Apologies, regrets, and reparations

European Review

Volumn 17, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 593-610

  Engerman, Stanley L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLACK POPULATION; CRIME; DAMAGE; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; SLAVERY; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL POLICY; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

GERMANY;

EID: 77950756280     PISSN: 10627987     EISSN: 14740575     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1062798709000969     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. See New York Times August 14, 2005;
2. Honolulu Star-Bulletin June 10, 2004.
3. For a survey see A. Harding (1966) A Social History of English Law (Baltimore: Penguin Books), 13-17, 366-367, 404-408, 414-416.
4. See the description in Blackstone (1979), W. Blackstone (1979) Commentaries on the Laws of England, Volume III, Of Private Wrongs (Chicago: University of Chicago Press) (first published 1768). The discussion by Aristotle is in his Nicomachean Ethics, Bk 5.
5. D. L. Costa (1998) The Evolution of Retirement: An American Economic History, 1880-1990 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp. 196-212.
6. J. W. Oberly (1990) Sixty Million Acres: American Veterans and the Public Lands before the Civil War (Kent: Kent State University Press).
7. C. Goldin and L. F. Katz (2008) The Race Between Education and Technology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), Chapter 7.
8. See for example, U. B. Phillips (1915) Slave crime in Virginia, American Historical Review;
9. US State Papers (1828) Indemnity for Slaves Carried Away by Great Britain in 1815, No.441: Claims of Indemnity for Slaves and other Property Under the First Article of the Ghent Treaty (1828), No. 474: Opinion of the Attorney General on the Award of the Emperor of Russia under the Treaty of Ghent (1828), No. 486. In 1828 (No. 426) the US Attorney General asked 'what is a just indemnification for a wrong? Is it the reparations or the one-half or two-thirds of the wrong? Is it anything less than reparation of the whole wrong?' W. Brown (1965) The King's Friends: The Composition and Motives of the American Loyalist Claimants (Providence: Brown University Press).
10. These payments, called adjustment assistance, have become a key provision in most recent tariff acts.
11. F. Machlup (1964) International Payments, Debts, and Gold: Collected Essays by Fritz Machlup (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons), pp. 378-381.
12. See also C. P. Kindleberger (1984) A Financial History of Western Europe (Boston: Allen and Unwin), pp. 239-250, 297-300, 420-424.
13. See E. R. Dupuy and T. N. Dupuy (1970) The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present (New York: Harper and Row), pp. 1008-1009.
14. F. Machlup (1964) International Payments, Debts, and Gold: Collected Essays by Fritz Machlup (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons), 381-386;
15. C. P. Kindleberger (1984) A Financial History of Western Europe (Boston: Allen and Unwin), pp. 297-300, 420-421;
16. G. Hardach (1977) The First World War, 1914-1918 (Berkeley: University of California Press), pp. 246-248.
17. See S. L. Engerman (2008) Emancipation schemes: different ways of ending slavery. In: E. del Lago and C. Katsari (eds) Slave Systems: Ancient and Modern (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 265-282.
18. The Dutch had discussed requiring freed slaves to pay cash to reimburse their former owners, but this wasn't passed. Emmer comments that there were payments at times by the metropolis to their former colonies, at the end of colonial controls rather than the ending of slavery, which might be considered payment for colonial rule, if not slavery. The Dutch, when freeing Suriname in 1975, provided some cash payments. In addition the Dutch government expressed regrets and set up an institute to study slavery. P. C. Emmer (2006) The Dutch Slave Trade, 1500-1850 (New York: Berghahn), p. 152.
19. See W. M. Merrill (1971) The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison-Volume I, I Will be Heard!, 1822-1835 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), pp. 230-233;
20. W. L. Garrison (1852) Selections from the Writings and Speeches (Boston: R. F. Wallcut), pp. 66-71.
21. A. Cochin (1863) The Results of Slavery (Boston: Walker, Wise), pp. 109-110.
22. R. I. Rotberg (1971) Haiti: The Politics of Squalor (Boston: Houghton Mifflin), pp. 66-67, 86.
23. Gothamist June 13, 2007;
24. New York Times March 29 2008;
25. Huntersville Times, May 26, 2007:
26. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle February 25, 2007;
27. Kansas City Star January 2, 2008;
28. New York Times March 19, 2007
29. For the US statement, see New York Times March 25, 1998.
30. In the period from 1968-1980, the Israeli government paid almost $13 million to the US government for the claimed accidental sinking of the USS Liberty in 1967.
31. New York Times September 12, 2003;
32. New York Times April 22, 2008.
33. New York Times, March 6, 2003.
34. For a concise summary see M. E. Manyin (2001) North Korea-Japan Relations, the Normalization Talks, and the Compensation/Reparations Issue (Washington, DC: Congressional Reference Service);
35. Japan Times, June 11, 2005.
36. New Nation, November 27, 2006;
37. USA Today, June 16, 1997;
38. Guardian, January 17, 1999
39. Guardian, January 7, 1998.
40. In 2007 President Sarkozy of France denounced colonialism as 'profoundly unjust'. New York Times, December 4, 2007.
41. Times, October 13, 2007;
42. Sydney Morning Herald, February 18, 2008;
43. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, November 27, 2007.
44. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, August 14, 1985;
45. New York Times, December 27, 1997;
46. New York Times March 7, 2004;
47. Guardian October 30, 1998;
48. Times November 29, 1998;
49. New York Times April 16, 2008;
50. New York Times November 6, 2003;
51. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle April 11, 2008.
52. Fiji Times October 16, 2003;
53. BBC News July 17, 2007;
54. New York Times October 15, 2003.
55. New York Times July 21, 2002.
56. AP June 26, 2003;
57. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle August 1, 2003;
58. New York Times December 24, 1996.
59. See the essay by Appiah in the New York Times March 18, 2007.
60. New York Times November 24, 2007.
61. See C. Hansen (1969) Witchcraft at Salem (London: Hutchinson), pp. 218-219;
62. M. L. Starkey (1949) The Devil in Massachusetts: A Modern Enquiry into the Salem Witch Trials (Garden City: Anchor Books), pp. 266-268.
63. Daily News March 20, 2008.
64. New York Times July 18, 1989;
65. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle September 30, 1989.
66. New York Times July 27, 1997.
67. Guardian January 6, 1999;
68. New York Times July 21, 2004. This was still regarded as an unsatisfactory payment.
69. K. A. Appiah and H. L. Gates, Jr. (2004) Africana: Civil Rights: An A-to-Z Reference of the Movement that Changed America (Philadelphia: Running Press), pp. 355-357.
70. New York Times December 11, 1999;
71. USA Today May 16, 2008;
72. K. A. Appiah and H. L. Gates, Jr. (2004) Africana: Civil Rights: An A-to-Z Reference & the Movement that Changed America (Philadelphia: Running Press), pp. 405-406.
73. New York Times July 17, 1995;
74. New York Times January 7, 1993;
75. New York Times December 24, 2003.
76. In 2008 the US House of Representatives passed a measure that 'apologizes to African-Americans on behalf of the US people for wrongs committed against them and their ancestors.' Financial Times August 1, 2008;
77. New York Times April 8, 2004. Interestingly the Advocates at the Apology to the Mormons Noted That They Could Not Ask Forgiveness for Acts 'They Had Not Personally Committed.'.
78. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle November 12, 2007.
79. New York Times November 24, 2003.
80. New York Times November 30, 2004;
81. New York Times April 16, 2003
82. on Bhopal, see New York Times November 30, 2004.
83. New York Times May 31, 1998;
84. BBC News January 14, 2004.
85. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle November 22, 2008.
86. New York Times March 16, 2003. See Note 33.
87. See also A. L. Brophy (2002) Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Riot of 1921; Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation (New York: Oxford University Press).
88. F. W. Klingberg (1955) The Southern Claims Commission (Berkeley: University of California Press).
89. R.E. Finkenbine (2007) Belinda's petition for reparations for slavery in revolutionary Massachusetts. William and Mary Quarterly, 64(January), 95-104.
90. R. A. Winbush (2003) Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations (New York: Amistad), pp. 334-336;
91. H. Trefouse (1997) Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press). Stevens also sought compensation for the property damage due to the rowdy confederate troops. Winbush is an excellent collection of the writings on reparations and a good guide to sources.
92. E. S. Redkey (1969) Black Exodus: Black Nationalist and Back-to-Africa Movements, 1890-1910 (New Haven: Yale University Press), pp. 38-39, 52-57;
93. E. S. Redkey (1971) Respect Black: The Writings and Speeches of Henry McNeal Turner (New York: Arno Press), pp. 76-80, 182-183.
94. M. F. Berry (2005) My Face is Black is True: Callie House and the Struggle for Ex-slave Reparations (New York: Alfred A Knopf), pp. 76-181.
95. See the reprint of the full manuscript, B. I. Bittker (2003) The Case for Black Reparations (Boston: Beacon Press), pp. 159-175.
96. See R. A. Winbush (2003) Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations (New York: Amistad), pp. 209-225
97. on N'Cobra and the Economist August 13, 1994.
98. See R. A. Winbush (2003) Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations (New York: Amistad), pp. 14-21, 337-343.
99. New York Times March 13, 2004.
100. See the essays by Neal, Marketti, and Swinton in R. F. America (1990) The Wealth of Races: The Present Value of Benefits from Past Injustices (New York: Greenwood Press); for a discussion of Fogel's calculation
101. see Economist April 13, 2002.
102. B. I. Bittker (2003) The Case for Black Reparations (Boston: Beacon Press), pp. 8-29.
103. The arguments concerning whether later immigrants should (or should not) be required to pay reparations is complex, since it can be argued that US immigration restrictions lowered the income of potential immigrants and those who stayed behind.
104. New York Times March 31, 2002.
105. Recent book-length discussions of reparations and apologies include R. E. Howard-Hassman (2008) Reparations to Africa (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press);
106. N. Smith (2008) I Was Wrong: The Meaning of Apologies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press);
107. A. L. Brophy (2006) Reparations: Pro and Con (New York: Oxford University Press);
108. R. Robinson (2000) The Debt: What America Owes to Blacks (New York: Dutton);
109. J. Torpey (2006) Making Whole What Has Been Smashed: On Reparation Politics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press);
110. R. L. Brooks (2004) Atonement and Forgiveness: A New Model for Black Reparations (Berkeley: University of California Press);
111. M. Nobles (2005) The Politics of Official Apologies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press);
112. and J. Thompson (2002) Taking Responsibility for the Past: Reparations and Historical Justice (Cambridge: Polity Press), and for an earlier discussion
113. see A. Schuchter (1970) Reparations: The Black Manifesto and Its Challenge to White America (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott).