메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 321, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 20-28

The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in initiation and progression of thyroid tumors

Author keywords

Akt; Anaplastic thyroid cancer; Cowden's syndrome; Follicular thyroid cancer; Invasion; PIK3CA; PTEN

Indexed keywords

2 MORPHOLINO 8 PHENYLCHROMONE; AXITINIB; B RAF KINASE; EVEROLIMUS; HAMARTIN; IMATINIB; LEVOTHYROXINE; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MOTESANIB; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTEIN PATCHED; PROTEIN RET; RADIOACTIVE IODINE; SORAFENIB; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PAX8; TUBERIN; VASCULOTROPIN RECEPTOR; WORTMANNIN;

EID: 77950921126     PISSN: 03037207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.10.016     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (164)

References (160)
  • 1
    • 34250619165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway: twists and turns in the road to cancer therapy
    • Abraham R.T., Gibbons J.J. The mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway: twists and turns in the road to cancer therapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007, 13:3109-3114.
    • (2007) Clin. Cancer Res. , vol.13 , pp. 3109-3114
    • Abraham, R.T.1    Gibbons, J.J.2
  • 2
    • 0029804116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of activation of protein kinase b by insulin and igf-1
    • Alessi D.R., Andjelkovic M., Caudwell B., et al. Mechanism of activation of protein kinase b by insulin and igf-1. EMBO J. 1996, 15:6541-6551.
    • (1996) EMBO J. , vol.15 , pp. 6541-6551
    • Alessi, D.R.1    Andjelkovic, M.2    Caudwell, B.3
  • 3
    • 33644749218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pten promoter methylation in sporadic thyroid carcinomas
    • Alvarez-Nunez F., Bussaglia E., Mauricio D., et al. Pten promoter methylation in sporadic thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid 2006, 16:17-23.
    • (2006) Thyroid , vol.16 , pp. 17-23
    • Alvarez-Nunez, F.1    Bussaglia, E.2    Mauricio, D.3
  • 4
    • 0029942186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation and phosphorylation of a pleckstrin homology domain containing protein kinase (rac-pk/pkb) promoted by serum and protein phosphatase inhibitors
    • Andjelkovic M., Jakubowicz T., Cron P., et al. Activation and phosphorylation of a pleckstrin homology domain containing protein kinase (rac-pk/pkb) promoted by serum and protein phosphatase inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93:5699-5704.
    • (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.93 , pp. 5699-5704
    • Andjelkovic, M.1    Jakubowicz, T.2    Cron, P.3
  • 5
    • 15644381754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of translocation in the activation and function of protein kinase b
    • Andjelkovic M., Alessi D.R., Meier R., et al. Role of translocation in the activation and function of protein kinase b. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272:31515-31524.
    • (1997) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.272 , pp. 31515-31524
    • Andjelkovic, M.1    Alessi, D.R.2    Meier, R.3
  • 6
    • 27844562649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tuberous sclerosis complex: linking growth and energy signaling pathways with human disease
    • Astrinidis A., Henske E.P. Tuberous sclerosis complex: linking growth and energy signaling pathways with human disease. Oncogene 2005, 24:7475-7481.
    • (2005) Oncogene , vol.24 , pp. 7475-7481
    • Astrinidis, A.1    Henske, E.P.2
  • 7
    • 57149109802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tuberous sclerosis complex: disease modifiers and treatments
    • Au K.S., Ward C.H., Northrup H. Tuberous sclerosis complex: disease modifiers and treatments. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2008, 20:628-633.
    • (2008) Curr. Opin. Pediatr. , vol.20 , pp. 628-633
    • Au, K.S.1    Ward, C.H.2    Northrup, H.3
  • 8
    • 31944444234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer-specific mutations in PIK3CA are oncogenic in vivo
    • Bader A.G., Kang S., Vogt P.K. Cancer-specific mutations in PIK3CA are oncogenic in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006, 103:1475-1479.
    • (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.103 , pp. 1475-1479
    • Bader, A.G.1    Kang, S.2    Vogt, P.K.3
  • 9
    • 36849031817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective growth inhibition in braf mutant thyroid cancer by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor azd6244
    • Ball D.W., Jin N., Rosen D.M., et al. Selective growth inhibition in braf mutant thyroid cancer by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 inhibitor azd6244. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 92:4712-4718.
    • (2007) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.92 , pp. 4712-4718
    • Ball, D.W.1    Jin, N.2    Rosen, D.M.3
  • 10
    • 0035166385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ret protein expression has no prognostic impact on the long-term outcome of papillary thyroid carcinoma
    • Basolo F., Molinaro E., Agate L., et al. Ret protein expression has no prognostic impact on the long-term outcome of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2001, 145:599-604.
    • (2001) Eur. J. Endocrinol. , vol.145 , pp. 599-604
    • Basolo, F.1    Molinaro, E.2    Agate, L.3
  • 11
    • 0032560796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt activation by growth factors is a multiple-step process: the role of the ph domain
    • Bellacosa A., Chan T.O., Ahmed N.N., et al. Akt activation by growth factors is a multiple-step process: the role of the ph domain. Oncogene 1998, 17:313-325.
    • (1998) Oncogene , vol.17 , pp. 313-325
    • Bellacosa, A.1    Chan, T.O.2    Ahmed, N.N.3
  • 13
    • 2342565881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in protein kinase b signalling: Aktion on multiple fronts
    • Brazil D.P., Yang Z.Z., Hemmings B.A. Advances in protein kinase b signalling: Aktion on multiple fronts. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2004, 29:233-242.
    • (2004) Trends Biochem. Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 233-242
    • Brazil, D.P.1    Yang, Z.Z.2    Hemmings, B.A.3
  • 14
    • 0034729805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pten expression is reduced in a subset of sporadic thyroid carcinomas: evidence that pten-growth suppressing activity in thyroid cancer cells mediated by p27kip1
    • Bruni P., Boccia A., Baldassarre G., et al. Pten expression is reduced in a subset of sporadic thyroid carcinomas: evidence that pten-growth suppressing activity in thyroid cancer cells mediated by p27kip1. Oncogene 2000, 19:3146-3155.
    • (2000) Oncogene , vol.19 , pp. 3146-3155
    • Bruni, P.1    Boccia, A.2    Baldassarre, G.3
  • 15
    • 34547172596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A transforming mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of Akt1 in cancer
    • Carpten J.D., Faber A.L., Horn C., et al. A transforming mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of Akt1 in cancer. Nature 2007, 448:439-444.
    • (2007) Nature , vol.448 , pp. 439-444
    • Carpten, J.D.1    Faber, A.L.2    Horn, C.3
  • 16
    • 0034677562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ras signaling through PI3K confers hormone-independent proliferation that is compatible with differentiation
    • Cass L.A., Meinkoth J.L. Ras signaling through PI3K confers hormone-independent proliferation that is compatible with differentiation. Oncogene 2000, 19:924-932.
    • (2000) Oncogene , vol.19 , pp. 924-932
    • Cass, L.A.1    Meinkoth, J.L.2
  • 17
    • 66149141021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pten and the PI3-kinase pathway in cancer
    • Chalhoub N., Baker S.J. Pten and the PI3-kinase pathway in cancer. Annu. Rev. Pathol. 2009, 4:127-150.
    • (2009) Annu. Rev. Pathol. , vol.4 , pp. 127-150
    • Chalhoub, N.1    Baker, S.J.2
  • 18
    • 33745172528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The deficiency of Akt1 is sufficient to suppress tumor development in pten +/- mice
    • Chen M.L., Xu P.Z., Peng X.D., et al. The deficiency of Akt1 is sufficient to suppress tumor development in pten +/- mice. Genes Dev. 2006, 20:1569-1574.
    • (2006) Genes Dev. , vol.20 , pp. 1569-1574
    • Chen, M.L.1    Xu, P.Z.2    Peng, X.D.3
  • 19
    • 33947192053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twist transcriptionally up-regulates Akt2 in breast cancer cells leading to increased migration, invasion, and resistance to paclitaxel
    • Cheng G.Z., Chan J., Wang Q., et al. Twist transcriptionally up-regulates Akt2 in breast cancer cells leading to increased migration, invasion, and resistance to paclitaxel. Cancer Res. 2007, 67:1979-1987.
    • (2007) Cancer Res. , vol.67 , pp. 1979-1987
    • Cheng, G.Z.1    Chan, J.2    Wang, Q.3
  • 20
    • 59749095009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Function of Akt/pkb signaling to cell motility, invasion and the tumor stroma in cancer
    • Chin Y.R., Toker A. Function of Akt/pkb signaling to cell motility, invasion and the tumor stroma in cancer. Cell Signal. 2009, 21:470-476.
    • (2009) Cell Signal. , vol.21 , pp. 470-476
    • Chin, Y.R.1    Toker, A.2
  • 21
    • 0035368548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin resistance and a diabetes mellitus-like syndrome in mice lacking the protein kinase Akt2 (pkb beta)
    • Cho H., Mu J., Kim J.K., et al. Insulin resistance and a diabetes mellitus-like syndrome in mice lacking the protein kinase Akt2 (pkb beta). Science 2001, 292:1728-1731.
    • (2001) Science , vol.292 , pp. 1728-1731
    • Cho, H.1    Mu, J.2    Kim, J.K.3
  • 22
    • 0035914388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt1/pkbalpha is required for normal growth but dispensable for maintenance of glucose homeostasis in mice
    • Cho H., Thorvaldsen J.L., Chu Q., et al. Akt1/pkbalpha is required for normal growth but dispensable for maintenance of glucose homeostasis in mice. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:38349-38352.
    • (2001) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.276 , pp. 38349-38352
    • Cho, H.1    Thorvaldsen, J.L.2    Chu, Q.3
  • 23
    • 50649095801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axitinib is an active treatment for all histologic subtypes of advanced thyroid cancer: results from a phase ii study
    • Cohen E.E., Rosen L.S., Vokes E.E., et al. Axitinib is an active treatment for all histologic subtypes of advanced thyroid cancer: results from a phase ii study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26:4708-4713.
    • (2008) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.26 , pp. 4708-4713
    • Cohen, E.E.1    Rosen, L.S.2    Vokes, E.E.3
  • 24
    • 33645465719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer
    • Cooper D.S., Doherty G.M., Haugen B.R., et al. Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2006, 16:109-142.
    • (2006) Thyroid , vol.16 , pp. 109-142
    • Cooper, D.S.1    Doherty, G.M.2    Haugen, B.R.3
  • 25
    • 0034214102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase b and ribosomal s6 kinases in the stimulation of thyroid epithelial cell proliferation by camp and growth factors in the presence of insulin
    • Coulonval K., Vandeput F., Stein R.C., et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase b and ribosomal s6 kinases in the stimulation of thyroid epithelial cell proliferation by camp and growth factors in the presence of insulin. Biochem. J. 2000, 348(Pt 2):351-358.
    • (2000) Biochem. J. , vol.348 , Issue.PART 2 , pp. 351-358
    • Coulonval, K.1    Vandeput, F.2    Stein, R.C.3
  • 26
    • 33644513730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond pten mutations: the PI3K pathway as an integrator of multiple inputs during tumorigenesis
    • Cully M., You H., Levine A.J., et al. Beyond pten mutations: the PI3K pathway as an integrator of multiple inputs during tumorigenesis. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2006, 6:184-192.
    • (2006) Nat. Rev. Cancer , vol.6 , pp. 184-192
    • Cully, M.1    You, H.2    Levine, A.J.3
  • 27
    • 0030730905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic deletions and mutations in the cowden disease gene, PTEN, in sporadic thyroid tumors
    • Dahia P.L.M., Marsh D.J., Zheng Z., et al. Somatic deletions and mutations in the cowden disease gene, PTEN, in sporadic thyroid tumors. Cancer Res. 1997, 57:4710-4713.
    • (1997) Cancer Res. , vol.57 , pp. 4710-4713
    • Dahia, P.L.M.1    Marsh, D.J.2    Zheng, Z.3
  • 28
    • 53849132331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel Akt3 mutation in melanoma tumours and cell lines
    • Davies M.A., Stemke-Hale K., Tellez C., et al. A novel Akt3 mutation in melanoma tumours and cell lines. Br. J. Cancer 2008, 99:1265-1268.
    • (2008) Br. J. Cancer , vol.99 , pp. 1265-1268
    • Davies, M.A.1    Stemke-Hale, K.2    Tellez, C.3
  • 29
    • 42249098543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oncogenic signaling of class i PI3K isoforms
    • Denley A., Kang S., Karst U., et al. Oncogenic signaling of class i PI3K isoforms. Oncogene 2008, 27:2561-2574.
    • (2008) Oncogene , vol.27 , pp. 2561-2574
    • Denley, A.1    Kang, S.2    Karst, U.3
  • 30
    • 0031870959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pten is essential for embryonic development and tumour suppression
    • Di Cristofano A., Pesce B., Cordon-Cardo C., et al. Pten is essential for embryonic development and tumour suppression. Nat. Genet. 1998, 19:348-355.
    • (1998) Nat. Genet. , vol.19 , pp. 348-355
    • Di Cristofano, A.1    Pesce, B.2    Cordon-Cardo, C.3
  • 31
    • 0034681264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multiple roles of pten in tumor suppression
    • Di Cristofano A., Pandolfi P.P. The multiple roles of pten in tumor suppression. Cell 2000, 100:387-390.
    • (2000) Cell , vol.100 , pp. 387-390
    • Di Cristofano, A.1    Pandolfi, P.P.2
  • 32
    • 0028915371 scopus 로고
    • Overexpression of the c-met/hgf receptor in human thyroid carcinomas derived from the follicular epithelium
    • Di Renzo M.F., Olivero M., Serini G., et al. Overexpression of the c-met/hgf receptor in human thyroid carcinomas derived from the follicular epithelium. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 1995, 18:134-139.
    • (1995) J. Endocrinol. Invest. , vol.18 , pp. 134-139
    • Di Renzo, M.F.1    Olivero, M.2    Serini, G.3
  • 33
    • 70350328991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paired box gene 8-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{gamma} fusion protein and loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog synergistically cause thyroid hyperplasia in transgenic mice
    • Diallo-Krou E., Yu J., Colby L.A., et al. Paired box gene 8-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{gamma} fusion protein and loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog synergistically cause thyroid hyperplasia in transgenic mice. Endocrinology 2009.
    • (2009) Endocrinology
    • Diallo-Krou, E.1    Yu, J.2    Colby, L.A.3
  • 34
    • 67449136114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt1 and Akt2 play distinct roles in the initiation and metastatic phases of mammary tumor progression
    • Dillon R.L., Marcotte R., Hennessy B.T., et al. Akt1 and Akt2 play distinct roles in the initiation and metastatic phases of mammary tumor progression. Cancer Res. 2009, 69:5057-5064.
    • (2009) Cancer Res. , vol.69 , pp. 5057-5064
    • Dillon, R.L.1    Marcotte, R.2    Hennessy, B.T.3
  • 35
    • 0038242819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trb3: a tribbles homolog that inhibits Akt/pkb activation by insulin in liver
    • Du K., Herzig S., Kulkarni R.N., et al. Trb3: a tribbles homolog that inhibits Akt/pkb activation by insulin in liver. Science 2003, 300:1574-1577.
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 1574-1577
    • Du, K.1    Herzig, S.2    Kulkarni, R.N.3
  • 36
    • 65549145022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are neuroendocrine tumours a feature of tuberous sclerosis? A systematic review
    • Dworakowska D., Grossman A.B. Are neuroendocrine tumours a feature of tuberous sclerosis? A systematic review. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2009, 16:45-58.
    • (2009) Endocr. Relat. Cancer , vol.16 , pp. 45-58
    • Dworakowska, D.1    Grossman, A.B.2
  • 37
    • 70149117506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genomic alterations in tumor stroma
    • Eng C., Leone G., Orloff M.S., et al. Genomic alterations in tumor stroma. Cancer Res. 2009, 69:6759-6764.
    • (2009) Cancer Res. , vol.69 , pp. 6759-6764
    • Eng, C.1    Leone, G.2    Orloff, M.S.3
  • 38
    • 33746257209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases as regulators of growth and metabolism
    • Engelman J.A., Luo J., Cantley L.C. The evolution of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases as regulators of growth and metabolism. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2006, 7:606-619.
    • (2006) Nat. Rev. Genet. , vol.7 , pp. 606-619
    • Engelman, J.A.1    Luo, J.2    Cantley, L.C.3
  • 39
    • 57349194139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effective use of PI3K and mek inhibitors to treat mutant kras g12d and pik3ca h1047r murine lung cancers
    • Engelman J.A., Chen L., Tan X., et al. Effective use of PI3K and mek inhibitors to treat mutant kras g12d and pik3ca h1047r murine lung cancers. Nat. Med. 2008, 14:1351-1356.
    • (2008) Nat. Med. , vol.14 , pp. 1351-1356
    • Engelman, J.A.1    Chen, L.2    Tan, X.3
  • 40
    • 0037473753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of ppargamma increases pten expression in pancreatic cancer cells
    • Farrow B., Evers B.M. Activation of ppargamma increases pten expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003, 301:50-53.
    • (2003) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.301 , pp. 50-53
    • Farrow, B.1    Evers, B.M.2
  • 41
    • 4644359805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a pkb/Akt hydrophobic motif ser-473 kinase as DNA-dependent protein kinase
    • Feng J., Park J., Cron P., et al. Identification of a pkb/Akt hydrophobic motif ser-473 kinase as DNA-dependent protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:41189-41196.
    • (2004) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.279 , pp. 41189-41196
    • Feng, J.1    Park, J.2    Cron, P.3
  • 42
    • 0033912843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 on protein kinase b translocation and its subsequent activation
    • Filippa N., Sable C.L., Hemmings B.A., et al. Effect of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 on protein kinase b translocation and its subsequent activation. Mol. Cell Biol. 2000, 20:5712-5721.
    • (2000) Mol. Cell Biol. , vol.20 , pp. 5712-5721
    • Filippa, N.1    Sable, C.L.2    Hemmings, B.A.3
  • 43
    • 0031768031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Papillary thyroid carcinoma oncogene (ret/ptc) alters the nuclear envelope and chromatin structure
    • Fischer A.H., Bond J.A., Taysavang P., et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma oncogene (ret/ptc) alters the nuclear envelope and chromatin structure. Am. J. Pathol. 1998, 153:1443-1450.
    • (1998) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.153 , pp. 1443-1450
    • Fischer, A.H.1    Bond, J.A.2    Taysavang, P.3
  • 44
    • 0036022072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Silencing of the pten tumor-suppressor gene in anaplastic thyroid cancer
    • Frisk T., Foukakis T., Dwight T., et al. Silencing of the pten tumor-suppressor gene in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002, 35:74-80.
    • (2002) Genes Chromosomes Cancer , vol.35 , pp. 74-80
    • Frisk, T.1    Foukakis, T.2    Dwight, T.3
  • 45
    • 32444445924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling by a mutant thyroid hormone ß receptor
    • Furuya F., Hanover J.A., Cheng S.-Y. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling by a mutant thyroid hormone ß receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006, 103:1780-1785.
    • (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.103 , pp. 1780-1785
    • Furuya, F.1    Hanover, J.A.2    Cheng, S.-Y.3
  • 46
    • 36949013479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase delays tumor progression and blocks metastatic spread in a mouse model of thyroid cancer
    • Furuya F., Lu C., Willingham M.C., et al. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase delays tumor progression and blocks metastatic spread in a mouse model of thyroid cancer. Carcinogenesis 2007, 28:2451-2458.
    • (2007) Carcinogenesis , vol.28 , pp. 2451-2458
    • Furuya, F.1    Lu, C.2    Willingham, M.C.3
  • 47
    • 15944406764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phlpp: a phosphatase that directly dephosphorylates Akt, promotes apoptosis, and suppresses tumor growth
    • Gao T., Furnari F., Newton A.C. Phlpp: a phosphatase that directly dephosphorylates Akt, promotes apoptosis, and suppresses tumor growth. Mol. Cell 2005, 18:13-24.
    • (2005) Mol. Cell , vol.18 , pp. 13-24
    • Gao, T.1    Furnari, F.2    Newton, A.C.3
  • 48
    • 51849098272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug discovery approaches targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway in cancer
    • Garcia-Echeverria C., Sellers W.R. Drug discovery approaches targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway in cancer. Oncogene 2008, 27:5511-5526.
    • (2008) Oncogene , vol.27 , pp. 5511-5526
    • Garcia-Echeverria, C.1    Sellers, W.R.2
  • 49
    • 28544452359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutation of the PIK3CA gene in anaplastic thyroid cancer
    • Garcia-Rostan G., Costa A.M., Pereira-Castro I., et al. Mutation of the PIK3CA gene in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Cancer Res. 2005, 65:10199-10207.
    • (2005) Cancer Res. , vol.65 , pp. 10199-10207
    • Garcia-Rostan, G.1    Costa, A.M.2    Pereira-Castro, I.3
  • 50
    • 85047693348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe diabetes, age-dependent loss of adipose tissue, and mild growth deficiency in mice lacking Akt2/pkb beta
    • Garofalo R.S., Orena S.J., Rafidi K., et al. Severe diabetes, age-dependent loss of adipose tissue, and mild growth deficiency in mice lacking Akt2/pkb beta. J. Clin. Invest. 2003, 112:197-208.
    • (2003) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.112 , pp. 197-208
    • Garofalo, R.S.1    Orena, S.J.2    Rafidi, K.3
  • 51
    • 0033843623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of pten in normal thyroid tissue, and benign and malignant epithelial thyroid tumors
    • Gimm O., Perren A., Weng L.P., et al. Differential nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of pten in normal thyroid tissue, and benign and malignant epithelial thyroid tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 2000, 156:1693-1700.
    • (2000) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.156 , pp. 1693-1700
    • Gimm, O.1    Perren, A.2    Weng, L.P.3
  • 52
    • 0026600358 scopus 로고
    • Trk-t1 is a novel oncogene formed by the fusion of tpr and trk genes in human papillary thyroid carcinomas
    • Greco A., Pierotti M.A., Bongarzone I., et al. Trk-t1 is a novel oncogene formed by the fusion of tpr and trk genes in human papillary thyroid carcinomas. Oncogene 1992, 7:237-242.
    • (1992) Oncogene , vol.7 , pp. 237-242
    • Greco, A.1    Pierotti, M.A.2    Bongarzone, I.3
  • 53
    • 0025022463 scopus 로고
    • Ptc is a novel rearranged form of the ret proto-oncogene and is frequently detected in vivo in human thyroid papillary carcinomas
    • Grieco M., Santoro M., Berlingieri M.T., et al. Ptc is a novel rearranged form of the ret proto-oncogene and is frequently detected in vivo in human thyroid papillary carcinomas. Cell 1990, 60:557-563.
    • (1990) Cell , vol.60 , pp. 557-563
    • Grieco, M.1    Santoro, M.2    Berlingieri, M.T.3
  • 54
    • 34347220473 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining the role of mTOR in cancer
    • Guertin D.A., Sabatini D.M. Defining the role of mTOR in cancer. Cancer Cell 2007, 12:9-22.
    • (2007) Cancer Cell , vol.12 , pp. 9-22
    • Guertin, D.A.1    Sabatini, D.M.2
  • 55
    • 59149086040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pten deficiency accelerates tumour progression in a mouse model of thyroid cancer
    • Guigon C.J., Zhao L., Willingham M.C., et al. Pten deficiency accelerates tumour progression in a mouse model of thyroid cancer. Oncogene 2009, 28:509-517.
    • (2009) Oncogene , vol.28 , pp. 509-517
    • Guigon, C.J.1    Zhao, L.2    Willingham, M.C.3
  • 56
    • 50649095250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase ii trial of sorafenib in advanced thyroid cancer
    • Gupta-Abramson V., Troxel A.B., Nellore A., et al. Phase ii trial of sorafenib in advanced thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26:4714-4719.
    • (2008) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.26 , pp. 4714-4719
    • Gupta-Abramson, V.1    Troxel, A.B.2    Nellore, A.3
  • 57
    • 34249026448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Binding of Ras to phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110alpha is required for Ras-driven tumorigenesis in mice
    • Gupta S., Ramjaun A.R., Haiko P., et al. Binding of Ras to phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110alpha is required for Ras-driven tumorigenesis in mice. Cell 2007, 129:957-968.
    • (2007) Cell , vol.129 , pp. 957-968
    • Gupta, S.1    Ramjaun, A.R.2    Haiko, P.3
  • 58
    • 62449130185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knockin of mutant PIK3CA activates multiple oncogenic pathways
    • Gustin J.P., Karakas B., Weiss M.B., et al. Knockin of mutant PIK3CA activates multiple oncogenic pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009, 106:2835-2840.
    • (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.106 , pp. 2835-2840
    • Gustin, J.P.1    Karakas, B.2    Weiss, M.B.3
  • 59
    • 0031661833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic mutations of the pten/mmac1 tumor suppressor gene in sporadic follicular thyroid tumors
    • Halachmi N., Halachmi S., Evron E., et al. Somatic mutations of the pten/mmac1 tumor suppressor gene in sporadic follicular thyroid tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1998, 23:239-243.
    • (1998) Genes Chromosomes Cancer , vol.23 , pp. 239-243
    • Halachmi, N.1    Halachmi, S.2    Evron, E.3
  • 60
    • 33750980971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Only Akt1 is required for proliferation, while Akt2 promotes cell cycle exit through p21 binding
    • Heron-Milhavet L., Franckhauser C., Rana V., et al. Only Akt1 is required for proliferation, while Akt2 promotes cell cycle exit through p21 binding. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2006, 26:8267-8280.
    • (2006) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.26 , pp. 8267-8280
    • Heron-Milhavet, L.1    Franckhauser, C.2    Rana, V.3
  • 61
    • 0035846549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt mediates rac/cdc42-regulated cell motility in growth factor-stimulated cells and in invasive pten knockout cells
    • Higuchi M., Masuyama N., Fukui Y., et al. Akt mediates rac/cdc42-regulated cell motility in growth factor-stimulated cells and in invasive pten knockout cells. Curr. Biol. 2001, 11:1958-1962.
    • (2001) Curr. Biol. , vol.11 , pp. 1958-1962
    • Higuchi, M.1    Masuyama, N.2    Fukui, Y.3
  • 62
    • 55549119209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaffolding function of pak in the PDK1-Akt pathway
    • Higuchi M., Onishi K., Kikuchi C., et al. Scaffolding function of pak in the PDK1-Akt pathway. Nat. Cell. Biol. 2008, 10:1356-1364.
    • (2008) Nat. Cell. Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 1356-1364
    • Higuchi, M.1    Onishi, K.2    Kikuchi, C.3
  • 63
    • 33947284529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic alterations and their relationship in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway in thyroid cancer
    • Hou P., Liu D., Shan Y., et al. Genetic alterations and their relationship in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway in thyroid cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2007, 13:1161-1170.
    • (2007) Clin. Cancer Res. , vol.13 , pp. 1161-1170
    • Hou, P.1    Liu, D.2    Shan, Y.3
  • 64
    • 55549084534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of pten gene methylation with genetic alterations in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway in thyroid tumors
    • Hou P., Ji M., Xing M. Association of pten gene methylation with genetic alterations in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway in thyroid tumors. Cancer 2008, 113:2440-2447.
    • (2008) Cancer , vol.113 , pp. 2440-2447
    • Hou, P.1    Ji, M.2    Xing, M.3
  • 65
    • 2342527930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of Akt-1 (pkb-α) can accelerate erbb-2-mediated mammary tumorigenesis but suppresses tumor invasion
    • Hutchinson J.N., Jin J., Cardiff R.D., et al. Activation of Akt-1 (pkb-α) can accelerate erbb-2-mediated mammary tumorigenesis but suppresses tumor invasion. Cancer Res. 2004, 64:3171-3178.
    • (2004) Cancer Res. , vol.64 , pp. 3171-3178
    • Hutchinson, J.N.1    Jin, J.2    Cardiff, R.D.3
  • 66
    • 29144488505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct roles of Akt1 and Akt2 in regulating cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition
    • Irie H.Y., Pearline R.V., Grueneberg D., et al. Distinct roles of Akt1 and Akt2 in regulating cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J. Cell. Biol. 2005, 171:1023-1034.
    • (2005) J. Cell. Biol. , vol.171 , pp. 1023-1034
    • Irie, H.Y.1    Pearline, R.V.2    Grueneberg, D.3
  • 67
    • 33749076673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sin1/mip1 maintains rictor-mTOR complex integrity and regulates Akt phosphorylation and substrate specificity
    • Jacinto E., Facchinetti V., Liu D., et al. Sin1/mip1 maintains rictor-mTOR complex integrity and regulates Akt phosphorylation and substrate specificity. Cell 2006, 127:125-137.
    • (2006) Cell , vol.127 , pp. 125-137
    • Jacinto, E.1    Facchinetti, V.2    Liu, D.3
  • 68
    • 0029671246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeted expression of the ret/ptc1 oncogene induces papillary thyroid carcinomas
    • Jhiang S.M., Sagartz J.E., Tong Q., et al. Targeted expression of the ret/ptc1 oncogene induces papillary thyroid carcinomas. Endocrinology 1996, 137:375-378.
    • (1996) Endocrinology , vol.137 , pp. 375-378
    • Jhiang, S.M.1    Sagartz, J.E.2    Tong, Q.3
  • 69
    • 63749106157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should individual PI3 kinase isoforms be targeted in cancer?
    • Jia S., Roberts T.M., Zhao J.J. Should individual PI3 kinase isoforms be targeted in cancer?. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2009, 21:199-208.
    • (2009) Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. , vol.21 , pp. 199-208
    • Jia, S.1    Roberts, T.M.2    Zhao, J.J.3
  • 70
    • 70349909875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin in differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer
    • Jin N., Jiang T., Rosen D.M., et al. Dual inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin in differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 94:4107-4112.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.94 , pp. 4107-4112
    • Jin, N.1    Jiang, T.2    Rosen, D.M.3
  • 71
    • 0025882091 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning and identification of a serine/threonine protein kinase of the second-messenger subfamily
    • Jones P.F., Jakubowicz T., Pitossi F.J., et al. Molecular cloning and identification of a serine/threonine protein kinase of the second-messenger subfamily. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1991, 88:4171-4175.
    • (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.88 , pp. 4171-4175
    • Jones, P.F.1    Jakubowicz, T.2    Pitossi, F.J.3
  • 72
    • 12944311040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice with a targeted mutation in the thyroid hormone beta receptor gene exhibit impaired growth and resistance to thyroid hormone
    • Kaneshige M., Kaneshige K., Zhu X., et al. Mice with a targeted mutation in the thyroid hormone beta receptor gene exhibit impaired growth and resistance to thyroid hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97:13209-13214.
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.97 , pp. 13209-13214
    • Kaneshige, M.1    Kaneshige, K.2    Zhu, X.3
  • 73
    • 9144241794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein kinase c betaii regulates Akt phosphorylation on ser-473 in a cell type- and stimulus-specific fashion
    • Kawakami Y., Nishimoto H., Kitaura J., et al. Protein kinase c betaii regulates Akt phosphorylation on ser-473 in a cell type- and stimulus-specific fashion. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:47720-47725.
    • (2004) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.279 , pp. 47720-47725
    • Kawakami, Y.1    Nishimoto, H.2    Kitaura, J.3
  • 74
    • 24944528243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt activation promotes metastasis in a mouse model of follicular thyroid carcinoma
    • Kim C.F., Vasko V.V., Kato Y., et al. Akt activation promotes metastasis in a mouse model of follicular thyroid carcinoma. Endocrinology 2005, 146:4456-4463.
    • (2005) Endocrinology , vol.146 , pp. 4456-4463
    • Kim, C.F.1    Vasko, V.V.2    Kato, Y.3
  • 75
    • 0034852195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt/pkb promotes cancer cell invasion via increased motility and metalloproteinase production
    • Kim D., Kim S., Koh H., et al. Akt/pkb promotes cancer cell invasion via increased motility and metalloproteinase production. FASEB J. 2001, 15:1953-1962.
    • (2001) FASEB J. , vol.15 , pp. 1953-1962
    • Kim, D.1    Kim, S.2    Koh, H.3
  • 76
    • 63849265332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phase ii trial of sorafenib in metastatic thyroid cancer
    • Kloos R.T., Ringel M.D., Knopp M.V., et al. Phase ii trial of sorafenib in metastatic thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27:1675-1684.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.27 , pp. 1675-1684
    • Kloos, R.T.1    Ringel, M.D.2    Knopp, M.V.3
  • 77
    • 0034602393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of Akt and its anti-apoptotic activities by tumor necrosis factor-induced protein kinase c-related kinase 2 (prk2) cleavage
    • Koh H., Lee K.H., Kim D., et al. Inhibition of Akt and its anti-apoptotic activities by tumor necrosis factor-induced protein kinase c-related kinase 2 (prk2) cleavage. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:34451-34458.
    • (2000) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.275 , pp. 34451-34458
    • Koh, H.1    Lee, K.H.2    Kim, D.3
  • 78
    • 0029810181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt, a pleckstrin homology domain containing kinase, is activated primarily by phosphorylation
    • Kohn A.D., Takeuchi F., Roth R.A. Akt, a pleckstrin homology domain containing kinase, is activated primarily by phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:21920-21926.
    • (1996) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.271 , pp. 21920-21926
    • Kohn, A.D.1    Takeuchi, F.2    Roth, R.A.3
  • 79
    • 33645307434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenetic mechanisms in thyroid follicular-cell neoplasia
    • Kondo T., Ezzat S., Asa S.L. Pathogenetic mechanisms in thyroid follicular-cell neoplasia. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2006, 6:292-306.
    • (2006) Nat. Rev. Cancer , vol.6 , pp. 292-306
    • Kondo, T.1    Ezzat, S.2    Asa, S.L.3
  • 80
    • 0034714190 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pax8-ppargamma1 fusion oncogene in human thyroid carcinoma
    • Kroll T.G., Sarraf P., Pecciarini L., et al. Pax8-ppargamma1 fusion oncogene in human thyroid carcinoma. Science 2000, 289:1357-1360.
    • (2000) Science , vol.289 , pp. 1357-1360
    • Kroll, T.G.1    Sarraf, P.2    Pecciarini, L.3
  • 81
    • 0036843937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequent somatic mutations in pten and tp53 are mutually exclusive in the stroma of breast carcinomas
    • Kurose K., Gilley K., Matsumoto S., et al. Frequent somatic mutations in pten and tp53 are mutually exclusive in the stroma of breast carcinomas. Nat. Genet. 2002, 32:355-357.
    • (2002) Nat. Genet. , vol.32 , pp. 355-357
    • Kurose, K.1    Gilley, K.2    Matsumoto, S.3
  • 82
    • 34247534062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased incidence of well-differentiated thyroid cancer associated with hashimoto thyroiditis and the role of the PI3K/Akt pathway
    • discussion 773-775
    • Larson S.D., Jackson L.N., Riall T.S., et al. Increased incidence of well-differentiated thyroid cancer associated with hashimoto thyroiditis and the role of the PI3K/Akt pathway. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2007, 204:764-773. discussion 773-775.
    • (2007) J. Am. Coll. Surg. , vol.204 , pp. 764-773
    • Larson, S.D.1    Jackson, L.N.2    Riall, T.S.3
  • 83
    • 45149098960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brafv600e mutation is associated with preferential sensitivity to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibition in thyroid cancer cell lines
    • Leboeuf R., Baumgartner J.E., Benezra M., et al. Brafv600e mutation is associated with preferential sensitivity to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibition in thyroid cancer cell lines. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008, 93:2194-2201.
    • (2008) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.93 , pp. 2194-2201
    • Leboeuf, R.1    Baumgartner, J.E.2    Benezra, M.3
  • 84
    • 0023773073 scopus 로고
    • Activated Ras oncogenes in human thyroid cancers
    • Lemoine N.R., Mayall E.S., Wyllie F.S., et al. Activated Ras oncogenes in human thyroid cancers. Cancer Res. 1988, 48:4459-4463.
    • (1988) Cancer Res. , vol.48 , pp. 4459-4463
    • Lemoine, N.R.1    Mayall, E.S.2    Wyllie, F.S.3
  • 85
    • 0030936323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pten, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer
    • Li J., Yen C., Liaw D., et al. Pten, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science 1997, 275:1943-1947.
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , pp. 1943-1947
    • Li, J.1    Yen, C.2    Liaw, D.3
  • 86
    • 59349086663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of activated PIK3CA in ovarian surface epithelium results in hyperplasia but not tumor formation
    • Liang S., Yang N., Pan Y., et al. Expression of activated PIK3CA in ovarian surface epithelium results in hyperplasia but not tumor formation. PLoS One 2009, 4:e4295. 10.1371/journal.pone.0004295.
    • (2009) PLoS One , vol.4
    • Liang, S.1    Yang, N.2    Pan, Y.3
  • 87
    • 0031004088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germline mutations of the pten gene in cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome
    • Liaw D., Marsh D.J., Li J., et al. Germline mutations of the pten gene in cowden disease, an inherited breast and thyroid cancer syndrome. Nat. Genet. 1997, 16:64-67.
    • (1997) Nat. Genet. , vol.16 , pp. 64-67
    • Liaw, D.1    Marsh, D.J.2    Li, J.3
  • 88
    • 33645213629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of Akt1 inhibition of breast cancer cell invasion reveals a protumorigenic role for tsc2
    • Liu H., Radisky D.C., Nelson C.M., et al. Mechanism of Akt1 inhibition of breast cancer cell invasion reveals a protumorigenic role for tsc2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006, 103:4134-4139.
    • (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.103 , pp. 4134-4139
    • Liu, H.1    Radisky, D.C.2    Nelson, C.M.3
  • 89
    • 49249127826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Highly prevalent genetic alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in anaplastic and follicular thyroid cancers
    • Liu Z., Hou P., Ji M., et al. Highly prevalent genetic alterations in receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in anaplastic and follicular thyroid cancers. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008, 93:3106-3116.
    • (2008) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.93 , pp. 3106-3116
    • Liu, Z.1    Hou, P.2    Ji, M.3
  • 90
    • 0033599029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrin-linked kinase regulates phosphorylation of serine 473 of protein kinase b by an indirect mechanism
    • Lynch D.K., Ellis C.A., Edwards P.A., et al. Integrin-linked kinase regulates phosphorylation of serine 473 of protein kinase b by an indirect mechanism. Oncogene 1999, 18:8024-8032.
    • (1999) Oncogene , vol.18 , pp. 8024-8032
    • Lynch, D.K.1    Ellis, C.A.2    Edwards, P.A.3
  • 91
    • 48349131028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transforming mutation e17k/Akt1 is not a major event in b-cell-derived lymphoid leukaemias
    • Mahmoud I.S., Sughayer M.A., Mohammad H.A., et al. The transforming mutation e17k/Akt1 is not a major event in b-cell-derived lymphoid leukaemias. Br. J. Cancer 2008, 99:488-490.
    • (2008) Br. J. Cancer , vol.99 , pp. 488-490
    • Mahmoud, I.S.1    Sughayer, M.A.2    Mohammad, H.A.3
  • 92
    • 0035850916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (ctmp), a negative regulator of pkb/Akt and v-Akt at the plasma membrane
    • Maira S.M., Galetic I., Brazil D.P., et al. Carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (ctmp), a negative regulator of pkb/Akt and v-Akt at the plasma membrane. Science 2001, 294:374-380.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 374-380
    • Maira, S.M.1    Galetic, I.2    Brazil, D.P.3
  • 93
    • 41849132829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activating e17k mutation in the gene encoding the protein kinase Akt1 in a subset of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
    • Malanga D., Scrima M., De Marco C., et al. Activating e17k mutation in the gene encoding the protein kinase Akt1 in a subset of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Cell Cycle 2008, 7:665-669.
    • (2008) Cell Cycle , vol.7 , pp. 665-669
    • Malanga, D.1    Scrima, M.2    De Marco, C.3
  • 94
    • 43049165453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells
    • Mani S.A., Guo W., Liao M.-J., et al. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells. Cell 2008, 133:704-715.
    • (2008) Cell , vol.133 , pp. 704-715
    • Mani, S.A.1    Guo, W.2    Liao, M.-J.3
  • 95
    • 0033214101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of the human serine/threonine kinase Akt-3
    • Masure S., Haefner B., Wesselink J.J., et al. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of the human serine/threonine kinase Akt-3. Eur. J. Biochem. 1999, 265:353-360.
    • (1999) Eur. J. Biochem. , vol.265 , pp. 353-360
    • Masure, S.1    Haefner, B.2    Wesselink, J.J.3
  • 96
    • 0027359451 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of human β 1 thyroid hormone receptor and its mutants with DNA and retinoid x receptor β. T3 response element-dependent dominant negative potency
    • Meier C.A., Parkison C., Chen A., et al. Interaction of human β 1 thyroid hormone receptor and its mutants with DNA and retinoid x receptor β. T3 response element-dependent dominant negative potency. J. Clin. Invest. 1993, 92:1986-1993.
    • (1993) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.92 , pp. 1986-1993
    • Meier, C.A.1    Parkison, C.2    Chen, A.3
  • 97
    • 0035913188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oncogenic transformation induced by membrane-targeted Akt2 and Akt3
    • Mende I., Malstrom S., Tsichlis P.N., et al. Oncogenic transformation induced by membrane-targeted Akt2 and Akt3. Oncogene 2001, 20:4419-4423.
    • (2001) Oncogene , vol.20 , pp. 4419-4423
    • Mende, I.1    Malstrom, S.2    Tsichlis, P.N.3
  • 98
    • 34547524771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microrna-21 regulates expression of the pten tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer
    • Meng F., Henson R., Wehbe-Janek H., et al. Microrna-21 regulates expression of the pten tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer. Gastroenterology 2007, 133:647-658.
    • (2007) Gastroenterology , vol.133 , pp. 647-658
    • Meng, F.1    Henson, R.2    Wehbe-Janek, H.3
  • 99
    • 65949117244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oncogenic kras requires simultaneous PI3K signaling to induce erk activation and transform thyroid epithelial cells in vivo
    • Miller K.A., Yeager N., Baker K., et al. Oncogenic kras requires simultaneous PI3K signaling to induce erk activation and transform thyroid epithelial cells in vivo. Cancer Res. 2009, 69:3689-3694.
    • (2009) Cancer Res. , vol.69 , pp. 3689-3694
    • Miller, K.A.1    Yeager, N.2    Baker, K.3
  • 100
    • 0033919237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oncogenic transformation of cells by a conditionally active form of the protein kinase Akt/pkb
    • Mirza A.M., Kohn A.D., Roth R.A., et al. Oncogenic transformation of cells by a conditionally active form of the protein kinase Akt/pkb. Cell Growth Differ. 2000, 11:279-292.
    • (2000) Cell Growth Differ. , vol.11 , pp. 279-292
    • Mirza, A.M.1    Kohn, A.D.2    Roth, R.A.3
  • 101
    • 0033517348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a chromosome 3p14.3-21.1 gene, appl, encoding an adaptor molecule that interacts with the oncoprotein-serine/threonine kinase Akt2
    • Mitsuuchi Y., Johnson S.W., Sonoda G., et al. Identification of a chromosome 3p14.3-21.1 gene, appl, encoding an adaptor molecule that interacts with the oncoprotein-serine/threonine kinase Akt2. Oncogene 1999, 18:4891-4898.
    • (1999) Oncogene , vol.18 , pp. 4891-4898
    • Mitsuuchi, Y.1    Johnson, S.W.2    Sonoda, G.3
  • 102
    • 5044234080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic expression of ret/ptc 3 enhances basal and insulin-stimulated PI3 kinase/Akt signaling and increases irs-2 expression in frtl-5 thyroid cells
    • Miyagi E., Braga-Basaria M., Hardy E., et al. Chronic expression of ret/ptc 3 enhances basal and insulin-stimulated PI3 kinase/Akt signaling and increases irs-2 expression in frtl-5 thyroid cells. Mol. Carcinog. 2004, 41:98-107.
    • (2004) Mol. Carcinog. , vol.41 , pp. 98-107
    • Miyagi, E.1    Braga-Basaria, M.2    Hardy, E.3
  • 103
    • 0037295455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased expression of phosphorylated p70s6 kinase and Akt in papillary thyroid cancer tissues
    • Miyakawa M., Tsushima T., Murakami H., et al. Increased expression of phosphorylated p70s6 kinase and Akt in papillary thyroid cancer tissues. Endocr. J. 2003, 50:77-83.
    • (2003) Endocr. J. , vol.50 , pp. 77-83
    • Miyakawa, M.1    Tsushima, T.2    Murakami, H.3
  • 104
    • 20044380158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1 in thyroid cancer cells by the PI3K/Akt pathway: regulation of p27kip1 expression and localization
    • Motti M.L., Califano D., Troncone G., et al. Complex regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1 in thyroid cancer cells by the PI3K/Akt pathway: regulation of p27kip1 expression and localization. Am. J. Pathol. 2005, 166:737-749.
    • (2005) Am. J. Pathol. , vol.166 , pp. 737-749
    • Motti, M.L.1    Califano, D.2    Troncone, G.3
  • 105
    • 0034697121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel role for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase beta in signaling from G protein-coupled receptors to Akt
    • Murga C., Fukuhara S., Gutkind J.S. A novel role for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase beta in signaling from G protein-coupled receptors to Akt. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:12069-12073.
    • (2000) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.275 , pp. 12069-12073
    • Murga, C.1    Fukuhara, S.2    Gutkind, J.S.3
  • 106
    • 0033591008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a human Akt3 (protein kinase bg) which contains the regulatory serine phosphorylation site
    • Nakatani K., Sakaue H., Thompson D.A., et al. Identification of a human Akt3 (protein kinase bg) which contains the regulatory serine phosphorylation site. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1999, 257:906-910.
    • (1999) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.257 , pp. 906-910
    • Nakatani, K.1    Sakaue, H.2    Thompson, D.A.3
  • 107
    • 0033618371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Up-regulation of Akt3 in estrogen receptor-deficient breast cancers and androgen-independent prostate cancer lines
    • Nakatani K., Thompson D.A., Barthel A., et al. Up-regulation of Akt3 in estrogen receptor-deficient breast cancers and androgen-independent prostate cancer lines. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:21528-21532.
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 21528-21532
    • Nakatani, K.1    Thompson, D.A.2    Barthel, A.3
  • 108
    • 42549088683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid carcinoma: molecular pathways and therapeutic targets
    • Nikiforov Y.E. Thyroid carcinoma: molecular pathways and therapeutic targets. Mod. Pathol. 2008, 21(Suppl 2):S37-43.
    • (2008) Mod. Pathol. , vol.21 , Issue.SUPPL 2
    • Nikiforov, Y.E.1
  • 109
    • 63049111794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PIK3CA mutation is associated with poor prognosis among patients with curatively resected colon cancer
    • Ogino S., Nosho K., Kirkner G.J., et al. PIK3CA mutation is associated with poor prognosis among patients with curatively resected colon cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27:1477-1484.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Oncol. , vol.27 , pp. 1477-1484
    • Ogino, S.1    Nosho, K.2    Kirkner, G.J.3
  • 110
    • 43849090932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in thyroid neoplasia
    • Paes J.E., Ringel M.D. Dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in thyroid neoplasia. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. 2008, 37:375-387.
    • (2008) Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am. , vol.37 , pp. 375-387
    • Paes, J.E.1    Ringel, M.D.2
  • 111
    • 70350378811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the novel mTOR inhibitor rad001 (everolimus) in anaplastic thyroid cancer
    • Papewalis C., Wuttke M., Schinner S., et al. Role of the novel mTOR inhibitor rad001 (everolimus) in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Horm. Metab. Res. 2009, 41:752-756.
    • (2009) Horm. Metab. Res. , vol.41 , pp. 752-756
    • Papewalis, C.1    Wuttke, M.2    Schinner, S.3
  • 112
    • 0034724199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tcl1 enhances Akt kinase activity and mediates its nuclear translocation
    • Pekarsky Y., Koval A., Hallas C., et al. Tcl1 enhances Akt kinase activity and mediates its nuclear translocation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97:3028-3033.
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.97 , pp. 3028-3033
    • Pekarsky, Y.1    Koval, A.2    Hallas, C.3
  • 113
    • 0035839946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of tcl1 in human T-cell leukemia
    • Pekarsky Y., Hallas C., Croce C.M. The role of tcl1 in human T-cell leukemia. Oncogene 2001, 20:5638-5643.
    • (2001) Oncogene , vol.20 , pp. 5638-5643
    • Pekarsky, Y.1    Hallas, C.2    Croce, C.M.3
  • 114
    • 0035886016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase p85alpha gene is an oncogene in human ovarian and colon tumors
    • Philp A.J., Campbell I.G., Leet C., et al. The phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase p85alpha gene is an oncogene in human ovarian and colon tumors. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:7426-7429.
    • (2001) Cancer Res. , vol.61 , pp. 7426-7429
    • Philp, A.J.1    Campbell, I.G.2    Leet, C.3
  • 116
    • 13044250465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutation of pten/mmac1 in mice causes neoplasia in multiple organ systems
    • Podsypanina K., Ellenson L.H., Nemes A., et al. Mutation of pten/mmac1 in mice causes neoplasia in multiple organ systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999, 96:1563-1568.
    • (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.96 , pp. 1563-1568
    • Podsypanina, K.1    Ellenson, L.H.2    Nemes, A.3
  • 117
    • 3643067689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ret/ptc3 oncogene: metastatic solid-type papillary carcinomas in murine thyroids
    • Powell D.J., Russell J., Nibu K., et al. The ret/ptc3 oncogene: metastatic solid-type papillary carcinomas in murine thyroids. Cancer Res. 1998, 58:5523-5528.
    • (1998) Cancer Res. , vol.58 , pp. 5523-5528
    • Powell, D.J.1    Russell, J.2    Nibu, K.3
  • 118
    • 33847057768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The paired box-8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-G oncogene in thyroid tumorigenesis
    • Reddi H.V., McIver B., Grebe S.K.G., et al. The paired box-8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-G oncogene in thyroid tumorigenesis. Endocrinology 2007, 148:932-935.
    • (2007) Endocrinology , vol.148 , pp. 932-935
    • Reddi, H.V.1    McIver, B.2    Grebe, S.K.G.3
  • 119
    • 66349098309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutational profile of advanced primary and metastatic radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid cancers reveals distinct pathogenetic roles for braf, PIK3CA, and Akt1
    • Ricarte-Filho J.C., Ryder M., Chitale D.A., et al. Mutational profile of advanced primary and metastatic radioactive iodine-refractory thyroid cancers reveals distinct pathogenetic roles for braf, PIK3CA, and Akt1. Cancer Res. 2009, 69:4885-4893.
    • (2009) Cancer Res. , vol.69 , pp. 4885-4893
    • Ricarte-Filho, J.C.1    Ryder, M.2    Chitale, D.A.3
  • 120
    • 0035881322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overexpression and overactivation of Akt in thyroid carcinoma
    • Ringel M.D., Hayre N., Saito J., et al. Overexpression and overactivation of Akt in thyroid carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:6105-6111.
    • (2001) Cancer Res. , vol.61 , pp. 6105-6111
    • Ringel, M.D.1    Hayre, N.2    Saito, J.3
  • 121
    • 0035011548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of frtl-5 thyroid cell growth by phosphatidylinositol (oh) 3 kinase-dependent Akt-mediated signaling
    • Saito J., Kohn A.D., Roth R.A., et al. Regulation of frtl-5 thyroid cell growth by phosphatidylinositol (oh) 3 kinase-dependent Akt-mediated signaling. Thyroid 2001, 11:339-351.
    • (2001) Thyroid , vol.11 , pp. 339-351
    • Saito, J.1    Kohn, A.D.2    Roth, R.A.3
  • 122
    • 19344372551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt1 contains a functional leucine-rich nuclear export sequence
    • Saji M., Vasko V., Kada F., et al. Akt1 contains a functional leucine-rich nuclear export sequence. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 332:167-173.
    • (2005) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. , vol.332 , pp. 167-173
    • Saji, M.1    Vasko, V.2    Kada, F.3
  • 123
    • 11144358645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers
    • Samuels Y., Wang Z., Bardelli A., et al. High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers. Science 2004, 304:554.
    • (2004) Science , vol.304 , pp. 554
    • Samuels, Y.1    Wang, Z.2    Bardelli, A.3
  • 124
    • 38149115262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and ras/raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mutations in anaplastic thyroid cancer
    • Santarpia L., El-Naggar A.K., Cote G.J., et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and ras/raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mutations in anaplastic thyroid cancer. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008, 93:278-284.
    • (2008) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.93 , pp. 278-284
    • Santarpia, L.1    El-Naggar, A.K.2    Cote, G.J.3
  • 125
    • 9244255770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of thyroid papillary carcinomas secondary to tissue-specific expression of the ret/ptc1 oncogene in transgenic mice
    • Santoro M., Chiappetta G., Cerrato A., et al. Development of thyroid papillary carcinomas secondary to tissue-specific expression of the ret/ptc1 oncogene in transgenic mice. Oncogene 1996, 12:1821-1826.
    • (1996) Oncogene , vol.12 , pp. 1821-1826
    • Santoro, M.1    Chiappetta, G.2    Cerrato, A.3
  • 126
    • 18244390747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ret activation and clinicopathologic features in poorly differentiated thyroid tumors
    • Santoro M., Papotti M., Chiappetta G., et al. Ret activation and clinicopathologic features in poorly differentiated thyroid tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87:363-370.
    • (2002) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.87 , pp. 363-370
    • Santoro, M.1    Papotti, M.2    Chiappetta, G.3
  • 127
    • 33845255290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ret/ptc activation in papillary thyroid carcinoma: European journal of endocrinology prize lecture
    • Santoro M., Melillo R.M., Fusco A. Ret/ptc activation in papillary thyroid carcinoma: European journal of endocrinology prize lecture. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2006, 155:645-653.
    • (2006) Eur. J. Endocrinol. , vol.155 , pp. 645-653
    • Santoro, M.1    Melillo, R.M.2    Fusco, A.3
  • 128
    • 13844312400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/pkb by the rictor-mTOR complex
    • Sarbassov D.D., Guertin D.A., Ali S.M., et al. Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/pkb by the rictor-mTOR complex. Science 2005, 307:1098-1101.
    • (2005) Science , vol.307 , pp. 1098-1101
    • Sarbassov, D.D.1    Guertin, D.A.2    Ali, S.M.3
  • 129
    • 0034718540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of Akt kinase activity by binding to hsp90
    • Sato S., Fujita N., Tsuruo T. Modulation of Akt kinase activity by binding to hsp90. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97:10832-10837.
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.97 , pp. 10832-10837
    • Sato, S.1    Fujita, N.2    Tsuruo, T.3
  • 130
    • 46449117698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Motesanib diphosphate in progressive differentiated thyroid cancer
    • Sherman S.I., Wirth L.J., Droz J.P., et al. Motesanib diphosphate in progressive differentiated thyroid cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 359:31-42.
    • (2008) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.359 , pp. 31-42
    • Sherman, S.I.1    Wirth, L.J.2    Droz, J.P.3
  • 131
    • 66149148281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in chemotherapy of differentiated epithelial and medullary thyroid cancers
    • Sherman S.I. Advances in chemotherapy of differentiated epithelial and medullary thyroid cancers. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 94:1493-1499.
    • (2009) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.94 , pp. 1493-1499
    • Sherman, S.I.1
  • 132
    • 2442711333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of down stream molecules of ret (p-erk, p-p38 mapk, p-jnk and p-Akt) in papillary thyroid carcinomas
    • Shin E., Hong S.W., Kim S.H., et al. Expression of down stream molecules of ret (p-erk, p-p38 mapk, p-jnk and p-Akt) in papillary thyroid carcinomas. Yonsei Med. J. 2004, 45:306-313.
    • (2004) Yonsei Med. J. , vol.45 , pp. 306-313
    • Shin, E.1    Hong, S.W.2    Kim, S.H.3
  • 133
    • 33847016960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt in thyroid tumorigenesis and progression
    • Shinohara M., Chung Y.J., Saji M., et al. Akt in thyroid tumorigenesis and progression. Endocrinology 2007, 148:942-947.
    • (2007) Endocrinology , vol.148 , pp. 942-947
    • Shinohara, M.1    Chung, Y.J.2    Saji, M.3
  • 134
    • 0001582482 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning of the Akt oncogene and its human homologues Akt1 and Akt2: amplification of Akt1 in a primary human gastric adenocarcinoma
    • Staal S.P. Molecular cloning of the Akt oncogene and its human homologues Akt1 and Akt2: amplification of Akt1 in a primary human gastric adenocarcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1987, 84:5034-5037.
    • (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.84 , pp. 5034-5037
    • Staal, S.P.1
  • 135
    • 17144436629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a candidate tumour suppressor gene, mmac1, at chromosome 10q23.3 that is mutated in multiple advanced cancers
    • Steck P.A., Pershouse M.A., Jasser S.A., et al. Identification of a candidate tumour suppressor gene, mmac1, at chromosome 10q23.3 that is mutated in multiple advanced cancers. Nat. Genet. 1997, 15:356-362.
    • (1997) Nat. Genet. , vol.15 , pp. 356-362
    • Steck, P.A.1    Pershouse, M.A.2    Jasser, S.A.3
  • 136
    • 29744445248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway and cancer
    • Stokoe D. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway and cancer. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 2005, 7:1-22.
    • (2005) Expert Rev. Mol. Med. , vol.7 , pp. 1-22
    • Stokoe, D.1
  • 137
    • 0036550053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3′-Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1) in pi 3-kinase signaling
    • Storz P., Toker A. 3′-Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1) in pi 3-kinase signaling. Front. Biosci. 2002, 7:d886-902.
    • (2002) Front. Biosci. , vol.7
    • Storz, P.1    Toker, A.2
  • 138
    • 0023937239 scopus 로고
    • Detection of activated ras oncogenes in human thyroid carcinomas
    • Suarez H.G., Du Villard J.A., Caillou B., et al. Detection of activated ras oncogenes in human thyroid carcinomas. Oncogene 1988, 2:403-406.
    • (1988) Oncogene , vol.2 , pp. 403-406
    • Suarez, H.G.1    Du Villard, J.A.2    Caillou, B.3
  • 139
    • 23844438209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of Akt and eif4e survival pathways by rapamycin-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition
    • Sun S.Y., Rosenberg L.M., Wang X., et al. Activation of Akt and eif4e survival pathways by rapamycin-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition. Cancer Res. 2005, 65:7052-7058.
    • (2005) Cancer Res. , vol.65 , pp. 7052-7058
    • Sun, S.Y.1    Rosenberg, L.M.2    Wang, X.3
  • 140
    • 6444245375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice with a mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene spontaneously develop thyroid carcinoma: a mouse model of thyroid carcinogenesis
    • Suzuki H., Willingham M.C., Cheng S.Y. Mice with a mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene spontaneously develop thyroid carcinoma: a mouse model of thyroid carcinogenesis. Thyroid 2002, 12:963-969.
    • (2002) Thyroid , vol.12 , pp. 963-969
    • Suzuki, H.1    Willingham, M.C.2    Cheng, S.Y.3
  • 141
    • 0034947869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian target of rapamycin pathway regulates insulin signaling via subcellular redistribution of insulin receptor substrate 1 and integrates nutritional signals and metabolic signals of insulin
    • Takano A., Usui I., Haruta T., et al. Mammalian target of rapamycin pathway regulates insulin signaling via subcellular redistribution of insulin receptor substrate 1 and integrates nutritional signals and metabolic signals of insulin. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2001, 21:5050-5062.
    • (2001) Mol. Cell. Biol. , vol.21 , pp. 5050-5062
    • Takano, A.1    Usui, I.2    Haruta, T.3
  • 142
    • 27844432603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt signaling in normal and malignant cells
    • Testa J.R., Tsichlis P.N. Akt signaling in normal and malignant cells. Oncogene 2005, 24:7391-7393.
    • (2005) Oncogene , vol.24 , pp. 7391-7393
    • Testa, J.R.1    Tsichlis, P.N.2
  • 143
    • 0034708482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt/protein kinase b is regulated by autophosphorylation at the hypothetical PDK-2 site
    • Toker A., Newton A.C. Akt/protein kinase b is regulated by autophosphorylation at the hypothetical PDK-2 site. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:8271-8274.
    • (2000) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.275 , pp. 8271-8274
    • Toker, A.1    Newton, A.C.2
  • 144
    • 70350510924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pten in stromal fibroblasts suppresses mammary epithelial tumours
    • Trimboli A.J., Cantemir-Stone C.Z., Li F., et al. Pten in stromal fibroblasts suppresses mammary epithelial tumours. Nature 2009, 461:1084-1091.
    • (2009) Nature , vol.461 , pp. 1084-1091
    • Trimboli, A.J.1    Cantemir-Stone, C.Z.2    Li, F.3
  • 145
    • 33745316089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of a tumour suppressor network opposing nuclear Akt function
    • Trotman L.C., Alimonti A., Scaglioni P.P., et al. Identification of a tumour suppressor network opposing nuclear Akt function. Nature 2006, 441:523-527.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.441 , pp. 523-527
    • Trotman, L.C.1    Alimonti, A.2    Scaglioni, P.P.3
  • 146
    • 16244393685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signalling by PI3K isoforms: insights from gene-targeted mice
    • Vanhaesebroeck B., Ali K., Bilancio A., et al. Signalling by PI3K isoforms: insights from gene-targeted mice. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2005, 30:194-204.
    • (2005) Trends Biochem. Sci. , vol.30 , pp. 194-204
    • Vanhaesebroeck, B.1    Ali, K.2    Bilancio, A.3
  • 147
    • 12144288657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt activation and localization correlate with tumor invasion and oncogene expression in thyroid cancer
    • Vasko V., Saji M., Hardy E., et al. Akt activation and localization correlate with tumor invasion and oncogene expression in thyroid cancer. J. Mol. Genet. 2004, 41:161-170.
    • (2004) J. Mol. Genet. , vol.41 , pp. 161-170
    • Vasko, V.1    Saji, M.2    Hardy, E.3
  • 148
    • 33847298591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene expression and functional evidence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in papillary thyroid carcinoma invasion
    • Vasko V., Espinosa A.V., Scouten W., et al. Gene expression and functional evidence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in papillary thyroid carcinoma invasion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104:2803-2808.
    • (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.104 , pp. 2803-2808
    • Vasko, V.1    Espinosa, A.V.2    Scouten, W.3
  • 149
    • 67649382929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt-independent signaling downstream of oncogenic PIK3CA mutations in human cancer
    • Vasudevan K.M., Barbie D.A., Davies M.A., et al. Akt-independent signaling downstream of oncogenic PIK3CA mutations in human cancer. Cancer Cell 2009, 16:21-32.
    • (2009) Cancer Cell , vol.16 , pp. 21-32
    • Vasudevan, K.M.1    Barbie, D.A.2    Davies, M.A.3
  • 150
    • 33645742737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt-mediated phosphorylation and activation of estrogen receptor alpha is required for endometrial neoplastic transformation in pten+/- mice
    • Vilgelm A., Lian Z., Wang H., et al. Akt-mediated phosphorylation and activation of estrogen receptor alpha is required for endometrial neoplastic transformation in pten+/- mice. Cancer Res. 2006, 66:3375-3380.
    • (2006) Cancer Res. , vol.66 , pp. 3375-3380
    • Vilgelm, A.1    Lian, Z.2    Wang, H.3
  • 151
    • 34347370829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer-specific mutations in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
    • Vogt P.K., Kang S., Elsliger M.A., et al. Cancer-specific mutations in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2007, 32:342-349.
    • (2007) Trends Biochem. Sci. , vol.32 , pp. 342-349
    • Vogt, P.K.1    Kang, S.2    Elsliger, M.A.3
  • 152
    • 0038648323 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditional expression of ret/ptc induces a weak oncogenic drive in thyroid pccl3 cells and inhibits thyrotropin action at multiple levels
    • Wang J., Knauf J.A., Basu S., et al. Conditional expression of ret/ptc induces a weak oncogenic drive in thyroid pccl3 cells and inhibits thyrotropin action at multiple levels. Mol. Endocrinol. 2003, 17:1425-1436.
    • (2003) Mol. Endocrinol. , vol.17 , pp. 1425-1436
    • Wang, J.1    Knauf, J.A.2    Basu, S.3
  • 153
    • 34347251976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence and mutual exclusivity of genetic alterations in the PI3K/Akt pathway in thyroid tumors
    • Wang Y., Hou P., Yu H., et al. High prevalence and mutual exclusivity of genetic alterations in the PI3K/Akt pathway in thyroid tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 92:2387-2390.
    • (2007) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , vol.92 , pp. 2387-2390
    • Wang, Y.1    Hou, P.2    Yu, H.3
  • 154
    • 23844446683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncommon mutation but common amplifications of the PIK3CA gene in thyroid tumors
    • Wu G., Mambo E., Guo Z., et al. Uncommon mutation but common amplifications of the PIK3CA gene in thyroid tumors. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005, 4688-4693.
    • (2005) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. , pp. 4688-4693
    • Wu, G.1    Mambo, E.2    Guo, Z.3
  • 155
    • 32044465506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tor signaling in growth and metabolism
    • Wullschleger S., Loewith R., Hall M.N. Tor signaling in growth and metabolism. Cell 2006, 124:471-484.
    • (2006) Cell , vol.124 , pp. 471-484
    • Wullschleger, S.1    Loewith, R.2    Hall, M.N.3
  • 156
    • 33847011426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PTEN loss in the mouse thyroid causes goiter and follicular adenomas: insights into thyroid function and cowden disease pathogenesis
    • Yeager N., Klein-Szanto A., Kimura S., et al. PTEN loss in the mouse thyroid causes goiter and follicular adenomas: insights into thyroid function and cowden disease pathogenesis. Cancer Res. 2007, 67:959-966.
    • (2007) Cancer Res. , vol.67 , pp. 959-966
    • Yeager, N.1    Klein-Szanto, A.2    Kimura, S.3
  • 157
    • 39049086390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammalian target of rapamycin is the key effector of phosphatidylinositol-3-oh initiated proliferative signals in the thyroid follicular epithelium
    • Yeager N., Brewer C., Cai K.Q., et al. Mammalian target of rapamycin is the key effector of phosphatidylinositol-3-oh initiated proliferative signals in the thyroid follicular epithelium. Cancer Res. 2008, 68:444-449.
    • (2008) Cancer Res. , vol.68 , pp. 444-449
    • Yeager, N.1    Brewer, C.2    Cai, K.Q.3
  • 158
    • 27944446105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt blocks breast cancer cell motility and invasion through the transcription factor nfat
    • Yoeli-Lerner M., Yiu G.K., Rabinovitz I., et al. Akt blocks breast cancer cell motility and invasion through the transcription factor nfat. Mol. Cell 2005, 20:539-550.
    • (2005) Mol. Cell , vol.20 , pp. 539-550
    • Yoeli-Lerner, M.1    Yiu, G.K.2    Rabinovitz, I.3
  • 159
    • 33845975305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opposing roles for Akt1 and Akt2 in rac/pak signaling and cell migration
    • Zhou G.L., Tucker D.F., Bae S.S., et al. Opposing roles for Akt1 and Akt2 in rac/pak signaling and cell migration. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:36443-36453.
    • (2006) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.281 , pp. 36443-36453
    • Zhou, G.L.1    Tucker, D.F.2    Bae, S.S.3
  • 160
    • 64849084242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Akt1 e17 k pleckstrin homology domain mutation in urothelial carcinoma
    • Zilberman D.E., Cohen Y., Amariglio N., et al. Akt1 e17 k pleckstrin homology domain mutation in urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 2009, 191:24-27.
    • (2009) Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. , vol.191 , pp. 24-27
    • Zilberman, D.E.1    Cohen, Y.2    Amariglio, N.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.