Images of power: Architectures of the integrated spectacle at the beijing olympics: Op arch i

Journal of Architectural Education

Volumn 63, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 52-62

  Broudehoux, Anne Marie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950873008     PISSN: 10464883     EISSN: 1531314X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1531-314X.2010.01058.x     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. This definition is based on David Boje's interpretation. David M. Boje, Theatres of Capitalism (San Francisco, CA: Hampton Press, 2002), pp. 7-13
2. John MacAloon rightly criticizes abuses of the concept of the spectacle, which he claims now stands for a plethora of critical terms including commercialization, alienation, hegemony, mass culture, simulacra, commodification, mediatization, globalization, at times even standing as an encompassing trope for the decaying public sphere. John MacAloon, "The Theory of Spectacle: Reviewing Olympic Ethnography," in Alan Tomlinson and Christopher Young, eds., National Identity and Global Sports Events: Culture Politics and Spectacle in the Olympics and the Football World Cup (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006), pp. 15-39
3. For Setha Low, the formation of spectacular spaces is essential for the performative legitimacy of the state. She refers to such spaces as embodied space, the location where human experience and consciousness take on material and spatial form. Setha M. Low, "Anthropological Theories of Body, Space, and Culture," Space and Culture 6, no.1 (2003): 9-18
4. Walter Benjamin, Illuminations (New York: Schocken, 1968), pp. 165-167
5. Dennis Judd, The Infrastructure of Play: Building the Tourist City (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2003), pp. 3-16
6. Anne M. Cronin and Kevin Hetherington, Consuming the Entrepreneurial City: Image, Memory, Spectacle (London: Routledge, 2008), pp. 1-15
7. B.S. Chalkey and S.J. Essex, "Urban Development through Hosting International Events: A History of the Olympic Games," Planning Perspectives 14, no.4 (1999): 369-94
8. Harry H. Hiller, "Mega-Events, Urban Boosterism and Growth Strategies: An Analysis of the Objectives and Legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic Bid," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24, no.2 (2000): 439-58
9. David Whitson and Donald Macintosh, "The Global Circus: International Sport, Tourism and the Marketing of Cities," Journal of Sport and Social Issues 20, no.3 (1996): 278-295
10. Darrel Crilley, "Architecture as Advertising: Constructing the Image of Redevelopment," in Gerry Kearns and Chris Philo, eds., Selling Places: The City as Cultural Capital, Past and Present (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1993), pp. 231-52
11. Graeme Evans, "Hard-Branding the Cultural City - From Prado to Prada," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27, no.2 (2003): 417-440
12. Neil Leach, The Anaesthetics of Architecture (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999), pp. 1-15
13. Walter Benjamin, "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction," in H. Zohn, trans., Illuminations: Essays and Reflections (New York: Schocken, 1968), pp. 217-252
14. Guy Julier, "Urban Designscapes and the Production of Aesthetic Consent," Urban Studies 42, no.5-6 (2005): 869-887
15. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (New York: Vintage, 1992), pp. 3-7
16. Jean Baudrillard, La Société de consommation (Paris: Gallimard, 1970), pp. 17-26
17. Jean Baudrillard, Simulacres et simulation (Paris: Galilée, 1981), pp. 2-16
18. Guy Debord, La société du spectacle (Paris: Gallimard, 1992 [1967]), pp. 15-32
19. Guy Debord, Commentaires sur la société du spectacle (Paris: Gallimard, 1992 [1988]), p. 21
20. Giorgio Agamben, The Coming Community (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), p. 279
21. Giorgio Agamben, Meaning Without End: Notes on Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), p. 82
22. Wang Hui, in China's New Order: Society, Politics, and Economy in Transition, ed. Theodore Huters (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. 78-115
23. David Harvey, "Neoliberalism 'with Chinese Characteristics'," in A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 122
24. Fulong Wu, "Place Promotion in Shanghai, PRC," Cities 17, no.5 (2000): 349
25. Jiang Xu and Anthony G.O. Yeh, "City Repositioning and Competitiveness Building in Regional Development: New Development Strategies in Guangzhou, China," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 29, no.2 (2005): 283-308
26. Wang, China's New Order
27. Xuefei Ren, "Architecture and Nation Building in the Age of Globalization: Construction of the National Stadium of Beijing for the 2008 Olympics," Journal of Urban Affairs 30, no.2 (2008): 175-190
28. Carolyn Cartier, "Transnational Urbanism in the Reform-Era Chinese City: Landscapes from Shenzhen," Urban Studies 39 (2002): 1513-1532
29. A detailed description of the projects can be found in Anne-Marie Broudehoux, "Beijing: The Conspicuous Construction of an Olympic Metropolis," Journal of Urban Affairs 29, no.4 (2007): 383-39
30. see also Ren, "Architecture and Nation Building."
31. Anne-Marie Broudehoux, "Learning from Chinatown: The Search for a Modern Architectural Identity, 1911-1998," in Nezar Alsayyad, ed., Hybrid Urbanism: On the Identity Discourse and the Built Environment (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001), pp. 156-80
32. Wu Hung, Remaking Beijing: Tiananmen Square and the Creation of a Political Space (London: Reaktion, 2006), pp. 235-244
33. Manfredo Tafuri, Architecture and Utopia: Design and Capitalist Development (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1979), p. 500
34. Centre on Housing Rights and Eviction (COHRE), One World, Whose Dream? Housing Rights Violations and the Beijing Olympic Games. Special Report (Geneva: COHRE, 2008), pp. 7-28
35. For a detailed description of the forms of resistance to Beijing's Olympic redevelopment, see Anne-Marie Broudehoux, "Seeds of Dissent: The Politics of Resistance to Beijing's Olympic Redevelopment," in Dissent and Cultural Resistance in Asian Cities, ed. Melissa Butcher and Selvaraj Velayuthamm (London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 14-32
36. The first Chinese delegation to attend the Olympic Games in 1932 failed to bring a single medal home and it was not until 1960 that a Chinese athlete would win an Olympic medal (Rome). See Susan Brownell, Beijing's Games: What the Olympics Mean to China (Portland, OR: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008), pp. 19-48
37. Xuefei Ren, "La Ville Chinoise et ses 'Grands Projets' Urbains: L'Architecture Internationale en Question," La Vie des Idées no.12 (2006): 77-83
38. Jonathan Watts, "Olympic Artist Attacks China's Pomp and Propaganda," The Guardian (August 9), p. 5
39. Andreas Lorenz, "The Olympics Are a Propaganda Show: Interview with Chinese Artist Ai WeiWei," Der Spiegel (January 29, 2008; August 4, 2008), p. 11
40. See Anne-Marie Broudehoux, "Delirious Beijing: Euphoria and Despair in the Olympic Metropolis," in Evil Paradises: Dreamworlds of Neoliberalism, ed. Mike Davis and Daniel Monk (New York: New Press, 2007), pp. 87-101
41. Brownell, Beijing's Games, pp. 1-18
42. These include, for example, Shanghai University Professor Zhu Xueqin. Sue Meng, "An Olympic Force for Change," Washington Post (April 20, 2008), p. B07
43. See also Bernardo Cervellera, "Chinese Dissident: Criticism of Beijing's Repression Is the True Sign of the Olympic Spirit," Asia News (April 7, 2008)
44. Xuefei Ren, "Architecture and China's Urban Revolution," City 12, no.2 (2008): 217-225
45. I am indebted in this interpretation to Diane Ghirardo. Diane Ghirardo, "Introduction," in Out of Site: A Social Criticism of Architecture, ed. Diane Ghirardo (Seattle: Bay Press, 1991), pp. 9-16
46. For more on this controversy, see Anne-Marie Broudehoux, The Making and Selling of Post-Mao Beijing (London and New York: Routledge, 2004), pp. 229-234