Geodynamic implications for the 8 October 2005 North Pakistan earthquake

Surveys in Geophysics

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 85-106

  Khan, Prosanta K ^a   Mohanty, S ^a   Mohanty, M ^b  

^a INDIAN SCHOOL OF MINES   (India)

^b DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

Hazara Kashmir syntaxis; High density wedge; Indus Kohistan seismic zone; Oblique convergence

Indexed keywords

EXTENDED PARTS; HIGH-DENSITY; HIMALAYAS; INDIAN PLATE; PAKISTAN; ROTATIONAL DEFORMATION; SEISMIC ZONES; TECTONIC LOADING; TECTONIC MOVEMENTS;

EARTHQUAKES;

TECTONICS;

GEODYNAMICS; INDIAN PLATE; KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE 2005; LOADING; SEISMIC ZONE; TECTONIC WEDGE; THRUST;

PAKISTAN;

EID: 77950457651     PISSN: 01693298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10712-009-9083-1     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Airy GB (1855) On the composition of the effect of the attraction of mountain masses as disturbing the apparent astronomical latitude of stations of geodetic surveys. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 145: 101-104.
2. Ambraseys NN, Douglas J (2004) Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes. Geophys J Int 159: 165-206.
3. Armbruster J, Seeber L, Jacob KH (1978) The northwestern termination of the Himalayan mountain front: active tectonics from microearthquakes. J Geophys Res 83: 269-282.
4. Arvidsson R, Ekström G (1998) Global CMT analysis of moderate earthquakes Mw > 4. 5, using intermediate period surface waves. Bull Seismol Soc Am 88: 1003-1013.
5. Avouac JP, Ayoub F, Leprince S et al (2006) The 2005, Mw 7. 6 Kashmir earthquake: sub-pixel correlation of ASTER images and seismic waveforms analysis. Earth Planet Sci Lett 249: 514-528.
6. Beloussov VV, Belyaevsky NA, Borisov AA et al (1980) Structure of the lithosphere along the deep seismic sounding profile: Tien Shan-Pamirs-Karakorum-Himalayas. Tectonophysics 70: 193-221.
7. Ben Menahem A, Aboodi E, Schild R (1974) The source of great Assam earthquake an interplate wedge motion. Phys Earth Planet Inter 9: 265-289.
8. Bendick R, Bilham R, Khan MA et al (2007) Slip on an active wedge thrust from geodetic observations of the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake. Geol Soc Am 35: 267-270. doi: 10. 1130/G23158A.
9. Bilham R (2004) Earthquakes in India and the Himalaya: tectonics, geodesy and history. Ann Geophys 47: 839-858.
10. Biot MA (1959) On the instability of a layered viscoelastic medium under compression. J Appl Mech 26: 393-400.
11. Bossart P, Ottiger R (1989) Rocks of the Murree formation in Northern Pakistan: indicators of a descending foreland basin of late Palaeocene to middle Eocene age. Ecl Geol Helv 82: 133-165.
12. Bossart P, Ottiger R, Heller F (1990) Rock magnetic properties and structural development in the core of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis, NE Pakistan. Tectonics 9: 103-121.
13. Burbank DW, Johnson GD (1982) Intermontane-basin development in the past 4 Myr in the north-west Himalaya. Nature 298: 432-436.
14. Burbank DW, Tahirkheli RAK (1985) The magnetostratigraphy, fission-track dating, and stragraphic evolution of the Peshawar intermontane basin, northern Pakistan. Bull Geol Soc Am 96: 539-552.
15. Burchfiel BC, Zhiliang C, Hodges KV et al (1992) The south Tibetan detachment system, Himalayan Orogen: extension contemporaneous with and parallel to shortening in a collisional mountain belt. Geol Soc Am, Spec Paper 269, 41 p.
16. Burtman VS, Molnar P (1993) Geological and geophysical evidence for deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir. Geol Soc Am, Spec Paper 281, 76 p.
17. Butler RWH, Prior DJ, Knipe RJ (1989) Neotectonics of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, Pakistan, and crustal stacking in the northwest Himalaya. Earth Planet Sci Lett 94: 329-343.
18. Chatelain JL, Roecker SW, Hatzfeld D et al (1980) Microearthquake seismicity and fault plane solution in the Hindukush region and their tectonic implications. J Geophys Res 85: 1365-1387.
19. Coward MP, Windley BF, Broughton RD et al (1986) Collision tectonics in the NW Himalayas. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 19: 203-219.
20. Coward MP, Kidd WSF, Yung P et al (1988) The structure of the Tibet Geotraverse, Lhasa to Gilmid. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A 327: 307-336.
21. Crampton SL, Allen PA (1995) Recognition of forebulge unconformities associated with early stage foreland basin development: example from the North Alpine foreland basin. Am Assoc Pet Geol Bull 79: 1495-1515.
22. Critelli S, Garzanti E (1994) Provenance of the lower Tertiary Murree redbeds (Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, Pakistan) and initial rising of the Himalayas. Sed Geol 89: 265-284.
23. DeCelles PG, Giles KA (1996) Foreland basin system. Basin Res 8: 105-123.
24. DeCelles PG, Gehrels GE, Quade J (1998) Eocene-early Miocene foreland basin development and the history of Himalayan thrusting, western and central Nepal. Tectonics 17: 741-765.
25. DeCelles PG, Robinson DM, Quade J et al (2001) Stratigraphy, structure and tectonic evolution of the Himalayan fold-thrust belt in western Nepal. Tectonics 20: 487-509.
26. DeMets C, Gordon RG, Argus DF et al (1994) Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimate of current plate motions. Geophys Res Lett 21: 2191-2194.
27. Diament M, Harjono H, Karta K et al (1992) Mentawai fault zone off Sumatra: a new key to the geodynamics of western Indonesia. Geology 20: 259-262.
28. Dziewonski AM, Woodhouse JH (1983) An experiment in the systematic study of global seismicity; Centroid moment tensor solutions for 201 moderate and large earthquakes of 1981. J Geophys Res 88: 3247-3271.
29. Dziewonski AM, Chou T-A, Woodhouse JH (1981) Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity. J Geophys Res 86: 2825-2852.
30. Ekström G, Morelli A, Boschi E et al (1998) Moment tensor analysis of the central Italy earthquake sequence of September-October 1997. Geophys Res Lett 25: 1971-1974.
31. Engdahl ER, Villaseñor A (2002) Global seismicity: 1990-1999. In: Lee WHK, Kanamori H, Jennings PC et al (eds) International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology, Part A, Chap. 41. Academic Press, New York, pp 665-690.
32. Engdahl ER, van der Hilst R, Buland R (1998) Global teleseismic earthquake relocation with improved travel times and procedures for depth determination. Bull Seismol Soc Am 88: 722-743.
33. Engdahl ER, Villaseñor A, DeShon HR et al (2007) Teleseismic relocation and assessment of seismicity (1918-2005) in the region of the 2004 MW 9. 0 Sumatra-Andaman and 2005 MW 8. 6 Nias Island great earthquakes. Bull Seismol Soc Am 97: S43-S61.
34. England P, Molnar P (1997) The field of crustal velocity in Asia calculated from Quaternary rates of slip on faults. Geophys J Int 130: 551-582.
35. Fan G, Ni JF, Wallace TC (1994) Active tectonics of the Pamirs and Karakorum. J Geophys Res 99: 7131-7160.
36. Fitch TJ (1972) Plate convergence, transcurrent faults and internal deformation adjacent to southeast Asia and western Pacific. J Geophys Res 77: 4432-4460.
37. Hodges KV, Hubbard MS, Silverberg DS (1988) Metamorphic constraints on the thermal evolution of the central Himalayan Orogen. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 326: 257-280.
38. Hussain A, Pogue KR, Rahim S et al (2004) Regional geological map of the Swabi Quadrangle, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan. Geol Surv Pakistan NWFP, Geological Map Series 3, n. 94.
39. Hussain A, Yeats RS, Mona Lisa (2009) Geological setting of the 8 October 2005 Kashmir earthquake. J Seismol 13: 315-325. doi: 10. 1007/s10950-008-9101-7.
40. Ishii M, Shearer P, Houston H et al (2005) Extent, duration and speed of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake imaged by the hi-net array. Nature 435: 933-936.
41. Kaila KL, Tripathi KM, Dixit MM (1984) Crustal structure along Wuler lake-Gulmarg-Naoshera profile across Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas from deep seismic soundings. J Geol Soc India 25: 706-719.
42. Kaneda H, Nakata T, Tsutsumi H et al (2008) Surface rupture of the 2005 Kashmir, Pakistan, earthquake, and its active tectonic implications. Bull Seismol Soc Am 98: 521-557. doi: 10. 1785/0120070073.
43. Kazmi AH, Jan MQ (1997) Geology and tectonics of Pakistan. Graphic, Karachi, Pakistan 1-554.
44. Khan PK (2003) Stress state, seismicity and subduction geometries of the descending lithosphere below the Hindukush and Pamir. Gondwana Res 6: 867-877.
45. Khan P, Chakraborty PP (2005) Two-phase opening of Andaman Sea: a new seismotectonics insight. Earth Planet Sci Lett 229: 259-271.
46. Khan PK, Chakraborty PP (2007) The seismic b value and its correlation with Bouguer gravity anomaly over the Shillong plateau area: a new insight for tectonic implication. J Asian Earth Sci 29: 136-147.
47. Klootwijk CT, Canaghan PJ, Powell CM (1985) The Himalayan arc large scale continental subduction, oroclinal bending and backarc spreading. Earth Planet Sci Lett 75: 167-183.
48. Larson KM, Bürgmann R, Bilham R et al (1999) Kinematics of the India-Eurasia collision zone from GPS measurements. J Geophys Res 104: 1077-1093.
49. Laubscher H (1996) Shallow and deep rotations in the Miocene Alps. Tectonics 15: 1022-1035.
50. Lay T, Kanamori H, Ammon CJ et al (2005) The great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004. Science 308: 1127-1133.
51. Leech ML, Singh S, Jain AK et al (2005) The onset of India-Asia continental collision: early, steep subduction required by the timing of UHP metamorphism in the western Himalaya. Earth Planet Sci Lett 234: 83-97.
52. Lukk AA, Yunga SL, Shevchenko VI et al (1995) Earthquake focal mechanisms, deformation state, and seismotectonics of the Pamir-Tien Shan region, Central Asia. J Geophys Res 100: 20321-20343.
53. Macfarlane AM (1993) Chronology of tectonic events in the crystalline core of the Himalaya, Langtang National Park, central Nepal. Tectonics 12: 1004-1025.
54. McCaffrey R, Zwick PC, Bock Y et al (2000) Strain partitioning during oblique plate convergence in northern Sumatra: geodetic and seismologic constraints and numerical modeling. J Geophys Res 105: 28363-28376.
55. Meade BJ (2007) Present-day kinematics at the India-Asia collision zone. Geol Soc Am 35: 81-84. doi: 10. 1130/G22924A. 1.
56. Mellors RJ, Pavlis GL, Hamburger MW (1995) Evidence for a high-velocity slab associated with the Hindukush seismic zone. J Geophys Res 100: 4067-4078.
57. Menke WH, Jacob KH (1976) Seismicity patterns in Pakistan and northwestern India associated with continental collision. Bull Seismol Soc Am 66: 1695-1711.
58. Molnar P, Lyon-Caen H (1989) Fault plane solutions of earthquakes and active tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau and its margins. Geophys J Int 99: 23-153.
59. Moore VM, Vendeville BC, Wiltschko DV (2005) Effects of buoyancy and mechanical layering on collisional deformation of continental lithosphere: results from physical modeling. Tectonophysics 403: 193-222.
60. Morelli A, Ekström G, Olivieri M (2000) Source properties of the 1997-1998 Central Italy earthquake sequence from inversion of long-period and broad-band seismograms. J Seismol 4: 365-375. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1026587817690.
61. Najman Y, Pringle M, Johnson MRW (1997) Laser 40Ar/39Ar dating of single detrital muscovite grains from early foreland basin sediments in India: implications for early Himalayan evolution. Geology 25: 535-538.
62. Najman Y, Pringle M, Godin L et al (2001) Dating of the oldest continental sediments from the Himalayan foreland basin. Nature 410: 194-197.
63. Najman Y, Pringle M, Godin L et al (2002) A reinterpretation of the Balakot Formation: implications for the tectonics of the NW Himalaya, Pakistan. Tectonics 21: 1045. doi: 10. 1029/2001TC001337.
64. Nakata T, Kumahara Y (2006) Active Faults of Pakistan with Reference to the Active Faults in the Source Area of the 2005 North Pakistan Earthquake. In: Its Implications & Hazard Mitigation. International Conference on 8 October 2005 Earthquake in Pakistan, 18-19 January 2006, Islamabad, pp 18-20.
65. Nakata T, Tsutsumi H, Khan SH et al (1991) Active faults of Pakistan, map sheets and inventories. Special Publication 21, 141, Hiroshima University Research Centre for Regional Geography, Hiroshima, Japan.
66. Ni JF, Ibenbrahim A (1991) Three dimensional velocity structure and hypocenters of earthquakes beneath the Hazara arc, Pakistan: geometry of the underthrusting Indian Plate. J Geophys Res 96: 19865-19877.
67. Ori GG, Roveri M, Vannoni F (1986) Plio-Pleistocene sedimentation in the Apennine-Adriatic foredeep (central Adriatic Sea, Italy). In: Allen PA, Homewood P (eds) Foreland Basins, Int Assoc Sed, Spec Pub 8, pp 183-198.
68. Parsons T, Yeats RS, Yagi Y et al (2006) Static stress change from the 8 October, 2005 M = 7. 6 Kashmir earthquake. Geophys Res Lett 33: L06304. doi: 10. 1029/2005GL025429.
69. Pathier E, Fielding EJ, Wright TJ et al (2006) Displacement field and slip distribution of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake from SAR imagery. Geophys Res Lett 33: L20310. doi: 10. 1029/2006GL027193.
70. Peltzer G, Saucier F (1996) Present-day kinematics of Asia derived from geologic fault rates. J Geophys Res 101: 27943-27956.
71. Pivnik DA, Khan MJ (1996) Transition from foreland- to piggyback-basin deposition; Plio-Pleistocene Upper Siwalik Group, Shinghar Range, NW Pakistan. Sedimentology 43: 631-646.
72. Pivnik DA, Wells NA (1996) The transition from Tethys to the Himalaya as recorded in northwest Pakistan. Bull Geol Soc Am 108: 1295-1313.
73. Pondrelli S, Morelli A, Boschi E (1995) Seismic deformation in the Mediterranean area estimated by moment tensor summation. Geophys J Int 122: 938-952.
74. Ramberg H (1962) Contact strain and folding instability of a multilayered body under compression. Geol Rundsch 51: 405-439.
75. Ramsay JG, Huber MI (1987) The techniques of modern structural geology: folds and fractures, vol 2. Academic Press, London.
76. Ratschbacher L, Frisch W, Liu G (1994) Distributed deformation in southern and western Tibet during and after the India-Asia collision. J Geophys Res 99: 19917-19945.
77. Reigber C et al (2001) New space geodetic constraints on the distribution of deformation in central Asia. Earth Planet Sci Lett 191: 157-165.
78. Searle MP (1996) Geological evidence against large-scale pre-Holocene offsets along the Karakoram fault: implications for the limited extrusion of the Tibetan plateau. Tectonics 15: 171-186.
79. Searle MP, Khan MA, Fraser JE (1999) The tectonic evolution of the Kohistan-Karakoram collision belt along the Karakoram Highway transect, north Pakistan. Tectonics 18: 929-949.
80. Searle MP, Hacker BR, Bilham R (2001) The Hindukush seismic zone as a paradigm for the creation of ultrahigh-pressure diamond- and coesite-bearing continental rocks. J Geol 109: 143-153.
81. Seeber L, Armbruster JG (1979) Seismicity of the Hazara Arc in North Pakistan: decollement vs. basement faulting. In: Farah A, DeJong KA (eds) Geodynamics of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, pp 131-142.
82. Seeber L, Armbruster JG, Quittmeyer R (1981) Seismicity and continental subduction in the Himalayan arc. In: Gupta HK, Delany FM (eds) Zagros, Hindukush, Himalaya-Geodynamic Evolution, Geodynamics Series, vol 3, pp 259-279.
83. Smith HA, Zeitler PK, Chamberlain CP (1994) Timing and duration of Himalayas metamorphism within the Indian Plate, northwest Himalaya, Pakistan. J Geol 102: 493-508.
84. Talwani RAK, Worzel JL, Landisman M (1959) Rapid gravity computation for two-dimensional bodies with application to Mendocino submarine fracture zone. J Geophys Res 64: 49-59.
85. Tapponnier P, King G, Bollinger L (2006) Active faulting and seismic hazard in the Western Himalayan Syntaxis, Pakistan. International Conference on 8 October 2005 Earthquake in Pakistan: Its Implications & Hazard Mitigation. International Conference on 8 October 2005 Earthquake in Pakistan, 18-19 January 2006, Islamabad, pp 6-7.
86. Thakur VC, Jayangondaperumal R, Champatiray PK et al (2006) 8 October, 2005 Muzaffarabad earthquake and seismic hazard assessment of Kashmir gap in northwestern Himalaya. J Geol Soc India 68: 187-200.
87. Thatcher W (2007) Microplate model for the present-day deformation of Tibet. J Geophys Res 112: 1-13. doi: 10. 1029/2005JB004244.
88. Thomas JC, Perroud H, Cobbold PR et al (1993) A paleomagnetic study of Tertiary formations from the Kyrgyz Tien Shan and its tectonic implications. J Geophys Res 98: 9571-9589.
89. Tonarini S, Villa I, Oberli F et al (1993) Eocene age of eclogite metamorphism in Pakistan Himalaya: implications for India-Eurasia collision. Terra Nova 5: 13-20.
90. Treloar PJ, Coward MP (1991) Indian plate motion and shape: constraints on the geometry of the Himalayan orogen. Tectonophysics 191: 189-198.
91. Treloar PJ, Rex DC (1990) Cooling and uplift histories of the crystalline thrust stack of the Indian Plate internal zones west of Nanga Parbat, Pakistan Himalaya. Tectonophysics 180: 323-349.
92. Treloar PJ, Rex DC, Williams MP (1991) The role of erosion and extension in unroofing the Indian Plate thrust stack, Pakistan Himalaya. Geol Mag 128: 465-478.
93. Treloar PJ, Petterson MG, Jan MQ (1996) A re-evaluation of the stratigraphy and evolution of the Kohistan arc sequences, Pakistan Himalaya: implications for magmatic and tectonic arc-building processes. J Geol Soc London 153: 681-693.
94. Verma RK, Prasad KAVL (1987) Analysis of gravity fields in the northwestern Himalayas and Kohistan region using deep seismic sounding data. Geophys J Roy Astron Soc 91: 869-889.
95. Wadia DN (1931) The syntaxis of the north-west Himalaya-its rocks, tectonics, and orogeny. Rec Geol Surv India 65: 189-220.
96. Wallace K, Bilham R, Blume F et al (2005) Surface deformation in the region of the 1905 Kangra Mw = 7. 8 earthquake in the period 1846-2001. Geophys Res Lett 32: L15307. doi: 10. 1029/2005GL022906.
97. Wang JH (1988) b-values of shallow earthquakes in Taiwan. Bull Seismol Soc Am 78: 1243-1254.
98. Watts AB, Burov EB (2003) Lithospheric strength and its relationship to the elastic and seismogenic layer thickness. Earth Planet Sci Lett 213: 113-131.
99. Zhu L, Helmberger DV, Saikia CK (1997) Regional waveform calibration in the Pamir-Hindukush region. J Geophys Res 102: 22799-22813.