The ecology of seamounts: Structure, function, and human impacts

Annual Review of Marine Science

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 253-278

  Clark, Malcolm R ^a   Rowden, Ashley A ^a   Schlacher, Thomas ^b   Williams, Alan ^c   Consalvey, Mireille ^a   Stocks, Karen I ^d   Rogers, Alex D ^e   O'Hara, Timothy D ^f   White, Martin ^g   Shank, Timothy M ^h   Hall Spencer, Jason M ⁱ  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE SUNSHINE COAST   (Australia)

^c CSIRO   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY   (United Kingdom)

^f MUSEUM VICTORIA   (Australia)

^g NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

^h WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Connectivity; Conservation; Deep sea; Recovery; Trophic structure

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; BENTHOS; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; CONNECTIVITY; CONTINENTAL SLOPE; DEEP SEA; ECOLOGICAL APPROACH; HABITAT CONSERVATION; SEAMOUNT; SPECIES DIVERSITY; STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY; TROPHIC STRUCTURE; VULNERABILITY;

ARTICLE; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; HUMAN ACTIVITIES; SEA;

ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; HUMAN ACTIVITIES; OCEANS AND SEAS;

EID: 77950900743     PISSN: 19411405     EISSN: 19410611     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120308-081109     Document Type: Article

References (152)

1. Aboim MA, Menezes GM, Pinho MR, Schlitt T, Rogers AD. 2005. Genetic structure and history of populations of the deep-sea fish Helicolenus dactylopterus (Delaroche 1809) inferred from mtDNA sequence analysis. Mol. Ecol. 14:1343-54
2. Alder J, Wood L. 2004. Managing and protecting seamounts ecosystems. In Seamounts: Biodiversity and Fisheries, ed. T Morato, D Pauly, Fisheries Centre Research Report, pp. 67-73
3. Althaus F, Williams A, Schlacher TA, Kloser RJ, Green MA, et al. 2009. Impacts of bottom trawling on deep-coral ecosystems of seamounts are long-lasting. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
4. Amann H. 1993. The environmental impact of deep-sea mining. Presented at Offshore Technology conference, Houston, Texas
5. Anon. 2008. MPA Global database releases figures: MPAs cover just 0.65% of oceans. MPA News 9:2
6. Ávila SP, Malaquias MA. 2003. Biogeographical relationships of the molluscan fauna of the Ormonde Seamount (Gorringe Bank, Northeast Atlantic Ocean). J. Molluscan Stud. 69:145-50
7. Baco AR. 2007. Exploration for deep-sea corals on North Pacific seamounts and islands. Oceanography 20:109-17
8. Baco AR, Shank TM. 2005. Population genetic structure of the Hawaiian precious coral Corallium lauuense (Octocorallia: Coralliidae) using microsatellites. In Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems, ed. A Freiwald, JM Roberts, 44:663-78. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 1243 pp.
9. Baker CM, Bett BJ, Billett DSM, Rogers AD. 2001. An environmental perspective. In Status of Natural Resources on the High Seas, ed. WWF/IUCN, Gland, Switzerland: WWF/IUCN
10. Borets LA. 1975. Some results of studies on the biology of the boarfish (Pentaceros richardsoni Smith). Investigations of the Biology of Fishes and Fishery Oceanography. TINRO, Vladivostok, pp. 82-90
11. Bradbury IR, Laurel B, Snelgrove PVR, Bentzen P, Campana SE. 2008. Global patterns in marine dispersal estimates: The influence of geography, taxonomic category and life history. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 275:1803-9
12. Brierley AS, Thorpe J, Pierce GJ, Clark MR, Boyle PR. 1995. Genetic variation in the neritic squid Loligo forbesi (Myopsida: Loliginidae) in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol. 122:79-86
13. Brink K. 1995. Tidal and lower frequency currents above Fieberling Guyot. J. Geophys. Res. 100:10817-32
14. Brooke S, Stone R. 2007. Reproduction of deep-water hydrocorals (family Stylasteridae) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Proc. International Symposium on Deep-Sea Corals, 3rd, Miami, pp. 519-32. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
15. Bulman CM. 2002. Trophic ecology and food web modelling of midslope demersal fishes off southern Tasmania, Australia. PhD thesis, Univ. Tasmania, Australia. 131 pp.
16. Carney RS. 2005. Zonation of deep biota on continental margins. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 43:211-78
17. Clark MR. 2001. Are deepwater fisheries sustainable? The example of orange roughy. Fish. Res. 51:123-35
18. Clark MR. 2009. Deep-sea seamount fisheries: a review of global status and future prospects. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res. 37(3)
19. Clark MR, Koslow JA. 2007. Impacts of fisheries on seamounts. See Pitcher, Morato, Hart, Clark, Haggen, Santos 2007, pp. 413-41
20. Clark MR, O'Driscoll RL. 2003. Deepwater fisheries and aspects of their impact on seamount habitat in New Zealand. J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci. 31:441-58
21. Clark MR, Rowden AA. 2009. Effect of deepwater trawling on the macroinvertebrate assemblages of seamounts on the Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Deep Sea Res. Pt. I 56:1540-54
22. Clark MR, Tittensor D, Rogers AD, Brewin P, Schlacher T, et al. 2006. Seamounts, Deep-sea Corals and Fisheries: Vulnerability of Deep-sea Corals to Fishing on Seamounts Beyond Areas of National Jurisdiction. Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC
23. Clark MR, Vinnichenko VI, Gordon JDM, Beck-Bulat GZ, Kukharev NN, Kakora AF. 2007. Large-scale distant-water trawl fisheries on seamounts. See Pitcher, Morato, Hart, Clark, Haggen, Santos 2007, pp. 361-99
24. Collie JS, Hall SJ, Kaiser MJ, Poiner IR. 2000. A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. J. Anim. Ecol. 69:785-98
25. Cowan RA, Sponaugle S. 2009. Larval dispersal and marine population connectivity. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 1:443-66
26. Davies A, Roberts JM, Hall-Spencer JM. 2007. Preserving deep-sea natural heritage: Emerging issues in offshore conservation and management. Biol. Conserv. 138:299-312
27. Diamond JM. 1975. The island dilemma: Lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of nature reserves. Biol. Conserv. 7:129-46
28. Dower J, Freeland H, Juniper K. 1992. A strong biological response to oceanic flow past Cobb seamount. Deep Sea Res. 39:1139-45
29. Dunn M. 2007. Orange roughy. What might the future hold? N. Z. Sci. Rev. 63:70-5
30. Emlet RB, McEdward LR, Strathmann R.1987. Echinoderm larval ecology viewed from the egg. In Echinoderm Studies, vol. 2, ed. Jangoux M, Lawrence JM, pp. 55-136. Rotterdam: Balkema
31. FAO. 2009. International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-Sea Fisheries in the High Seas. Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations, Rome, Italy. 73 pp.
32. Francis RICC, Clark MR. 2005. Sustainability issues for orange roughy fisheries. Bull. Mar. Sci. 76:337-51
33. Gad G. 2004. Diversity and assumed origin of the Epsilonematidae (Nematoda) of the plateau of the Great Meteor Seamount. Arch. Fish. Mar. Res./Arch. Fisch. Meeresforsch. 51:30-42
34. Gage JD, Roberts JM, Hartley JP, Humphery JD. 2005. Potential impacts of deep-sea trawling on the benthic ecosystem along the northern European continental margin: A review. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 41:503-17
35. Genin A. 2004. Bio-physical coupling in the formation of zooplankton and fish aggregations over abrupt topographies. J. Mar. Syst. 50:3-20
36. Genin A, Boehlert GW. 1985. Dynamics of temperature and chlorophyll structures above a seamount: An oceanic experiment. J. Mar. Res. 43:907-24
37. Genin A, Dayton PK, Lonsdale PF, Spiess FN. 1986. Corals on seamount peaks provide evidence of current acceleration over deep-sea topography. Nature 322:59-61
38. Genin A, Dower JF. 2007. Seamount plankton dynamics. See Pitcher, Morato, Hart, Clark, Haggen, Santos 2007, pp. 86-100
39. Gillet P, Dauvin J-C. 2000. Polychaetes from the Atlantic seamounts of the southern Azores: Biogeographical distribution and reproductive patterns. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 80:1019-29
40. Glover AG, Smith CR. 2003. The deep-sea floor ecosystem: Current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025. Environ. Conserv. 30:219-41
41. Gofas S, Beu A. 2002. Tonnoidean gastropods of the North Atlantic Seamounts and the Azores. Am. Malaco-logical Bull. 17:91-108
42. Grigg RW, Malahoff A, Chave EH, Landahl J. 1987. Seamount benthic ecology and potential environmental impact from manganese crust mining in Hawaii. In Seamounts, Islands, and Atolls. Geophysical Monograph, ed. BH Keating, P Fryer, R Batiza, GW Boehlert, 43:379-90
43. Gubbay S. 2005. Toward the Conservation and Management of the Sedlo Seamount. OASIS Report. OASIS, Hamburg, Germany. 40 pp.
44. Gunderson LH. 2000. Ecological resilience-in theory and application. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31:425-39
45. Hall SJ. 1994. Physical disturbance and benthic communities: Life in unconsolidated sediments. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 32:179-239
46. Hall-Spencer JM, Rogers A, Davies J, Foggo A. 2007. Historical deep-sea coral distribution on seamount, oceanic island and continental shelf-slope habitats in the NE Atlantic. In Conservation and Adaptive Management of Seamount and Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems, ed. RY George, SD Cairns, pp. 324. Miami: Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
47. Haury L, Fey C, Gal G, Hobday A, Genin A. 1995. Copepod carcasses in the ocean. I. Over Seamounts. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 123:57-63
48. Hein J. 2002. Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: Global distribution, composition, origin and research activities. Presented at a workshop on Polymetallic massive sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: Status and prospects. ISA Tech. Study 2:36-89. International Seabed Authority, Kingston, Jamaica
49. Henry L-A, Roberts JM. 2007. Biodiversity and ecological composition of macrobenthos on cold-water coral mounds and adjacent off-mound habitat in the bathyal Porcupine Seabight, NE Atlantic. Deep Sea Res. Pt. I 54:654-72
50. Hillier JK, Watts AB. 2007. Global distribution of seamounts from ship-track bathymetry data. Geophys. Res. Lett. 34:L13304, doi:10.1029/ 2007GL029874 (Pubitemid 47399632)
51. Holling CS. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4:1-23
52. Hoarau G, Borsa P. 2000. Extensive gene flow within sibling species in the deep-sea fish Beryx splendens. Compte Rendus Academie des Sciences de la Vie/Life Sciences 323:315-25
53. Hubbs CL. 1959. Initial discoveries of fish faunas on seamounts and offshore banks in the eastern Pacific. Pac. Sci. 12:311-16
54. Jennings S, Kaiser MJ. 1998. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Adv. Mar. Biol. 34:201-352
55. Kaiser MJ, Clarke KR, Hinz H, Austen MCV, Somerfield PJ, Karakassis I. 2006. Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 311:1-14
56. Kaufmann RS, Wakefield WW, Genin A. 1989. Distribution of epibenthic megafauna and lebensspuren on two central north Pacific seamounts. Deep Sea Res. 36:1863-96
57. Kayen RE, Schwab WC, Lee HJ, Torresan ME, Hein JR, et al. 1989. Morphology of sea-floor landslides on Horizon Guyot: Application of steady-state geotechnical analysis. Deep Sea Res. 36:1817-39
58. Keating BH, Fryer P, Batiza R, Boehlert G, eds. 1987. Seamounts, Islands, and Atolls. Geophysical Monograph 43. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 405 pp.
59. Kitchingman A, Lai S, Morato T, Pauly D. 2007. How many seamounts are there and where are they located? See Pitcher, Morato, Hart, Clark, Haggen, Santos 2007, pp. 26-40
60. Knowlton N. 2004. Multiple "stable" states and the conservation of marine ecosystems. Prog. Oceanogr. 60:387-96
61. Koslow JA. 1997. Seamounts and the ecology of deep-sea fisheries. Am. Sci. 85:168-76
62. Koslow JA, Boehlert GW, Gordon JDM, Haedrich RL, Lorance P, Parin N. 2000. Continental slope and deep-sea fisheries: Implications for a fragile ecosystem. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57:548-57
63. Koslow JA, Gowlett-Holmes K, Lowry JK, O'Hara T, Poore GCB, Williams A. 2001. Seamount benthic macrofauna off southern Tasmania: Community structure and impacts of trawling. Mar. Eco. Prog. Ser. 213:111-25
64. Kunze E, Stanford TB. 1997. Tidally driven vorticity, diurnal shear and turbulence atop Fieberling Seamount. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27:2663-93
65. Leal JH, Bouchet P. 1991. Distribution patterns and dispersal of prosobranch gastropods along a seamount chain in the Atlantic Ocean. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 71:11-25
66. Leathwick J, Moilanen A, Francis M, Elith J, Taylor P, et al. 2008. Novel methods for the design and implementation of marine protected areas in offshore waters. Cons. Lett. 1:91-102
67. Levin LA, Thomas CL. 1989. The influence of hydrodynamic regime on infaunal assemblages inhabiting carbonate sediments on central Pacific seamounts. Deep Sea Res. 36:1897-915
68. Levin LA, DeMaster DJ, McCann LD, Thomas CL. 1986. Effects ofgaint protozoans (class: Xenophyophorea) on deep-seamount benthos. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 29:99-104
69. Levin LA, Huggett CL, Wishner KF. 1991a. Control of deep-sea benthic community structure by oxygen and organic-matter gradients in the eastern Pacific Ocean. J. Mar. Res. 49:763-800
70. Levin LA, McCann LD, Thomas CL. 1991b. The ecology of polychaetes on deep seamounts in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Ophelia Suppl. 5:467-76
71. Levin LA, Leithold EL, Gross TF, Huggett CL, DiBacco C. 1994. Contrasting effects of substrate mobility on infaunal assemblages inhabiting two high-energy settings on Fieberling Guyot. J. Mar. Res. 52:489-522
72. Limén H, Juniper SK, Tunnicliffe V, Clément M. 2006. Benthic community structure on two peaks of an erupting seamount: Northwest Rota-1 Volcano, Mariana Arc, western Pacific. Cah. Biol. Mar. 47:457-63
73. Logvinenko BM, Nefederov GN, Massal'skaya LM, Polyanskaya IB. 1983. A population analysis of rock grenadier based on the genetic polymorphism of nonspecific esterases and myogenes. Can. Trans. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 5406:16
74. Longhurst AR. 1998. Ecological Geography of the Sea. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
75. Lundsten L, Barry JP, Caillet GM, Clague DA, DeVogelaere AP, Geller JB. 2009. Benthic invertebrate communities on three seamounts off southern and central California, USA. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 374:23-32
76. MacArthur RH, Wilson EO. 1967. The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press
77. Marques da Silva H, Pinho MR. 2007. Small-scale fishing on seamounts. See Pitcher, Morato, Hart, Clark, Haggen, Santos 2007, pp. 335-60
78. Martin AP, Humphreys R, Palumbi SR. 1992. Population genetic structure of the armorhead, Pseudopentaceros wheeleri,in the North Pacific Ocean: Application of the polymerase chain reaction tofisheries populations. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49:2368-91
79. McClain CR. 2007. Seamounts: Identity crisis or split personality? J. Biogeogr., doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01783.x (Pubitemid 350126005)
80. McClain CR, Lundsten L, Ream M, Barry J, De Vogelaere A. 2009. Endemicity, biogeography, composition and community structure on a northeast Pacific seamount. PLoS ONE 4:e4141, 8 pp.
81. Mienis F, de Stigter HC, White M, Duineveld G, de Haas H, van Weering TCE. 2007. Hydrodynamic controls on cold-water coral growth and carbonate-mound development at the SW and SE Rockall Trough margin, NE Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Res. Part I 54:1655-74
82. Miller KJ, Mundy CN, Chadderton LW. 2003. Ecological and genetic evidence of the vulnerability of shallow-water populations of the stylasterid hydrocoral Errina novaezealandiae in New Zealand's fiords. Aquat. Conserv.: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 14:75-94
83. Molenaar EJ. 2007. Current legal and institutional issues relating to the conservation and management of high seas deep-sea fisheries. Report and Documentation of the Expert Consultation on Deep-Sea fisheries in the High Seas. FAO Fish. Rep. 838:113-39
84. Morato T, Clark MR. 2007. Seamount fishes: Ecology and life histories. See Pitcher, Morato, Hart, Clark, Haggen, Santos 2007, pp. 170-88
85. Morato T, Pitcher TJ. 2008. Reconciling fisheries with conservation on seamounts. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 49:1623-34
86. Morato T, Bulman C, Pitcher TJ. 2009. Modelled effects of primary and secondary production enhancement by seamounts on local fish stocks. Deep Sea Res. Pt. II, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.029
87. Morato T, Varkey DA, Damaso C, Machete M, Santos M, et al. 2008. Evidence of a seamount effect on aggregating visitors. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 357:23-32
88. Mouriño B, Fernadez E, Serret P, Harbor D, Sinha B, Pingree R. 2001. Variability and seasonality of physical and biological fields at the Great Meteor Tablemount (subtropical NE Atlantic). Oceanol. Acta 24:1-20
89. O'Driscoll RL, Clark MR. 2005. Quantifying the relative intensity of fishing on New Zealand seamounts. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 39:839-50
90. O'Hara TD. 2007. Seamounts: Centres of endemism or species richness for ophiuroids? Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 16:720-32
91. O'Hara TD, Rowden AA, Williams A. 2008. Cold-water coral habitats on seamounts: Do they have a specialist fauna? Divers. Distrib. 14:925-34
92. Parin NV, Mironov AN, Nesis KN. 1997. Biology of the Nazca and Sala y Gomez submarine ridges, and outpost of the Indo-West Pacific fauna in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: Composition and distribution of the fauna, its communities and history. Adv. Mar. Biol. 32:145-242
93. Parker T, Tunnicliffe V. 1994. Dispersal strategies of the biota on an Oceanic Seamount: Implications for ecology and biogeography. Biol. Bull. 187:336-45
94. Peterson G, Allen CR, Holling CS. 1998. Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale. Ecosystems 1:6-18
95. Piepenburg D, Müller B. 2004. Distribution of epibenthic communities on the Great Meteor seamount (North-East Atlantic) mirrors pelagic processes. Arch. Fish. Mar. Res. 51:55-70
96. Pile AJ, Young CM. 2006. The natural diet of a hexactinellid sponge: Benthic-pelagic coupling in a deep-sea microbial food web. Deep Sea Res. Pt. I 53:1148-56
97. Pitcher CR, Austin M, Burridge CY, Bustamante RH, Cheers SJ, et al. 2008. Recovery of Seabed Habitat from the Impact of Prawn Trawling in the Far Northern Section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, CSIRO Final Report to GBRMPA, p. 189. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Cleveland, Australia
98. Pitcher TJ, Morato T, Hart PJB, Clark MR, Haggan N, Santos RS, eds. 2007. Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, vol. 12. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. 527 pp.
99. Polis GA, Anderson WB, Holt RD. 1997. Toward an integration of landscape and food web ecology: The dynamics of spatially subsidized food webs. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28:289-316
100. Porteiro FM, Sutton T. 2007. Midwater fish assemblages and seamounts. See Pitcher, Morato, Hart, Clark, Haggen, Santos 2007, pp. 101-16
101. Pratt RM. 1967. Photography of seamounts. In Deep-Sea Photography, ed. JB Hersey. Johns Hopkins Oceano-graphic Studies, no. 3, pp. 145-58. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
102. Probert PK. 1999. Seamounts, sanctuaries and sustainability: Moving towards deep-sea conservation. Aquat. Conserv.: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 9:601-5
103. Probert PK, McKnight DG, Grove SL. 1997. Benthic invertebrate bycatch from adeep-waterfishery, Chatham Rise, New Zealand. Aquat. Conserv.: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 7:27-40
104. Probert PK, Christiansen B, Gjerde KM, Gubbay S, Santos RS. 2007. Management and conservation of seamounts. See Pitcher, Morato, Hart, Clark, Haggen, Santos 2007, pp. 442-75
105. Pusch C, Schnack-Schiel S, Mizdalski E, von Westernhagen H. 2004. Feeding ecology of three myctophid species at the Great Meteor Seamount (North-east Atlantic). Arch. Fish. Mar. Res. 51:251-71
106. Raymore PA. 1982. Photographic investigations on three seamounts in the Gulf of Alaska. Pac. Sci. 36:15-34
107. Reimers CE, Wakefield WW. 1989. Flocculation of siliceous detritus on the sea floor of a deep Pacific seamount. Deep Sea Res. 36:1841-61
108. Rex MA, Etter RJ, Clain AJ, et al. 1999. Bathymetric patterns of body size in deep-sea gastropods. Evolution 53:1298-301
109. Richer de Forges B, Koslow JA, Poore GCB. 2000. Diversity and endemism of the benthic seamount fauna in the south-west Pacific. Nature 405:944-47
110. Roark EB, Guilderson TP, Dunbar RB, Ingram BL. 2006. Radiocarbon-based ages and growth rates of Hawaiian deep-sea corals. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 327:1-14
111. Roberts JM, Wheeler AJ, Freiwald A. 2006. Reefs of the deep: The biology and geology of cold-water coral ecosystems. Science 312:543-47
112. Rogers AD. 1994. The biology of seamounts. Adv. Mar. Biol. 30:305-51
113. Rogers AD, Clark MR, Hall-Spencer JM, Gjerde KM. 2008. The Science Behind the Guidelines: A Scientific Guide to the FAO Draft International Guidelines (December 2007) for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas and Examples of How the Guidelines May Be Practically Implemented. IUCN, Switzerland
114. Rogers AD, Morley S, Fitzcharles E, Jarvis K, Belchier M. 2006. Genetic structure of Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) populations on the Patagonian Shelf and Atlantic and western Indian Ocean Sectors of the Southern Ocean. Mar. Biol. 149:915-24
115. Rogers AD, Baco A, Griffiths H, Hart T, Hall-Spencer JM. 2007. Corals on seamounts. See Pitcher, Morato, Hart, Clark, Haggen, Santos 2007, pp. 141-69
116. Rowden AA, Clark MR, Wright IC. 2005. Physical characterization and a biologically focused classification of "seamounts" in the New Zealand region. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 39:1039-59
117. Samadi S, Bottan L, Macpherson E, Richerde Forges B, Boisselier M-C. 2006. Seamount endemism questioned by the geographical distribution and population genetic structure of marine invertebrates. Mar. Biol. 149:1463-75
118. Samadi S, Schlacher TA, Richer de Forges B. 2007. Seamount benthos. See Pitcher, Morato, Hart, Clark, Haggen, Santos 2007, pp. 119-40
119. Sedberry GR, Carlin JL, Chapman RW, Eleby B. 1996. Population structure in the pan-oceanic wreckfish Polyprion americanus (Teleostei: Polyprionidae), as indicated by mtDNA variation. J. Fish Biol. 49:318-29
120. Scott S. 2007. Proposed exploration and mining technologies for polymetallic sulphides. In Proceedings of the International Seabed Authority's Workshop, ch. 3, pp. 64-78
121. Shank TM. 2009. Seamount genetics: enabling the understanding of biodiversity, connectivity, evolution, and endemism. In Deep-Sea Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crust Deposits and Distribution Patterns of Seamount Fauna, International Seabed Authority, Kingston, Jamaica. In press
122. Sharma R. 2007. Proposed exploration and mining technologies for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts deposits. In Proceedings of the International Seabed Authority's Workshop, ch. 4, pp. 87-100
123. Shaw PW, Pierce GJ, Boyle PR. 1999. Subtle population structuring within a highly vagile marine invertebrate, the veined squid Loligo forbesi, demonstrated with microsatellite DNA markers. Mol. Ecol. 8:407-17
124. Simberloff DS, Wilson EO. 1969. Experimental zoogeography of islands: The colonization of empty islands. Ecology 50:278-95
125. Sissenwine MP, Mace PM. 2007. Can deep water fisheries be managed sustainably? Report and Documentation of the Expert Consultation on Deep-Sea fisheries in the High Seas. FAO Fish. Rep. 838:61-111
126. Smith PJ, McVeagh SM, Mingoia JT, France SC. 2004a. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in deep-sea bamboo coral (Keratoisidinae) species in the southwest and northwest Pacific Ocean. Mar. Biol. 144:253-61
127. Smith PJ, McVeagh SM, Won Y, Vrijenhoek RC. 2004b. Genetic heterogeneity among New Zealand species of hydrothermal vent mussels (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus). Mar. Biol. 144:537-45
128. Stockley BM, Menezes G, Pinho MR, Rogers AD. 2005. Genetic population structure of the black-spot sea bream (Pagellus bogaraveo) from the NE Atlantic. Mar. Biol. 146:793-804
129. Stocks K. 2009. Seamounts Online: An online information system for seamount biology, Version 2009-1, http://seamounts.sdsc.edu
130. Stocks KI, Hart PJB. 2007. Biogeography and biodiversity of seamounts. See Pitcher, Morato, Hart, Clark, Haggen, Santos 2007, pp. 255-81
131. Stocks KI, Boehlert GW, Dower JF. 2004. Towards an international field program on seamounts within the Census of Marine Life. Arch. Fish. Mar. Res. 51:320-27
132. Sutton TT, Hopkins TL. 1996. Trophic ecology of the stomiid (Pisces, Stomiidae) assemblage of the eastern Gulf of Mexico: Strategies, selectivity and impact of amesopelagic top predator group. Mar. Biol. 127:179-92
133. Thistle D. 2003. The deep-sea floor: An overview. In Ecosystems of the World, ed. PA Tyler, pp. 1-37. New York: Elsevier
134. Tittensor DP, Baco AR, Brewin PE, Clark MR, Consalvey M, et al. 2009. Predicting global habitat suitability for stony corals on seamounts. J. Biogeogr., doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02062.x
135. Toole JM, Schmitt RW, Polzin KL. 1997. Near-boundary mixing above the flanks of a mid latitude seamount. J. Geophys. Res. C102:947-59
136. Tunnicliffe V, Baross J, Gebruk AV, Giere O, Koschinsky A, et al. 2003. Interactions between biotic processes at vents and physical, chemical, and geological conditions. In Energy and Mass Flux Through the Biological Component of Hydrothermal Vent System, ed. V Tunnicliffe, C German, pp. 251-70. Berlin: Dahlem Univ. Press
137. Uchida RN, Tagami DT. 1984. Groundfish fisheries and research in the vicinity of seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean. Mar. Fish. Rev. 46:1-17
138. Van Dover CL. 2000. The Ecology of Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vents. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. 352 pp.
139. Van Dover CL. 2007. The biological environment of polymetallic sulphides deposits, the potential impact of exploration and mining on this environment, and data required to establish environmental baselines in exploration areas. In Proceedings of the International Seabed Authority's Workshop, ch. 7, pp. 169-83
140. Vinnichenko VI. 2002. Prospects of Fisheries on the Seamounts. ICES CM 2002/M32. ICES, Copenhagen
141. von der Heyden S, Groeneveld JC, Matthee CA. 2007. Long current to nowhere? Genetic connectivity of Jasus tristani populations in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 29:491-97
142. Wantanabe H, Tsuchida S, Fujikura K, Yamamoto H, Inagaki F, et al. 2005. Population history associated with hydrothermal vent activity inferred from genetic structure of neoverrucid barnacles around Japan. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 288:233-40
143. Watling L. 2007. Predation on copepods by an Alaskan cladorhizid sponge. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 87:1721-26
144. Watson R, Kitchingman A, Cheung WW. 2007. Catches from world seamount fisheries. See Pitcher, Morato, Hart, Clark, Haggen, Santos 2007, pp. 400-12
145. Wessel P. 2001. Global distribution of seamounts inferred from gridded Geosat/ERS-1 altimetry. J. Geophys. Res. 106(B9):19431-41
146. White M, Bashmachnikov I, Arístegui J, Martins A. 2007a. Physical processes and seamount productivity. See Pitcher, Morato, Hart, Clark, Haggen, Santos 2007, pp. 65-84
147. White M, Murray Roberts J, van Weering T. 2007b. Do bottom intensified diurnal tidal currents shape the alignment of carbonate mounds in the NE Atlantic? Geo-Mar. Lett., dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-007-0060-8 (Pubitemid 350131143)
148. Widdicombe S, Austen MC, Kendall MA, Warwick RM, Jones MB. 2000. Bioturbation as a mechanism for setting and maintaining levels of diversity in subtidal macrobenthic communities. Hydrobiologia 440:369-77
149. Williams A, Koslow JA. 1997. Species composition, biomass and vertical distribution of micronekton over the mid-slope region off southern Tasmania. Mar. Biol. 130:259-76 (Pubitemid 28084456)
150. Wishner K, Levin L, Gowing M, Mullineaux L. 1990. Involvement of the oxygen minimum in benthic zonation on a deep seamount. Nature 346:57-59
151. Wright IC, Chadwick WW, de Ronde CEJ, Reymond D, Hyvernaud O, et al. 2008. Collapse and reconstruction of Monowai submarine volcano, Kermadec arc, 1998-2004. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 113:B08S03, doi: 10.1029/2007JB005138
152. Xavier J, van Soest R. 2007. Demosponge fauna of Ormonde and Gettysburg Seamounts (Gorringe Bank, north-east Atlantic): Diversity and zoogeographical affinities. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 87:1643-53