A new approach to the archaeology of livestock herding in the Kalahari, southern Africa

Antiquity

Volumn 83, Issue 319, 2009, Pages 110-124

  Lindholm, Karl Johan ^a  

^a SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Botswana; Desert; Herding; Kalahari; Namibia; Water; Wells

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950705007     PISSN: 0003598X     EISSN: 0003598X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0003598X00098124     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. ALMAGOR, U. 1980. Some notes on the Mbanderu calendar. Botswana Notes & Records 12: 67-82.
2. BARNARD, A. 1979. Bushman settlement patterns, in P.C. Burnham & R.F. Ellen (ed.) Social and ecological systems (ASA Monograph 18): 131-145 London: Academic Press.
3. BOLLIG, M. & A. SCHULTE 1999. Environmental change and pastoral perceptions: degradation and indigenous knowledge in two African pastoral communities. Human Ecology 27: 493-514.
4. BOLLIG, M. & J-B. GEWALD, 2000. People, cattle and land - transformations of pastoral society, in M. Bollig & J-B. Gewald (ed.) People, cattle and land. Transformations of a pastoral society in southwestern Africa: 3-52. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. BRONK RAMSEY, C. 2005. OxCal Program v3.10. Available at: http://www.rlaha.ox.ac.uk/oxcal/oxcal.htm
5. BURGESS, R.L. & L. JACOBSON. 1984. Archaeological sediments from a shell midden near Wortel Dam Walvis Bay, southern Africa. Palaeoecology of Africa 16: 429-435
6. BüTTNER, K.G. 1883. Die Viehwirtschaft der Herero. Das Ausland, Wochenschrift für Lander- und Völkerkunde 56: 489-94, 529-33, 550-556
7. DENBOW, J. & E.N.WILMSEN 1986. Advent and course of pastoralism in the Kalahari. Science 234: 1509-1515
8. GALTON, F. 1853. The narrative of an explorer in tropical South Africa. London: John Murray. HELGREN, D.M. & A.S. BROOKS. 1983.
9. Geoarchaeology at ≠Gi, a Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Age site in the north-west Kalahari. Journal of Archaeological Science 10: 181-197
10. HENRICHSEN, D. 1998. Herrschaft und Identifikation im vorkolonialen Zentralnamibia. Das Herero- und Damaraland im 19. Jahrhundert. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Hamburg.
11. HENRICHSEN, D. 1999. Claiming space and power in Pre-Colonial Central Namibia: the relevance of Herero praise songs (BAB Working Paper 1). Basel: Basler Afrika Bibliographien.
12. HOLMGREN, K. & H. öBERG. 2006. Climate change in southern and eastern Africa during the past millennium and its implications for societal development. Environment, Development and Sustainability 8: 185-195
13. HUFFMAN, T.N. 1996. Archaeological evidence for climatic change during the last 2000 years in southern Africa. Quaternary International 33: 55-60.
14. ILLIUS, A.W. & T.G. O'CONNOR. 1999. On the relevance of nonequilibrium concepts to arid and semiarid grazing systems. Ecological Applications 9(3): 798-813.
15. IRLE, J. 1906. Die Herero. Ein Beitrag zur Landes-, Volksund Missionskunde. Gütersloh: C. Bertelsmann.
16. KINAHAN, J. 1986. Settlement patterns and regional exchange evidence from recent Iron Age sites on the Kavango River, northeastern Namibia. Cimbebasia (B)3: 109-116
17. KINAHAN, J. 1991. Pastoral nomads of the Central Namib Desert. The people history forgot. Windhoek: Namibia Archaeological Trust & New Namibia Books.
18. KINAHAN, J. 2001. The presence of the past: archaeology, environment and land rights on the Lower Cunene River. Cimbebasia 17: 23-39.
19. KINAHAN, J. & J. KINAHAN 1984. An archaeological survey of Tsumkwe district, Namibia. Windhoek: Report to the South West Africa Department of Agriculture and Nature Conservation.
20. Kriegskarte von Deutsch Südwestafrika. 1904. Archeia 9. Windhoek: National Archives of Namibia.
21. LEE, R.B. 1976. !Kung spatial organization: an ecological and historical perspective, in R.B. Lee & I. DeVore (ed.) Kalahari hunter-gatherers. Studies of !Kung San and their neighbours: 73-98. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
22. LEE, R.B. 1979. The !Kung San - Men, women and work in a foraging society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. LEE, R.B. & I. DEVORE. 1970. Ngamiland !Kung Bushmen: research in progress. Botswana Notes and Records 2: 122-125
24. LINDHOLM, K-J. 2006. Wells of experience. A pastoral land-use history of Omaheke, Namibia (Studies in Global Archaeology 9). Uppsala: Uppsala University.
25. MCCORMAC, F.G., A.G. HOGG, P.G. BLACKWELL, C.E. BUCK, T.F.G. HIGHAM & P.J. REIMER. 2004. SHCal04 Southern Hemisphere Calibration 0-1000 cal BP. Radiocarbon 46: 1087-1092
26. MARSHALL, L. 1976. The !Kung of Nyae Nyae. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
27. MITCHELL, P. 2002. The archaeology of Southern Africa (Cambridge World Archaeology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28. NIAMIR, M. 1990. Community forestry: herders' decision-making in natural resources management in arid and semi-arid Africa. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.
29. NICHOLSON, S. 1996. Environmental change within the historical period, in W.M. Adams, A.S. Goudie & A. R. Orme (ed.) The physical geography of Africa: 60-87. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
30. ROHRBACH, P. 1907. Deutsche Kolonialwirtschaft. I. Band: Südwest-Afrika. Berlin: Buchverlag der 'Hilfe'.
31. SADR, K. 1997. Kalahari archaeology and the Bushman debate. Current Anthropology 38: 104-112
32. SCOONES, I. 1995. Exploiting heterogeneity: habitat use by cattle in dryland Zimbabwe. Journal of Arid Environments 29: 221-237
33. SMITH, A.B. & R.B. LEE. 1997. Cho/ana: archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence for recent hunter-gatherer/agropastoralist contact in northern Bushmanland, Namibia. South African Archaeological Bulletin 52: 52-55
34. SMITH, A.B. 2000. The origins of pastoralism in Namibia, in M. Bollig & J-B. Gewald (ed.) People, cattle and land. Transformations of a pastoral society in southwestern Africa: 55-76. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
35. THOMAS, D.S.G., G. BROOK, P.A. SHAW, M. BATEMANA, K. HABERYAND, C. APPLETONE, D. NASH, S. MCLAREN & F. DAVIES. 2003. Late Pleistocene wetting and drying in the north-west Kalahari: an integrated study from the Tsodilo Hills, Botswana. Quaternary International 104: 53-67.
36. TYSON, P.D., J. LEE-THORP, K. HOLMGREN & J.F. THACKERAY. 2002. Changing gradient of climate change in southern Africa during the past millennium: implication for population movements. Climatic Change 52: 129-135
37. VEDDER, H. 1928. The Herero, in C.H.L. Hahn, H. Vedder & L. Fourie (ed.) The native tribes of south west Africa: 153-211. Cape Town: Cape Times.
38. VIVELO, F.R. 1977. The Herero of western Botswana. Aspects of change in a group of Bantu-Speaking cattle herders (The American Ethnological Society Monograph 61). St. Paul: West Publishing.
39. WILLIAMS, F.-N. 1991. Precolonial communities of southwestern Africa. A history of Owambo kingdoms 1600-1920 (Archeia 16). Windhoek: National Archives of Namibia.
40. WILMSEN, E.N. 1988. The antecedents of contemporary pastoralism in western Ngamiland. Botswana Notes and Records 20: 29-41.
41. WILMSEN, E.N. 1989a. Land filled with flies. A political economy of the Kalahari. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.
42. WILMSEN, E.N. 1989b. Those who have each other: land tenure of San-speaking peoples, in E.N. Wilmsen (ed.) We are here: politics of Aboriginal land tenure: 43-67. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.
43. WILMSEN, E.N. 2003. Further lessons in Kalahari ethnography and history. History in Africa 30: 1-94.
44. YELLEN, J. & R.B. LEE 1976. The Dobe-/Du/da environment: background to a hunting and gathering way of life, in R.B. Lee & I. DeVore (ed.) Kalahari hunter gatherers. Studies of !Kung San and their neighbours: 27-46. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
45. YELLEN, J. & A. BROOKS. 1988. The Late Stone Age archaeology of the !Kangwa and !Xai !Xai Valleys, Ngamiland. Botswana Notes and Records 20: 5-27.