettre G, Lindblad U, Lyon HN, Melander O, Newton-Cheh C, Nilsson P, Orho-Melander M, Råstam L, Speliotes EK, Taskinen MR, Tuomi T, et al. Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels. Science 2007, 316(5829):1331-1336. 10.1126/science.1142358, 17463246.
26. Tabet F, Rye KA. High-density lipoproteins, inflammation and oxidative stress. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009, 116(2):87-98. 10.1042/CS20080106, 19076062.
27. Garces C, Lopez-Simon L, Rubio R, Benavente M, Cano B, Ortega H, de Oya M. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) genetics and serum PON1 activity in prepubertal children in Spain. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008, 46(6):809-813. 10.1515/CCLM.2008.163, 18601602.
28. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Plan and Operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-94. Hyattsville, MD. National Center for Health Statistics, 1994. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 1: Programs and Collection Procedures, no. 32. DHHS publication no. (PHS) 94-1308. 1994, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_01/sr01_032.pdf
29. NHANES III Data Files, Documentation, and SAS Code. , http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/nh3data.htm
30. NHANES Genetic Data. , http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/genetics/genetic.htm
31. Chang MH, Lindegren ML, Butler MA, Chanock SJ, Dowling NF, Gallagher M, Moonesinghe R, Moore CA, Ned RM, Reichler MR, Sanders CL, Welch R, Yesupriya A, Khoury MJ, . CDC/NCI NHANES III Genomics Working Group Prevalence in the United States of selected candidate gene variants: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1991-1994. Am J Epidemiol 2009, 169(1):54-66. 10.1093/aje/kwn286, 2638878, 18936436, CDC/NCI NHANES III Genomics Working Group.
32. Gunter E, Lewis B, Koncikowski S. Laboratory procedures used for the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994. 1996, Atlanta, GA and Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Environmental Health and National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention., http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes3/cdrom/nchs/manuals/labman.pd f
33. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-94: HNANES III Laboratory Data File Documentation. Catalog Number 76300. 2006, , ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Datasets/NHANES/NHANESIII/1 A/lab-acc.pdf
34. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001, 285(19):2486-2497. 10.1001/jama.285.19.2486, 11368702.
35. Dempster A, Laird N, Rubin D. Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm. J Royal Statistical Society 1977, Series B; 39(1):1-38.
36. Schaid DJ. Genetic epidemiology and haplotypes. Genet Epidemiol 2004, 27(4):317-320. 10.1002/gepi.20046, 15543637.
37. Zaykin DV, Westfall PH, Young SS, Karnoub MA, Wagner MJ, Ehm MG. Testing association of statistically inferred haplotypes with discrete and continuous traits in samples of unrelated individuals. Hum Hered 2002, 53(2):79-91. 10.1159/000057986, 12037407.
38. Schaid DJ. Evaluating associations of haplotypes with traits. Genet Epidemiol 2004, 27(4):348-364. 10.1002/gepi.20037, 15543638.
39. Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J Royal Stat Soc 1995, Series B(57):12.
40. Keebler ME, Sanders CL, Surti A, Guiducci C, Burtt NP, Kathiresan S. Association of blood lipids with common DNA sequence variants at 19 genetic loci in the multiethnic United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2009, (2):238-243. 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.108.829473, 20031591.
41. Eichner JE, Dunn ST, Perveen G, Thompson DM, Stewart KE, Stroehla BC. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and cardiovascular disease: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 2002, 155(6):487-495. 10.1093/aje/155.6.487, 11882522.
42. Bennet AM, Di Angelantonio E, Ye Z, Wensley F, Dahlin A, Ahlbom A, Keavney B, Collins R, Wiman B, de Faire U, Danesh J. Association of apolipoprotein E genotypes with lipid levels and coronary risk. JAMA 2007, 298(11):1300-1311. 10.1001/jama.298.11.1300, 17878422.
43. Mahley RW. Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science 1988, 240(4852):622-630. 10.1126/science.3283935, 3283935.
44. Davignon J, Gregg RE, Sing CF. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis 1988, 8(1):1-21.
45. Song Y, Stampfer MJ, Liu S. Meta-analysis: apolipoprotein E genotypes and risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 2004, 141(2):137-147.
46. Sudlow C, Martinez Gonzalez NA, Kim J, Clark C. Does apolipoprotein E genotype influence the risk of ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, or subarachnoid hemorrhage? Systematic review and meta-analyses of 31 studies among 5961 cases and 17,965 controls. Stroke 2006, 37(2):364-370. 10.1161/01.STR.0000199065.12908.62, 2577180, 16385096.
47. Willer CJ, Sanna S, Jackson AU, Scuteri A, Bonnycastle LL, Clarke R, Heath SC, Timpson NJ, Najjar SS, Stringham HM, Strait J, Duren WL, Maschio A, Busonero F, Mulas A, Albai G, Swift AJ, Morken MA, Narisu N, Bennett D, Parish S, Shen H, Galan P, Meneton P, Hercberg S, Zelenika D, Chen WM, Li Y, Scott LJ, Scheet PA, et al. Newly identified loci that influence lipid concentrations and risk of coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 2008, 40(2):161-169. 10.1038/ng.76, 18193043.
48. Imamura A, Takahashi R, Murakami R, Kataoka H, Cheng XW, Numaguchi Y, Murohara T, Okumura K. The effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms on endothelial function and metabolic risk factors in healthy subjects: the significance of plasma adiponectin levels. Eur J Endocrinol 2008, 158(2):189-195. 10.1530/EJE-07-0632, 18230825.
49. Hoffmann IS, Tavares-Mordwinkin R, Castejon AM, Alfieri AB, Cubeddu LX. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase polymorphism, nitric oxide production, salt sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors in Hispanics. J Hum Hypertens 2005, 19(3):233-240.
50. Chrysohoou C, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, Antoniades C, Skoumas J, Brown M, Stefanadis C. Evidence for association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphism (G894T) and inflammatory markers: the ATTICA study. Am Heart J 2004, 148(4):733-738. 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.04.022, 15459608.
51. Senti M, Tomas M, Elosual R, Sala J, Masia R, Marrugat J. The paraoxonase-1 codon 192 polymorphism is associated with fasting total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations only in postmenopausal women. The REGICOR study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002, 40(7):677-683. 10.1515/CCLM.2002.116, 12241013.
52. Perez-Herrera N, May-Pech C, Hernandez-Ochoa I, Castro-Mane J, Rojas-Garcia E, Borja-Aburto VH, Castillo-Burguete T, Quintanilla-Vega B. PON1Q192R polymorphism is associated with lipid profile in Mexican men with Mayan ascendancy. Exp Mol Pathol 2008, 85(2):129-134. 10.1016/j.yexmp.2008.05.003, 18582459.
53. Ranade K, Kirchgessner TG, Iakoubova OA, Devlin JJ, DelMonte T, Vishnupad P, Hui L, Tsuchihashi Z, Sacks FM, Sabatine MS, Braunwald E, White TJ, Shaw PM, Dracopoli NC. Evaluation of the paraoxonases as candidate genes for stroke: Gln192Arg polymorphism in the paraoxonase 1 gene is associated with increased risk of stroke. Stroke 2005, 36(11):2346-2350. 10.1161/01.STR.0000185703.88944.7d, 16239632.
54. Lahiry P, Ban MR, Pollex RL, Feldman RD, Sawyez CG, Huff MW, Young TK, Bjerregaard P, Hegele RA. Common variants APOC3, APOA5, APOE and PON1 are associated with variation in plasma lipoprotein traits in Greenlanders. Int J Circumpolar Health 2007, 66(5):390-400.
55. Gamboa R, Zamora J, Rodriguez-Perez JM, Fragoso JM, Cardoso G, Posadas-Romero C, Vargas-Alarcon G. Distribution of paraoxonase PON1 gene polymorphisms in Mexican populations. Its role in the lipid profile. Exp Mol Pathol 2006, 80(1):85-90.
56. Blatter Garin MC, Moren X, James RW. Paraoxonase-1 and serum concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and apoA-I. J Lipid Res 2006, 47(3):515-520. 10.1194/jlr.M500281-JLR200, 16327022.
57. Srinivasan SR, Li S, Chen W, Tang R, Bond MG, Boerwinkle E, Berenson GS. Q192R polymorphism of the paraoxanase 1 gene and its association with serum lipoprotein variables and carotid artery intima-media thickness in young adults from a biracial community. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Atherosclerosis 2004, 177(1):167-174.
58. Senti M, Tomas M, Marrugat J, Elosua R. Paraoxonase1-192 polymorphism modulates the nonfatal myocardial infarction risk associated with decreased HDLs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001, 21(3):415-420.
59. Turban S, Fuentes F, Ferlic L, Brugada R, Gotto AM, Ballantyne CM, Marian AJ. A prospective study of paraoxonase gene Q/R192 polymorphism and severity, progression and regression of coronary atherosclerosis, plasma lipid levels, clinical events and response to fluvastatin. Atherosclerosis 2001, 154(3):633-640. 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00495-0, 11257264.
60. Manresa JM, Zamora A, Tomás M, Sentí M, Fitó M, Covas MI, Alcántara M, Latorre G, Escurriol V, Domingues S, Marrugat J. Relationship of classical and non-classical risk factors with genetic variants relevant to coronary heart disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006, 13(5):738-744. 10.1097/01.hjr.0000224484.80349.3f, 17001213.
61. Manresa JM, Tomas M, Ribes E, Pi-Figueras M, Aguilera A, Senti M, Marrugat J. Paraoxonase 1 gene 192 polymorphism, physical activity and lipoprotein in women. Med Clin (Barc) 2004, 122(4):126-129.
62. Mikkelsson J, Perola M, Wartiovaara U, Peltonen L, Palotie A, Penttila A, Karhunen PJ. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G polymorphism, coronary thrombosis, and myocardial infarction in middle-aged Finnish men who died suddenly. Thromb Haemost 2000, 84(1):78-82.
63. Weiss EJ, Bray PF, Tayback M, Schulman SP, Kickler TS, Becker LC, Weiss JL, Gerstenblith G, Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ. A polymorphism of a platelet glycoprotein receptor as an inherited risk factor for coronary thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1996, 334(17):1090-1094. 10.1056/NEJM199604253341703, 8598867.
64. Carter AM, Catto AJ, Bamford JM, Grant PJ. Platelet GP IIIa PlA and GP Ib variable number tandem repeat polymorphisms and markers of platelet activation in acute stroke. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998, 18(7):1124-1131.
65. Slowik A, Dziedzic T, Turaj W, Pera J, Glodzik-Sobanska L, Szermer P, Malecki MT, Figlewicz DA, Szczudlik A. A2 alelle of GpIIIa gene is a risk factor for stroke caused by large-vessel disease in males. Stroke 2004, 35(7):1589-1593. 10.1161/01.STR.0000132194.24663.3d, 15178823.
66. Weiss LA, Abney M, Parry R, Scanu AM, Cook EH, Ober C. Variation in ITGB3 has sex-specific associations with plasma lipoprotein(a) and whole blood serotonin levels in a population-based sample. Hum Genet 2005, 117(1):81-87. 10.1007/s00439-004-1250-3, 15834589.
67. Deo RC, Reich D, Tandon A, Akylbekova E, Patterson N, Waliszewska A, Kathiresan S, Sarpong D, Taylor HA, Wilson JG. Genetic differences between the determinants of lipid profile phenotypes in African and European Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. PLoS Genet 2009, 5(1):e1000342. 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000342, 2613537, 19148283.
68. Ford ES, Li C, Pearson WS, Zhao G, Mokdad AH. Trends in hypercholesterolemia, treatment and control among United States adults. Int J Cardiol 2008, 140(2):226-235. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.11.033, 19081646.
69. Li M, Ong KL, Tse HF, Cheung BM. Utilization of lipid lowering medications among adults in the United States 1999-2006. Atherosclerosis 2010, 208(2):456-60. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.08.001, 19700160.
70. Reiner-Benaim A. FDR control by the BH procedure for two-sided correlated tests with implications to gene expression data analysis. Biom J 2007, 49(1):107-126. 10.1002/bimj.200510313, 17342953.
71. Risch N, Burchard E, Ziv E, Tang H. Categorization of humans in biomedical research: genes, race and disease. Genome Biol 2002, 3(7):comment2007. 10.1186/gb-2002-3-7-comment2007, 139378, 12184798.
72. Tseng M, Williams RC, Maurer KR, Schanfield MS, Knowler WC, Everhart JE. Genetic admixture and gallbladder disease in Mexican Americans. Am J Phys Anthropol 1998, 106(3):361-371. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199807)106:3<361::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-P, 9696151.
73. McKeigue PM, Carpenter JR, Parra EJ, Shriver MD. Estimation of admixture and detection of linkage in admixed populations by a Bayesian approach: application to African-American populations. Ann Hum Genet 2000, 64(Pt 2):171-186. 10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6420171.x, 11246470.
74. Salari K, Choudhry S, Tang H, Naqvi M, Lind D, Avila PC, Coyle NE, Ung N, Nazario S, Casal J, Torres-Palacios A, Clark S, Phong A, Gomez I, Matallana H, Pérez-Stable EJ, Shriver MD, Kwok PY, Sheppard D, Rodriguez-Cintron W, Risch NJ, Burchard EG, Ziv E. Genetic admixture and asthma-related phenotypes in Mexican American and Puerto Rican asthmatics. Genet Epidemiol 2005, 29(1):76-86. 10.1002/gepi.20079, 15918156.
75. Shriver MD, Kennedy GC, Parra EJ, Lawson HA, Sonpar V, Huang J, Akey JM, Jones KW. The genomic distribution of population substructure in four populations using 8,525 autosomal SNPs. Hum Genomics 2004, 1(4):274-286.
76. Rodrigues AC, Rebecchi IM, Bertolami MC, Faludi AA, Hirata MH, Hirata RD. High baseline serum total and LDL cholesterol levels are associated with MDR1 haplotypes in Brazilian hypercholesterolemic individuals of European descent. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005, 38(9):1389-1397. 10.1590/S0100-879X2005000900014, 16138223.
77. Hines LM, Hunter DJ, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Chu NF, Rifai N, Hankinson SE, Rimm EB. Alcohol consumption and high-density lipoprotein levels: the effect of ADH1C genotype, gender and menopausal status. Atherosclerosis 2005, 182(2):293-300. 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.02.005, 16051248.
78. Iaccarino G, Trimarco V, Lanni F, Cipolletta E, Izzo R, Arcucci O, De Luca N, Di Renzo G. beta-Blockade and increased dyslipidemia in patients bearing Glu27 variant of beta2 adrenergic receptor gene. Pharmacogenomics J 2005, 5(5):292-297. 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500324, 16027735.
79. Hallman DM, Srinivasan SR, Chen W, Boerwinkle E, Berenson GS. The beta(2)-adrenergic receptor Arg16-gly polymorphism and interactions involving beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms are associated with variations in longitudinal serum lipid profiles: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism 2004, 53(9):1184-1191. 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.03.019, 15334382.
80. Iwamoto N, Ogawa Y, Kajihara S, Hisatomi A, Yasutake T, Yoshimura T, Mizuta T, Hara T, Ozaki I, Yamamoto K. Gln27Glu beta2-adrenergic receptor variant is associated with hypertriglyceridemia and the development of fatty liver. Clin Chim Acta 2001, 314(1-2):85-91. 10.1016/S0009-8981(01)00633-7, 11718682.
81. Ukkola O, Perusse L, Weisnagel SJ, Bergeron J, Despres JP, Rao DC, Bouchard C. Interactions among the glucocorticoid receptor, lipoprotein lipase, and adrenergic receptor genes and plasma insulin and lipid levels in the Quebec Family Study. Metabolism 2001, 50(2):246-252. 10.1053/meta.2001.18572, 11229437.
82. Dunajska K, Lwow F, Milewicz A, Jedrzejuk D, Laczmanski L, Belowska-Bien K, Urban J, Szuba A. beta(3)-adrenergic receptor polymorphism and metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2008, 24(3):133-138. 10.1080/09513590801921686, 18335327.
83. Porto PI, Garcia SI, Dieuzeide G, Gonzalez C, Landa MS, Pirola CJ. Clinical features of the metabolic syndrome in adolescents: minor role of the Trp64Arg beta3-adrenergic receptor gene variant. Pediatr Res 2004, 55(5):836-841. 10.1203/01.PDR.0000119367.21770.D7, 14739355.
84. Okumura K, Matsui H, Ogawa Y, Takahashi R, Matsubara K, Imai H, Imamura A, Mizuno T, Tsuzuki M, Kitamura Y. The polymorphism of the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene is associated with reduced low-density lipoprotein particle size. Metabolism 2003, 52(3):356-361. 10.1053/meta.2003.50056, 12647276.
85. Manraj M, Francke S, Hebe A, Ramjuttun US, Froguel P. Genetic and environmental nature of the insulin resistance syndrome in Indo-Mauritian subjects with premature coronary heart disease: contribution of beta3-adrenoreceptor gene polymorphism and beta blockers on triglyceride and HDL concentrations. Diabetologia 2001, 44(1):115-122. 10.1007/s001250051588, 11206402.
86. Zuntar I, Antoljak N, Vrkic N, Topic E, Kujundzic N, Demarin V, Vukovic V. Association of methylenetetrahydrofolate (MTHFR) and apolipoprotein E (apo E) genotypes with homocysteine, vitamin and lipid levels in carotid stenosis. Coll Antropol 2006, 30(4):871-878.
87. Loktionov A, Vorster H, O'Neill IK, Nell T, Bingham SA, Runswick SA, Cummings JH. Apolipoprotein E and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genetic polymorphisms in relation to other risk factors for cardiovascular disease in UK Caucasians and Black South Africans. Atherosclerosis 1999, 145(1):125-135. 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00022-2, 10428303.
88. Sawada T, Kishimoto T, Osaki Y, Okamoto M, Tahara A, Kaetu A, Kurosawa Y, Kotani K. Relation of the Glu298Asp polymorphism of the nitric oxide synthase gene to hypertension and serum cholesterol in Japanese workers. Prev Med 2008, 47(2):167-171. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.04.006, 18550157.
89. Mackness B, Mackness MI, Arrol S, Turkie W, Durrington PN. Effect of the human serum paraoxonase 55 and 192 genetic polymorphisms on the protection by high density lipoprotein against low density lipoprotein oxidative modification. FEBS Lett 1998, 423(1):57-60. 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00064-7, 9506841.
90. Chambers JE. PON1 multitasks to protect health. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008, 105(35):12639-12640. 10.1073/pnas.0807062105, 2529123, 18753632.
91. Fanella S, Harris SB, Young TK, Hanley AJ, Zinman B, Connelly PW, Hegele RA. Association between PON1 L/M55 polymorphism and plasma lipoproteins in two Canadian aboriginal populations. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000, 38(5):413-420. 10.1515/CCLM.2000.060, 10952224.
92. Dedoussis GV, Theodoraki EV, Manios Y, Yiannakouris N, Panagiotakos D, Papoutsakis C, Skenderi K, Zampelas A. The Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARgamma2 gene affects lipid parameters in Greek primary school children: A case of gene-to-gender interaction. Am J Med Sci 2007, 333(1):10-15. 10.1097/00000441-200701000-00002, 17220689.
93. Maeda A, Gohda T, Funabiki K, Horikoshi S, Tomino Y. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene polymorphism is associated with serum triglyceride levels and body mass index in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2004, 18(6):317-321. 10.1002/jcla.20045, 15543562.
94. Tai ES, Corella D, Deurenberg-Yap M, Adiconis X, Chew SK, Tan CE, Ordovas JM. Differential effects of the C1431T and Pro12Ala PPARgamma gene variants on plasma lipids and diabetes risk in an Asian population. J Lipid Res 2004, 45(4):674-685. 10.1194/jlr.M300363-JLR200, 14729856.
95. Chen S, Tsybouleva N, Ballantyne CM, Gotto AM, Marian AJ. Effects of PPARalpha, gamma and delta haplotypes on plasma levels of lipids, severity and progression of coronary atherosclerosis and response to statin therapy in the lipoprotein coronary atherosclerosis study. Pharmacogenetics 2004, 14(1):61-71. 10.1097/00008571-200401000-00007, 15128052.
96. Eriksson J, Lindi V, Uusitupa M, Forsen T, Laakso M, Osmond C, Barker D. The effects of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARgamma-2 gene on lipid metabolism interact with body size at birth. Clin Genet 2003, 64(4):366-370. 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00150.x, 12974743.
97. Gonzalez Sanchez JL, Serrano Rios M, Fernandez Perez C, Laakso M, Martinez Larrad MT. Effect of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-2 gene on adiposity, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in the Spanish population. Eur J Endocrinol 2002, 147(4):495-501. 10.1530/eje.0.1470495, 12370112.
98. Swarbrick MM, Chapman CM, McQuillan BM, Hung J, Thompson PL, Beilby JP. A Pro12Ala polymorphism in the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma 2 is associated with combined hyperlipidaemia in obesity. Eur J Endocrinol 2001, 144(3):277-282. 10.1530/eje.0.1440277, 11248748.
99. Kitamura Y, Okumura K, Imamura A, Mizuno T, Tsuzuki M, Numaguchi Y, Matsui H, Murohara T. Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G gene polymorphism with variations in the LDL particle size in healthy Japanese men. Clin Chim Acta 2004, 347(1-2):209-216. 10.1016/j.cccn.2004.04.014, 15313160.
100. Ruiz-Quezada S, Vazquez-Del Mercado M, Parra-Rojas I, Rangel-Villalobos H, Best-Aguilera C, Sanchez-Orozco LV, Munoz-Valle JF. Genotype and allele frequency of PAI-1 promoter polymorphism in healthy subjects from the west of Mexico. Association with biochemical and hematological parameters. Ann Genet 2004, 47(2):155-162.
101. Chen CH, Eng HL, Chang CJ, Tsai TT, Lai ML, Chen HY, Liu CJ, Lin TM. 4G/5G promoter polymorphism of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, lipid profiles, and ischemic stroke. J Lab Clin Med 2003, 142(2):100-105. 10.1016/S0022-2143(03)00063-5, 12960956.
102. Lopes C, Dina C, Durand E, Froguel P. PAI-1 polymorphisms modulate phenotypes associated with the metabolic syndrome in obese and diabetic Caucasian population. Diabetologia 2003, 46(9):1284-1290. 10.1007/s00125-003-1170-0, 12856128.
103. Parra-Rojas I, Ruiz-Madrigal B, Martinez-Lopez E, Panduro A. Influence of the -308 TNF-alpha and -174 IL-6 polymorphisms on lipid profile in Mexican subjects. Hereditas 2006, 143(2006):167-172. 10.1111/j.2006.0018-0661.01936.x, 17362351.
104. Sookoian SC, Gonzalez C, Pirola CJ. Meta-analysis on the G-308A tumor necrosis factor alpha gene variant and phenotypes associated with the metabolic syndrome. Obes Res 2005, 13(12):2122-2131. 10.1038/oby.2005.263, 16421346.
105. Davis CL, Wang X, Snieder H, Treiber FA. Genetic and environmental determinants of lipid profile in black and white youth: a study of four candidate genes. Ethn Dis 2005, 15(4):568-577.