Wives' Tales: Reflecting on Research in Bountiful

Canadian Journal of Law and Society

Volumn 23, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 121-141

  Campbell, Angela ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950718110     PISSN: 08293201     EISSN: 19110227     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0829320100009601     Document Type: Article

References (131)

1. Angela Campbell, “How Have Policy Approaches to Polygamy Responded to Women's Experiences and Rights? An International, Comparative Analysis,” in Polygamy in Canada: Legal and Social Implications for Women and Children: A Collection of Policy Research Reports (Ottawa: Status of Women Canada, 2005).
2. Canadian law generally rejects polygamy. The Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, prohibits the practices of “bigamy” (s. 290(1)) and “polygamy” (s. 293(1)).
3. See Campbell, “How Have Policy Approaches,” I. In this article, the term “polygamy” refers to the simultaneous sharing of a husband by two or more women. Canada's civil laws also resist the idea of plural marriage.
4. See Civil Marriage Act, S.C. 2005, c.33, which limits the number of spouses who may marry to two.
5. Campbell, “How Have Policy Approaches,” 9.
6. see Shauna Van Praagh, “The Chutzpah of Chasidism,” Canadian Journal of Law and Society 11 (1996), 193.
7. For academic studies see Rebecca J. Cook and Lisa M. Kelly, Polygyny and Canada's Obligations under International Human Rights Law (Ottawa: Department of Justice Canada, 2006)
8. Maria Peters, Pearls Before Swine: Secrecy in a Mormon Polygynous Colony (unpublished MA thesis, University of Alberta, 1994)
9. Nicolas Bala, Katherine Duvall-Antonacopoulos, Leslie MacRae, and Joanne J. Paetsch, “An International Review of Polygamy: Legal and Policy Implications for Canada,” in Polygamy in Canada: Legal and Social Implications for Women and Children: A Collection of Policy Research Reports (Ottawa: Status of Women Canada, 2005)
10. Alberta Civil Liberties Research Centre, “Separate and Unequal: The Women and Children of Polygamy,” in Polygamy in Canada: Legal and Social Implications for Women and Children: A Collection of Policy Research Reports (Ottawa: Status of Women Canada, 2005).
11. Similar insights are offered in popular accounts of polygamy: see Committee on Polygamous Issues, Life in Bountiful - A Report on the Lifestyle of a Polygamous Community, funded by the BC Ministry of Women's Equality (April 1993)
12. Debbie Palmer and Dave Perrin, Keep Sweet: Children of Polygamy (Lister, BC: Dave's Press, 1994)
13. Jon Krakauer, Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith (New York: Anchor Books, 2004)
14. Carolyn Jessop, Escape (New York: Broadway Books, 2007).
15. For media reports on the topic see Richard C.C. Peck, Report of the Special Prosecutor for Allegations of Misconduct Associated with Bountiful, BC: Summary of Conclusions, http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/extras/bountiful.pdf
16. Stephanie Levitz, “Prosecutor tells BC: find out once and for all if anti-polygamy law stands,” Maclean's. August 1, 2007
17. Daphne Bramham, “A win for those who want to halt abuses at Bountiful: Activists don't get all they want from Victoria, but it's a start,” Vancouver Sun, August 21, 1997.
18. Marie-Claire Belleau, “Mail-Order Brides in a Global World,” Alberta Law Review 67 (2003), 602.
19. Maleiha Malik, ‘“The Branch on Which We Sit’: Multiculturalism, Minority Women and Family Law,” in Feminist Perspectives on Family Law, ed. Alison Diduck and Katherine O'Donovan (New York: Routledge, 2006), 217.
20. Man J. Matsuda, “Pragmatism Modified and the False Consciousness Problem,” Southern California Law Review 63 (1989–1990), 1764.
21. Southern California Law Review.
22. Southern California Law Review., 1768.
23. Nancy Kim, “Toward a Feminist Theory of Human Rights: Straddling the Fence Between Western Imperialism and Uncritical Absolutism,” Columbia Human Rights Law Review 25 (1993–1994), 89–90.
24. See Shauna Van Praagh, “Faith, Belonging and the Protection of ‘Our Children,’” Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice 17 (1999), 154
25. Malik, “The Branch on Which We Sit,” 215.
26. Ayelet Shachar, “The Paradox of Multicultural Vulnerability: Individual Rights, Identity Groups, and the State,” in Multicultural Questions ed. Christian Joppke and Steven Lukes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 94
27. Pascale Foumier, “The Erasure of Islamic Difference in Canadian and American Family Law Adjudication,” Journal of Law and Policy 10 (2001), 71.
28. Annie Bunting, “Theorizing Women's Cultural Diversity in Feminist International Human Rights Strategies,” Journal of Law and Society 20 (1993), 18
29. Lila Abu-Lughod, “A Community of Secrets: The Separate World of Bedouin Women,” in Feminism and Community, ed. Penny A. Weiss and Marilyn Friedman (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995).
30. Feminism and Community., 21.
31. Roderick A. Macdonald, “Vieilles Gardes. Hypothèses sur l'émergence des normes, l'intemormativité et le désordre à travers une typologie des institutions normatives,” in Le Droit soluble: contributions québécois a l'étude de l'intemormativité, ed. J.G. Belley (Paris: Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1996), 233.
32. Kim, “Toward a Feminist Theory,” 92
33. Madhavi Sunder, “Piercing the Veil,” Yale Law Journal 112 (2003), 1399.
34. Abu-Lughod, “A Community of Secrets,” 21.
35. “Bustup in Bountiful” (Winston Blackmore, interview by Hana Gartner), The Fifth Estate, CBC, January 25, 2006, http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/bustupinbountiful/interview.html.
36. “3 Bountiful wives ordered out,” CBC (British Columbia), May 12, 2006, http://www.cbc.ca/bc/story/bc_bountiful20060512.html.
37. See “Bountiful wives ready for immigration fight,” CBC (British Columbia), May 16, 2006, http://www.cbc.ca/bc/story/bc_bountiful-wives20060516.html. The final outcome of this process is not known.
38. See, e.g., Melanie Mauthner, Maxine Birch, Julie Jessop, and Tina Miller, Ethics in Qualitative Research (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002)
39. Melanie Mauthner, “Snippets and Silences: Ethics and Reflexivity in Narratives of Sistering,” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 3 (2000), 287
40. I.E. Seidman, Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1991).
41. See, e.g., Susan Friend Harding, The Book of Jerry Falwell: Fundamentalist Language and Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000)
42. Karen McCarthy Brown, Mama Lola: A Vodou Priestess in Brooklyn (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
43. See Catharine A. MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), 115–17, 204
44. Catharine A. MacKinnon, Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 40–41.
45. Susan Moller Okin, “Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?” in As Multiculturalism Bad for Women? ed. Joshua Cohen, Matthew Howard, and Martha C. Nussbaum (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 24
46. see also Kim, “Toward a Feminist Theory,” 94.
47. Kim, Toward a Feminist Theory., 99.
48. Katharine T. Bartlett, “Feminist Legal Methods,” Harvard Law Review 103 (1990), 875
49. Kim, “Toward a Feminist Theory,” 99–100
50. Colleen Sheppard, “Equality Rights and Institutional Change: Insights from Canada and the United States,” Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 15 (1998), 167.
51. See Karen Engle, “Female Subjects of Public International Law: Human Rights and the Exotic Other Female,” New England Law Review 26 (1992), 1525.
52. See also Karen Engle, “International Human Rights and Feminisms: When Discourses Keep Meeting,” in International Law: Modern Feminist Approaches, ed. Doris Buss and Ambreena S. Manji (Portland, OR: Hart Publishing, 2005), 57–58
53. Bunting, “Theorizing Women's Cultural Diversity,” 18.
54. Bunting, “Theorizing Women's Cultural Diversity,” 18.
55. Roderick A. Macdonald, “Pluralistic Human Rights
56. Universal Human Wrongs” (unpublished essay, 2007).
57. See Roderick A. Macdonald and Thomas McMorrow, “Wedding a Critical Legal Pluralism to the Laws of Close Personal Adult Relationships,” European Journal of Legal Studies 1 (2007), http://www.ejls.eu/index.php?mode = present&displayissue = 2007–04>
58. Macdonald, “Vieilles Gardes.”
59. Malik, “The Branch on Which We Sit,” 216
60. Shachar, “The Paradox of Multicultural Vulnerability,” 100.
61. Shachar, The Paradox of Multicultural Vulnerability.
62. See also the discussion'of Wilson J. in R. v. Lavallee, [1990] 1 S.C.R. 852 at 887.
63. Sunder, “Piercing the Veil,” 1442, 1457
64. Malik, “The Branch on Which We Sit,” 218.
65. Dwight G. Newman, “Exit, Voice, and ‘Exile’: Rights to Exit and Rights to Reject,” University of Toronto Law Journal 57 (2007), 48–51.
66. Malik, “The Branch on Which We Sit,” 226.
67. Bartlett, “Feminist Legal Methods,” 863–864.
68. Elizabeth M. Schneider, “The Dialectic of Rights and Politics: Perspectives from the Women's Movement,” New York University Law Review 61 (1986), 602.
69. Matsuda, “Pragmatism Modified,” 1778–1779.
70. See Bunting, “Theorizing Women's Cultural Diversity,” 12
71. Malik, “The Branch on Which We Sit,” 221.
72. Bartlett, “Feminist Legal Methods,” 865
73. see also Matsuda, “Pragmatism Modified,” 1779
74. See “B.C. mulling charges against polygamist sect,” CBC News, May 10, 2007, http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/05/10/polygamy-community.html
75. Mike D'Amour, “Sect greets abuse probe,” Calgary Sun, July 27, 2004)
76. Mike D'Amour, “Sect wives defend lives: Women say polygamy choice is theirs,” Calgary Sun, July 29, 2004
77. “B.C. polygamists want age of consent raised,” CTV News Online, February 19, 2005, http:// www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1108760102803_29/
78. “Cdn. polygamy laws need to be reviewed: Activist,” CTV News Online, January 26, 2005, http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1106749304265_34?s_name=&no_ads.
79. Malik, “The Branch on Which We Sit,”219.
80. The Branch on Which We Sit., 218.
81. Sally Engle Merry, Human Rights and Gender Violence: Translating International Law into Local Justice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), 17–18.
82. Isabelle R. Gunning, “Arrogant Perception, World-Travelling and Multicultural Feminism: The Case of Female Genital Surgeries,” Columbia Human Rights Law Review 23 (1992), 189.
83. Bunting, “Theorizing Women's Cultural Diversity,” 16.
84. Brenda Cossman, “Turning the Gaze Back on Itself: Comparative Law, Feminist Legal Studies, and the Postcolonial Project,” Utah Law Review 1997, 525.
85. Malik, “The Branch on Which We Sit,” 228–229.
86. Matsuda, “Pragmatism Modified,” 1777.
87. Gunning, “Arrogant Perception,” 212.
88. Alison T. Slack, “Female Circumcision: A Critical Appraisal,” Human Rights Quarterly 10 (1987–1988), 463.
89. See Kristin Savell, “Sex and the Sacred: Sterilization and Bodily Integrity in English and Canadian Law,” McGill Law Journal 49 (2004), 1093.
90. See also “Parents defend treatment to keep girl child-sized,” CTV News Online, January 5, 2007, http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070104/ashley_treatment_070104/20070105?hub = Health.
91. Penelope Andrews, “Women's Human Rights and the Conversation Across Cultures,” Alberta Law Review 67 (2003), 613.
92. See also Engle Merry, Human Rights and Gender Violence, 10–12, 228–29
93. Richard Rorty, “Human Rights, Rationality and Sentimentality,” in Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers, vol. 3 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 167
94. Gunning thus writes, “just as a Westerner may view the [genital] surgeries as a cultural challenge, the street runs two ways: non-Westemers too can view Western practices as culturally challenging.”
95. Gunning, “Arrogant Perception,” 212.
96. Malik, “The Branch on Which We Sit,” 216.
97. Gunning, “Arrogant Perception,” 205–211.
98. See Susan Boyd, “Legal Regulation of Families in Changing Societies,” The Blackwell Companion to Law and Society, ed. Austin Sarat (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), 255
99. Margrit Eichler,.Family Shifts: Families. Policies, and Gender Equality (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997)
100. Colleen Sheppard, “Uncomfortable Victories and Unanswered Questions: Lessons from Moge,” Canadian Journal of Family Law 12 (1995), 283
101. Joan Williams,-“Is Coverture Dead? Beyond a New Theory of Alimony,” Georgetown Law Journal 82 (1994), 2246–2253
102. Henna Hill Kay, ‘“Making Marriage and Divorce Safe for ‘Women’ Revisited,” Hofstra Law Review 32 (2003), 71
103. Dianne Post, “Why Marriage Should Be Abolished,” Women's Rights Law Reporter 18 (1997), 283.
104. Boyd, “Legal Regulation of Families,” 256.
105. Legal Regulation of Families., 258–59, 264.
106. See Pascale Foumier, “In the (Canadian) Shadow of Islamic Law: Translating Mahr as a Bargaining Endowment,” Osgoode Hall Law Journal 44 (2006), 650.
107. See Amy J. Kaufman, “Polygamous Marriages in Canada,” Canadian Journal of Family Law 21 (2005), 318–321.
108. Campbell, “How Have Policy Approaches,” 31.
109. See R. v. Clarke (1959), 124 C.C.C. 284 (Man. C.A.)
110. R. v. Moore (2001), WL 596386 (Ont. Ct. J.)
111. R v. Moustafa, [1991] O.J. No. 835 (Ont. Ct. J. (Prov. Div.))
112. R. v. Sauve, [1997] A.J. No. 525 (Alta. Prov. Ct.)
113. R. v. Young, [1965] O.J. No. 498 (Ont. C.A.).
114. See, e.g., Ontario's Family Law Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. F.3, s. 1(2)
115. Succession Law Reform Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. S.26, s. 1(2)
116. See also Yew v. British Columbia (A.GL), [1924] 1 D.L.R. 1166 (B.C.C.A.)
117. Kaufman, “Polygamous Marriages in Canada,” 333.
118. See, e.g., Civil Code of Quebec, art. 382, para. 1
119. G.P. v. B.M. (2002), HJCan 602 (QC C.S.).
120. Criminal Code, s. 172(1), as rep. by R.S.C. 1985, c. 19 (3d Supp.), s. 6.
121. R. v. Labaye, 2005 SCC 80.
122. see Gillian Calder, “Penguins and Polygamy” (unpublishedessay), 18–20.
123. Committee on Polygamous Issues, Penguins and Polygamy 7.
124. Committee on Polygamous Issues.
125. Palmer and Perrin, Keep Sweet
126. Jessop, Escape.
127. See Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, S.O.R./2000–227, s. 117(9)(c). See discussion in note 23 above.
128. Because polygamous marriages are generally not recognized under the federal Divorce Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. 3 (2d Supp.)
129. Consider s. 85.1 of British Columbia's Estate Administration Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 122
130. Boyd, “Legal Regulation of Families,” 256.
131. see Sunder, “Piercing the Veil,” 1424.