Living gender

Living Gender after Communism

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-21

  Johnson, Janet Elise ^a   Robinson, Jean C ^b  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950497201     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (37)

1. Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman, "Doing Gender", Gender & Society 1, no. 2(1987):147.
2. See also R. W. Connell, Gender and Power (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1987)
3. and Linda Nicholson, Gender and History: The Limits of Social Theory in the Age of the Family (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), 69-104.
4. Nanette Funk and Magda Mueller, eds., Gender Politics and Post-Communism: Reflections from Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (New York: Routledge, 1993), 3. Note we use the term "postcommunism" following Funk and Mueller: " 'Postcommunism' does not refer to a fixed social form, but an ongoing process, in part political, that includes the writing of new constitutions and law, and the forging of new economic policies" (12).
5. See the now classic study by Lynne Attwood, The New Soviet Man and Woman: Sex Role Socialization in the USSR (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).
6. See, for instance, Elzbieta Matynia, "Women after Communism: A Bitter Freedom", Social Research 61, no. 2(1994):351-78
7. and Jeffrey C. Goldfarb, "Why Is There No Feminism after Communism?" Social Research 64, no. 2(1997), 235-58.
8. Ann Swidler, "Cultural Power and Social Movements", in Social Movements and Culture, ed. Bert Klandermans and Hank Johnston (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995).
9. Jane Flax, "Postmodernism and Gender Relations in Feminist Theory", in Feminist Theory in Practice and Process, ed. Micheline R. Malson et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 51-74.
10. Chela Sandoval, Methodology of the Oppressed (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000), 58.
11. Sandoval, Methodology of the Oppressed, 44.
12. We thank the many scholars who are documenting these gendered problems, in both scholarly work and international NGO reports. A number of works that have been especially important to us include the following: Barbara Einhorn, Cinderella Goes to Market: Citizenship, Gender and Women's Movements in East Central Europe (New York: Verso, 1993);
13. Susan Gal and Gail Kligman, Reproducing Gender: Politics, Publics, and Everyday Life after Socialism (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2000);
14. Susan Gal and Gail Kligman, The Politics of Gender after Socialism (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2000);
15. Rosalind Marsh, ed., Women in Russia and Ukraine (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996);
16. Sue Bridger, ed., Women and Political Chance: Perspectives from East-Central Europe (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999);
17. Peggy Watson, "Eastern Europe's Silent Revolution: Gender", Sociology 27, no. 3(1993):471-87;
18. Funk and Mueller, Gender Politics and Post-Communism.
19. Nancy Ries, Russian Talk: Culture and Conversation during Perestroika (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 1997).
20. Nanette Funk, "Feminism Meets Post-communism: The Case of the United Germany", in Feminist Nightmares: Women at Odds: Feminism and the Problems of Sisterhood, ed. Susan Ostrov Weisser and Jennifer Fleischner (New York: New York University Press, 1994), 312.
21. Gal and Kligman, The Politics of Gender after Socialism.
22. Thank you to Sara Friedman for pointing out the similarities to gender erasure in China. See Mayfair Yang, Spaces of Their Own: Women's Public Sphere in Transnational China (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999).
23. Funk 1993, Gender Politics and Post-Communism, 323. See also Havelkova and Lissyutikina in that volume.
24. Watson, "Eastern Europe's Silent Revolution", 472.
25. From 2000 to 2005, there were over a thousand articles referencing the word "gender" (or its adjectival form) in Russian social science and humanities journals. See East-View database of Social Science and Humanities journals, http://online.eastview.com/login-russia/index.jsp (access restricted).
26. Adrian Karatnycky, Alexander Motyl, and Amanda Schnetzer, Nations in Transit 2001: Civil Society, Democracy, and Market in East Central Europe and the Newly Independent States (New York: Freedom House, 2002), http://www.freedom house.org/research/nitransit/2001/index.htm (accessed Oct. 2003; URL no longer active). Freedom House classifies all of the other cases specifically considered in this volume, except Belarus, as transitional governments.
27. Marc Morje Howard, The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-communist Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
28. Alina Zvinkliene, "Neo-Conservatism in Family Ideology in Lithuania: Between the West and the Former USSR", in Women and Political Change: Perspectives from East-Central Europe, ed. Sue Bridger (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999).
29. Olga Lipovskaya, "The Mythology of Womanhood in Contemporary 'Soviet' Culture", in Women in Russia: A New Era in Russian Feminism, ed. Anastasia Posadskaya (New York: Verso, 1994).
30. A different view however is presented by Janine Wedel in her study Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Aid to Eastern Europe (New York: Palgrave, 2001).
31. Also see Kristen Ghodsee, "Feminism-by-Design: Emerging Capitalisms, Cultural Feminism, and Women's Nongovernmental Organizations in Postsocialist Eastern Europe", Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 29, no. 3(2004):727-53.
32. Sarah L. Henderson, Building Democracy in Contemporary Russia: Western Support for Grassroots Organizations (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003).
33. Slavenka Drakulić, "A Letter from the United States: The Critical Theory Approach", in How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed (London: Vantage, 1993).
34. Watson, "Eastern Europe's Silent Revolution", 479.
35. Gal and Kligman, Reproducing Gender, 3.
36. For example Joanna Goven, "New Parliament, Old Discourse? The Parental Leave Debate in Hungary", in Reproducing Gender.
37. For some advocates of this kind of gender strategy, the assumption is not that women are naturally different from men, but that social conditioning has led to the difference. The determining factor of what constitutes this kind of gender consciousness is the manipulation of differences into a kind of supremacism. See Sandoval, Methodology of the Oppressed, 56-57.