"We know this place": Neoliberal racial regimes and the Katrina circumstance

American Quarterly

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 693-717

  Camp, Jordan T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950436315     PISSN: 00030678     EISSN: 10806490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. See U.S. Census Bureau, "State and County Quickfacts," http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22/2255000.html (accessed July 22, 2008)
2. For a sense of the mood at NBC's studios about the media drama, see "Nightly News with Brian Williams," NBC, September 16, 2005, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9314188/#050916 (accessed July 22, 2008)
3. Jared Sexton, "The Obscurity of Black Suffering," in What Lies Beneath: Katrina, Race, and the State of the Nation, ed. South End Press Collective (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2007), 120-132
4. Ruth Wilson Gilmore, "Fatal Couplings of Power and Difference: Notes on Racism and Geography," The Professional Geographer 54.1 (2002): 15-24
5. See Cedric J. Robinson, Forgeries of Memory and Meaning: Blacks and the Regimes of Race in American Theatre and Film before World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), xii-xvi
6. and Ruth Wilson Gilmore, "Terror Austerity Race Gender Excess Theatre," in Reading Rodney King: Reading Urban Uprising, ed. Robert Gooding-Williams (New York: Routledge, 1993), 23-37
7. See Clyde Woods, "Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans? Katrina, Trap Economics, and the Rebirth of the Blues," American Quarterly 57.4 (December 2005): 1005-18
8. Michel Foucault, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978, ed. Michel Senellart, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 10-23, 30-43
9. On moral panics, see Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1978), 221
10. On discourses of counterinsurgency, see Ranajit Guha, "The Prose of Counter-Insurgency," in Culture/Power/History: A Reader in Contemporary Social Theory, ed. Nicholas Dirks, Geoff Eley, and Sherry B. Ortner (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 336-371
11. The construction of regimes of security can be distinguished from disciplinary mechanisms. Discipline "divide[s] everything according to a code of the permitted and the forbidden . . . Order is what remains when everything that is prohibited has in fact been prevented." Security is "centrifugal" and allows things to happen: prices rise, hunger obtains, etc. The security function is to "respond to a reality in such a way that this response cancels out the reality to which it responds - nullifies it, or limits, checks, or regulates it." Foucault, Security, Territory, Population, 44-49
12. Joy James, "Political Literacy and Voice," in What Lies Beneath, ed. South End Press Collective, 158, 159, 164
13. On the ethical, methodological, theoretical, and political obligations of scholar-activism, see Ruth Wilson Gilmore, "Scholar-Activists in the Mix," Progress in Human Geography 29.2 (2005): 177-182
14. On grassroots social theory, see George Lipsitz, American Studies in a Moment of Danger (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001)
15. On visual regimes, see Alisa Bierria, Shana Griffin, Mayaba Liebenthal, and Incite! Women of Color against Violence and Racism, "To Render Ourselves Visible: Women of Color Organizing and Hurricane Katrina," in What Lies Beneath, ed. South End Press Collective, 32
16. Henry A. Giroux, Stormy Weather: Katrina and the Politics of Disposability (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2006), 3-11, 23-31
17. Kelley, Freedom Dreams, 9
18. See also Aimé Césaire, "Poetry and Knowledge," in Refusal of the Shadow: Surrealism and the Caribbean, ed. Michael Richardson, trans. Krzysztof Fijalkowski and Michael Richardson, 134-146 (New York: Verso, 1996)
19. See Robin D. G. Kelley, Yo' Mama's Disfunktional! Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1997)
20. Patterson, "We Know This Place."
21. Robinson, Forgeries of Memory and Meaning, 265
22. Robin D. G. Kelley, Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class (New York: New Press, 1994)
23. Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000)
24. Clyde Woods, introduction, "An Evening with Sunni Patterson" (Department of Black Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, November 15, 2007)
25. On the centrality of "highly poetic politics" in freedom struggles against capitalist misery and white supremacy, see David Roediger, Towards the Abolition of Whiteness: Essays on Race, Politics, and Working Class History (1994; repr., New York: Verso, 2004), 3, 13
26. See also Paul Garon, Blues and the Poetic Spirit (1975; repr., San Francisco: City Lights, 1996)
27. Franklin Rosemont, Revolution in the Service of the Marvelous (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 2003)
28. Barbara Harlow, Resistance Literature (New York: Methuen, 1987), 7
29. David Roediger, History Against Misery (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 2006), 19-27
30. Patterson, interview with author, March 11, 2009. For a seminal history from below of the slave ship, see Marcus Rediker, The Slave Ship: A Human History (New York: Penguin, 2007)
31. Dylan Rodríguez, Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals and the U.S. Prison Regime (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006), 223-255
32. Sexton, "The Obscurity of Black Suffering," 124
33. Manning Marable, Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction and Beyond in Black America, 1945-2006 (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 2007), 251-256
34. Kelley, Race Rebels, 207
35. "New Orleans Fights to Stop Looting," CBS News, August 21, 2005, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/08/31/katrina/main808193.shtml (accessed July 22, 2008)
36. "The Militarization of New Orleans: Jeremy Scahill Reports from Louisiana," Democracy Now! September 16, 2005, http://www.democracynow.org (accessed July 22, 2008)
37. Marina Sideris and the Critical Resistance Amnesty Working Group, "Amnesty for Prisoners of Katrina: A Special Report," Critical Resistance New Orleans, December 2007, http://www.criticalresistance.net/ downloads/AmnestyReportSummary.pdf (accessed July 22, 2008)
38. "Troops Told to 'Shoot to Kill,'" ABC News, September 2, 2005, http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200509/s1451906.htm (accessed July 22, 2008)
39. George Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006), 237
40. Avery F. Gordon, "Abu Ghraib: Imprisonment and the War on Terror," Race and Class 48.1 (2006): 52
41. Joy James, ed., Warfare in the American Homeland: Policing and Prison in a Penal Democracy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007)
42. Ruth Wilson Gilmore, "Race, Prisons, and War: Scenes from the History of U.S. Violence," Socialist Register (2009): 73-87
43. Dylan Rodríguez, "The Meaning of 'Disaster' Under the Dominance of White Life," in What Lies Beneath, ed. South End Press Collective, 133-56
44. Ishmael Reed, "Colorblind Coverage?" San Francisco Chronicle, September 9, 2005, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article/article?f=/c/a/2005/09/ 09/EDGC0EKP0B1.DTL (accessed July 22, 2008)
45. Ruth Wilson Gilmore, Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 28
46. Claire Jean Kim, Bitter Fruit: The Politics of Black-Korean Conflict in New York City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 2
47. See Clyde Woods, "Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans?" and Development Arrested: The Blues and Plantation Power in the Mississippi Delta (New York: Verso, 1998), 254-259
48. Robinson, Black Marxism, 308
49. See also Walter Rodney, The Groundings with My Brothers (London: Bogle-L'Ouverture, 1969)
50. and Ruth Wilson Gilmore, "Eleven Theses" (presented at symposium on Cedric Robinson's Radical Thought: Toward Critical Social Theories and Practice, University of California, Santa Barbara, November 5-7, 2004)
51. Walter Benjamin, "Theses on the Philosophy of History," in Illuminations: Essays and Reflections, ed. Hannah Arendt (New York: Schocken Books, 1968), 262
52. Avery Gordon, Keeping Good Time: Reflections on Knowledge, Power, and Difference (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2004), x, 23, 113-32, 187-205, 207-211
53. Julia Sudbury, ed., Global Lockdown: Race, Gender and the Prison-Industrial Complex (New York: Routledge, 2005)
54. Vijay Prashad, "Second-Hand Dreams," Social Analysis 49.2 (Summer 2005): 192
55. Peter Linebaugh, The Magna Carta Manifesto: Liberties and Commons for All (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008)
56. Roediger, Towards the Abolition of Whiteness
57. Gilmore, "Terror Austerity Race Gender Excess Theatre"; Rodríguez, Forced Passages
58. Gilmore, Golden Gulag
59. "New Orleans Braces for Monster Hurricane," CNN, August 29, 2005, http://www.cnn.com/2005/ WEATHER/08/28/hurricane.katrina/ (accessed July 22, 2008)
60. Patterson, interview with author, March 11, 2009; Daisy Hernández, "The Future of the Ninth Ward," Colorlines 32 (Spring 2006), http://www.colorlines.com (accessed July 22, 2008)
61. Herman Gray, "Where the Natural and the Social Meet," in Hurricane Katrina: Response and Responsibilities, 2nd ed., ed. John Brown Childs (Santa Cruz, CA: New Pacific Press, 2008), 89
62. Manuel Roig-Franzia and Spencer Hsu, "Many Evacuated, but Thousands Still Waiting: White House Shifts Blame to State and Local Officials," Washington Post, September 4, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ content/article/2005/09/03/AR2005090301680-pf.html (accessed July 22, 2008)
63. Woods, "Do You Know What It Means?"
64. "From Catastrophe to Chaos in New Orleans," USA Today, September 1, 2005, http://www.usatoday.com (accessed July 22, 2008)
65. Joseph R. Chenelly, "Troops Begin Combat Operations in New Orleans to Fight 'Insurgents,'" Army Times, September 4, 2005, http://www. armytimes.com (accessed July 22, 2008)
66. "Troops Told to 'Shoot to Kill,'" ABC
67. Roig-Franzia and Hsu, "Many Evacuated, but Thousands Still Waiting," Washington Post
68. "Press Briefing by Scott McClellan," White House Office of the Press Secretary, September 1, 2005, http://www.whitehouse.gov (accessed July 22, 2008)
69. Felicity Barringer and Maria Newman, "Troops Bring Food, Water, and Promise of Order to New Orleans," New York Times, September 2, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/02/national/nationalspecial/02cnd-storm.html?-r= 2&oref=slogin&pagewanted=print (accessed July 22, 2008)
70. See Gilmore, "Terror Austerity Race Gender Excess Theatre"
71. George Caffentzis, "Acts of God and Enclosures in New Orleans," Mute Magazine, May 24, 2006, http://www.metaute.org (accessed July 22, 2008)
72. Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s (New York: Routledge, 1994)
73. See Mike Davis, Planet of Slums (New York: Verso, 2007)
74. Raúl Zibechi, "The Militarization of the World's Urban Peripheries," Americas Policy Program, February 9, 2007, http://americas.irc-online.org/am/4954 (accessed July 22, 2008)
75. Jeremy Scahill, "In the Black(water)," Nation, May 22, 2006, http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060605/scahill (accessed July 22, 2008)
76. Jeremy Scahill writes "Blackwater is not alone . . . mercenaries from companies like DynCorp, Intercon, American Security Group, Blackhawk, Wackenhut, and an Israeli company called Instinctive Shooting International (ISI) are fanning out to guard private businesses and homes, as well as government projects and institutions." Jeremy Scahill, "Blackwater Down," Nation, September 21, 2005, http://www.thenation.com/doc/20051010/ scahill (accessed July 22, 2008)
77. See South End Press Collective, eds., What Lies Beneath
78. George Lipsitz, "Change the Focus and Reverse the Hypnosis: Learning from New Orleans" (presented at The Color of Disaster: Race, Class, and Hurricane Katrina symposium, University of California, Santa Barbara, October 15, 2005)
79. Gilmore, "Race, Prisons, and War."
80. See Mike Davis, "The Predators of New Orleans," Le Monde Diplomatique, October 2005, http://mondediplo.com/2005/10/02katrina (accessed July 30, 2008)
81. Naomi Klein, "Purging the Poor," Nation, September 22, 2005, http://www.thenation.com (accessed July 30, 2008)
82. "Thousands of New Orleans Public Housing Units to Be Destroyed and Low-Income Remain Displaced," Democracy Now! June 20, 2006, http://www.democracynow.org (accessed July 30, 2008)
83. "The Privatization of New Orleans: Curtis Muhammad on Tycoons, Trump, and Gulf Coast Oil," Democracy Now! September 4, 2007 http://www.democracynow.org (accessed July 30, 2008)
84. Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Picador, 2007), 513-534
85. Laura Carlsen, "Militarizing Mexico: The New War on Drugs," Foreign Policy in Focus (July 12, 2007), http://www.fpif.orf (accessed July 30, 2008)
86. See also Curtis Marez, Drug Wars: The Political Economy of Narcotics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004)
87. See Timothy J. Dunn, "Border Militarization Via Drug and Immigration Enforcement: Human Rights Implications," Social Justice 28. 2 (2001): 7-30
88. "President Bush Participates in Joint Press Availability with President Calderon of Mexico and Prime Minister Harper of Canada," Office of the Press Secretary, April 22, 2008, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/ 2008/04/20080422-5.html (accessed July 30, 2008)
89. See Alan Eladio Gómez, "From Below and to the Left: Re-Imagining Chicano/a Movements through the Circulation of Third World Struggles, 1970-1979" (PhD diss., University of Texas at Austin, 2006)
90. See Laura Carlsen, "Plan Mexico," Foreign Policy in Focus, October 30, 2007, http://www.fpif.orf/fpiftxt/4684 (accessed November 5, 2007)
91. For a precise description of racialized class conflict under neoliberal globalization, see Manning Marable, "Globalization and Racialization," ZNet, August 14, 2004, http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/8057 (accessed July 30, 2008)
92. Amy Kaplan, "Violent Belongings and the Question of Empire Today: Presidential Address, American Studies Association, October 17, 2003," American Quarterly 56.1 (March 2004): 5
93. W. E. B. Du Bois, "The African Roots of War," Atlantic Monthly 115.5 (May 1915): 707-714
94. Amy Kaplan, The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of U.S. Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 1
95. See Angela Y. Davis, Abolition Democracy: Beyond Empire, Prisons, and Torture (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005)
96. Angela Davis, Are Prisons Obsolete? (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003)
97. Rodríguez, Forced Passages
98. Clyde Woods, "'Sittin' on Top of the World': The Challenges of Blues and Hip Hop Geography," in Black Geographies and the Politics of Place, ed. Katherine McKittrick and Clyde Woods, 47-48 (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2007)
99. Nikhil Pal Singh, Black Is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004)
100. Prashad, "Second-Hand Dreams," 197
101. Woods, Development Arrested, 192-200
102. Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness, 98-99
103. David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York: Verso, 2007)
104. Ruth Wilson Gilmore, "In the Shadow of the Shadow State," in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex, ed. Incite! Women of Color Against Violence (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2007), 44
105. See David Roediger, Colored White: Transcending the Racial Past (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002)
106. On the "Age of Civil Rights," see Lipsitz, American Studies in a Moment of Danger, 57-88
107. For an examination of the negation of the movement through a demonstration of state power, see Cedric J. Robinson, Black Movements in America (New York: Routledge, 1997), 151-152
108. Manning Marable, How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2000), 124-26
109. Christian Parenti, Lockdown America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis (1999; repr., New York: Verso, 2000)
110. Jimme L. Reeves and Richard Campbell, Cracked Coverage: Television News, the Anti-Cocaine Crusade, and the Reagan Legacy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994)
111. Frank Donner, Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Policing in Urban America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990)
112. Ruth Wilson Gilmore quoted in Gordon, "Abu Ghraib," 52
113. Roediger, History Against Misery, ix
114. As Walter Benjamin puts it: "The current amazement that the things we are experiencing are 'still' possible . . . is not philosophical . . . the view of history which gives rise to it is untenable." Benjamin, "Theses," 257
115. Paul Ortiz, "The New Battle for New Orleans," in Hurricane Katrina, ed. Childs, 2
116. On the role of knowledge production in the domination and resistance nexus, see Manuel Callahan, Mexican Border Troubles: Social War, Settler Colonialism, and the Production of Frontier Discourses (PhD diss., University of Texas at Austin, 2003)
117. Wendy Cheng and Michelle Commander, "Language Matters: Hurricane Katrina and Media Responsibility," in Hurricane Katrina, ed. Childs, 93
118. Paul Gilroy, 'There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack': The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation (1987; repr., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991)
119. Cheng and Commander, "Language Matters," 93
120. Amy Kaplan, "Homeland Insecurities: Reflections on Language and Space," Radical History Review 85 (Winter 2003): 88
121. Michel Foucault, Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-1976, trans. David Macey (New York: Picador, 2003), 56
122. National Prison Project of the American Civil Liberties Union, "Abandoned and Abused: Prisoners in the Wake of Hurricane Katrina," Race and Class 49.1 (2007): 83
123. See Justice Policy Institute, "Louisiana Leads the Nation and the World in Lock Up Prison and Jails: Expensive-Not Keeping Communities Safer," http://criticalresistance.net/katrina/louisianaleads.html (accessed August 10, 2008)
124. See Jordan Flaherty, "Imprisoned in New Orleans," Colorlines 32 (Spring 2006), http://www.colorlines.com (accessed August 10, 2008)
125. Angela Y. Davis, "Race and Criminalization: Black Americans and the Punishment Industry," in The Angela Y. Davis Reader, ed. Joy James (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1998), 66
126. Aaron Kinney, "'Looting' or 'Finding'?" Salon.com, September 1, 2005, http://www.salon.com/new/features/2005/09/01/photo-controversy (accessed August 10, 2008)
127. Human Rights Watch, "New Orleans: Prisoners Abandoned to Floodwaters," September 22, 2005, http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/09/22/ usdom11773.htm (accessed August 10, 2008)
128. Gwen Filosa, "ACLU Sues over Arrest," Times-Picayune, January 27, 2007, http://www.nola.com (accessed August 10, 2008)
129. "At the Train Station, New Orleans's Newest Jail Is Open for Business," Komo TV, September 6, 2005, http://www.komonews.com/news/ archive/4163081.html (accessed August 10, 2008)
130. Sideris and Critical Resistance "Amnesty for Prisoners of Katrina."
131. To borrow Allen Feldman's strategy of analysis, the state deployed arrest as a tactic to "individualize disorder" into "criminality." Allen Feldman, Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991)
132. For a visual representation of the abolitionist struggle to gain amnesty for "Prisoners of Katrina," see I Won't Drown on that Levee and You Ain't Gonna' Break My Back, DVD, directed by Ashley Hunt (Corrections Documentary Project, 2006)
133. JJ Sutherland, "National Guard Still Patrols New Orleans," National Public Radio, July 15, 2008, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story. php?storId=92563043 (accessed October 5, 2008)
134. On the racism and abuse directed at Blacks by the New Orleans Police Department, see National Prison Project of the American Civil Liberties Union, "Abandoned and Abused," 84
135. Dan Barry, "Three Years after Hurricane, the Backup Is a Fixture," New York Times, August 24, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/ 25/us/25land.html (accessed August 24, 2008)
136. See Rosa Linda Fregoso, meXicana Encounters: The Making of Social Identities in the Borderlands (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 4, 5, 12
137. John Berger, Ways of Seeing (London: Penguin Books, 1972)
138. Fred Moten, In the Break: The Aesthetics of the Black Radical Tradition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003)
139. W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880 (1935; repr., New York: Atheneum, 1962)
140. See also George Lipsitz, "Abolition Democracy and Global Justice," Comparative American Studies 2.3 (2004): 271-286
141. The phrase "mass mediated discourse of counterinsurgency" is a revision of Guha, "The Prose of Counter-Insurgency."
142. Kathleen McKittrick and Clyde Woods, "No One Knows the Mysteries at the Bottom of the Ocean," in Black Geographies, ed. McKittrick and Woods, 2
143. L. Martin, "Sunni Patterson," http://www.nola.tv/news/338.html (accessed January 10, 2009)
144. Gaye Theresa Johnson, "Spatial Entitlement: Race, Displacement, and Reclamation in Post-war Los Angeles," in Black and Brown Los Angeles: A Contemporary Reader, ed. Josh Kun and Laura Pulido (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2010)
145. Harlow, Resistance Literature, 37
146. Sunni Patterson, "We Made It," Porch Prophesies (CD, New Orleans, 2006)
147. Patterson, "We Made It."
148. Avery Gordon, Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 200
149. Avery Gordon, Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination (Ibid., 137-190
150. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove, 1966), 88
151. Charles M. Payne, I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 67-68
152. Charles M. Payne, I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Ibid., 68
153. See Vincent Harding, There Is a River: The Black Struggle for Freedom in America (San Francisco: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1981), xii, xiii
154. Benjamin Holtzman, "An Interview with Robin D. G. Kelley," In the Middle of a Whirlwind (2008), http://inthemiddleofthewhirlwind.wordpress. com/an-interview-with-robin-dg-kelley/ (accessed June 5, 2008)
155. Amnesty International, "The Right to Return: Rebuilding the Gulf through the Framework of International Human Rights," http://www. amnestyusa.org/katrina-survivors/the-facts-the-right-of-return/page.do?id= 1106659 (accessed January 10, 2008)
156. Kalamu Ya Salaam, "Below the Water Line," in What Lies Beneath, ed. South End Press Collective, xvii-xviii
157. Brenda Marie Osbey, "To Return and Rise Again," Nation, September 4, 2005, http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050919/osbey (accessed March 15, 2009)
158. Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker, The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000)