Beyond disaster exceptionalism: Social movement developments in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina

American Quarterly

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 499-527

  Luft, Rachel E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW ORLEANS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950400543     PISSN: 00030678     EISSN: 10806490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Dana Perino, "Press Gaggle by Dana Perino and FEMA Administrator Dave Paulison," press release, Office of the Press Secretary, White House, Washington, D.C., September 1, 2008
2. Rachel E. Luft, "The Gendered Politics of Organizing Displaced People: Grassroots Movement Building After Hurricane Katrina," in Dimensions of Displacement: An Intersectional Exploration of Life After Hurricane Katrina, eds. Lori Peek and Lynn Weber (forthcoming)
3. Carol Chetkovich and Frances Kunreuther, From the Ground Up: Grassroots Organizations Making Social Change (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006), 14
4. John D. McCarthy and Mayer Zald, "Resource Mobilization and Social Movements," American Journal of Sociology, 82:1218 (1977)
5. as quoted in Chetkovitch and Kunreuther, From the Ground Up, 3
6. For the most thorough online collection of movement documents, see Challenging White Supremacy, "A Katrina Reader," http://www. cwsworkshop.org/katrinareader/node/167/ (February 20, 2009)
7. See also South End Press Collective, ed., What Lies Beneath: Katrina, Race, and the State of the Nation (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2007)
8. and Erik Mann, Katrina's Legacy: White Racism and Black Reconstruction in New Orleans and the Gulf Coast (Los Angeles: Frontline Press, 2006)
9. David J. Leonard, "George Bush Does Not Care about Black People: Hip-Hop and the Struggle for Katrina Justice," in Through the Eye of Katrina: Social Justice in the United States, ed. Kristin A. Bates and Richelle S. Swan (Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2007), 261-283
10. See Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail (New York: Vintage Books, 1979)
11. J. Steven and Brent K. Marshall Picou, "Introduction: Katrina as Paradigm Shift: Reflections on Disaster Research in the Twenty-First Century," in The Sociology of Katrina: Perspectives on a Modern Catastrophe, ed. David L. Brunsma, David Overfelt, and J. Steven Picou (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 5
12. Kai Erikson, A New Species of Trouble: The Human Experience of Modern Disasters (1994; reprint, New York: W. W. Norton, 1995)
13. Safe Streets, Strong Communities, Brochure from Second Annual Picnic, July 29, 2007, http://www.cwsworkshop.org/katrinareader/node/511/ (accessed February 25, 2009)
14. Norris Henderson, codirector of Safe Streets, as quoted in "Two Years Post Katrina: Racism and Criminal Justice in New Orleans," by Jordan Flaherty, ZNet, 2007, 2. http://www.zmag.org/conten/showarticle.cfm?ItermID= 13655/ (accessed February 2, 2009)
15. Jordan Flaherty, ZNet, ibid, 2
16. STAND, "Never Again: Lessons from Louisiana's Gustav Evacuation," September 16, 2008, http://www.neworleansworkerjustice.org/ (accessed September 20, 2008)
17. George Lipsitz, "Learning from New Orleans: The Social Warrant of Hostile Privatism and Competitive Consumer Citizenship," Cultural Anthropology 21.3 (2006): 451-68
18. Peter Dreier, "Katrina and Power in America," Urban Affairs Review 41.4 (2006): 528-49
19. Jamie Peck, "Liberating the City: Between New York and New Orleans," Urban Geography 27 (2006): 729-33
20. Kathleen Tierney and Christine Bevc, "Disaster as War: Militarism and the Social Construction of Disaster in New Orleans," in The Sociology of Katrina: Perspectives on a Modern Catastrophe, ed. David Overfelt, David L. Brunsma, and J. Steven Picou, 35-49 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007)
21. Thomas A. Birkland, Lessons of Disaster: Policy Change after Catastrophic Events (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2006), 2
22. Erikson, New Species of Trouble, 20
23. Thomas A. Birkland as quoted in Thomas A. Birkland, Lessons of Disaster: 2
24. see also Ben Wisner, Piers Blaikie, Terry Cannon, and Ian Davis, At Risk: Natural Hazards, People's Vulnerability and Disasters (1994; reprint, London: Routledge, 2006)
25. Wisner et al., At Risk
26. Shirley Laska and Betty Morrow, "Social Vulnerabilities and Hurricane Katrina: An Unnatural Disaster in New Orleans," Marine Technology Society Journal 40 (2006)
27. Andrew Maskrey, as quoted in Elaine Enarson and Betty Hearn Morrow, "Why Gender? Why Women" An Introduction to Women and Disaster" in The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women's Eyes, ed. Elaine Enarson and Betty Morrow (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998): 1
28. See Cheri Pies, "AIDS, Ethics, and Reproductive Choices: No Easy Answers," in Women Resisting AIDS: Feminist Strategies of Empowerment, ed. Beth E. Schneider and Nancy E. Stoller: 322-334. (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994)
29. and Rachel E. Luft, "Making Sense of Tragedy," in Hurricane Katrina: Response and Responsibilities, ed. John Brown Childs; 17-22. (Santa Cruz: New Pacific Press, 2008)
30. Social Science Research Council, "Understanding Katrina: Perspectives from the Social Sciences," 2005, http://www. understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/ (accessed December 1, 2005)
31. Saladin Muhammad, "Hurricane Katrina: The Black Nation's 9/11," http://www.greens.org/ s-r/39/39-05.html
32. see also Janelle White, "New Orleans and Women of Color: Connecting the Personal and Political," (2005), http://www.cwsworkshop.org/ katrinareader/node/421/ (accessed January 2, 2006)
33. Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2007)
34. Bill Quigley, "Five Bailout Lessons from Katrina: Once the Money's Gone, It's Not Coming Back," San Francisco Bay View, December 26, 2008:1
35. Molly McClure, "Solidarity Not Charity: Racism in Katrina Relief Work," 2005, http://www.infoshop.org/inews/article.php?story= 20060319185418325/ (accessed December 1, 2005)
36. Charles E. Jones and Judson L. Jeffries, "'Don't Believe the Hype': Debunking the Panther Mythology," in The Black Panther Party [Reconsidered], ed. Charles E. Jones (Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998), 25-55
37. Charles E. Jones and Judson L. Jeffries, "The Black Panther Party [Reconsidered], Ibid., 31
38. Nancy A. Matthews, Confronting Rape: The Feminist Anti-Rape Movement and the State (New York: Routledge, 1994)
39. Cedric Johnson, Revolutionaries to Race Leaders: Black Power and the Making of African American Politics (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007)
40. Sue Hilderbrand, Scott Crow, and Lisa Fithian, "Common Ground Relief," in What Lies Beneath, ed. South End Press Collective (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2007),80-98
41. Sue Hilderbrand, Scott Crow, and Lisa Fithian, What Lies Beneath, Ibid, 96
42. The People's Hurricane Relief Fund and Oversight Coalition, n.d., http://www.cwsworkshop.org/katrinareader/node/2/
43. Rachel E. Luft, "The Gendered Politics of Organizing Displaced People."
44. Cedric Johnson, Revolutionaries to Race Leaders, xxvi
45. Barbara Cruikshank, as quoted in Johnson, Revolutionaries to Race Leaders, xxvi
46. Dylan Rodriguez, as quoted in Andrea Smith, "Introduction," in The Revolution Will Not Be Funded, 8
47. see INCITE! Women of Color against Violence, eds., The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 2007)
48. Chetkovich and Kunreuther, From the Ground Up, 6
49. See http://neworleans.indymedia.org/calendar/event-display-detail.php? event-id=2154/ (accessed February 25, 2009)
50. STAND, "Never Again."
51. Louisiana Department of Social Services, "Louisiana Shelter Summit Report; Shelter Planning Recommendations and Feedback" 2009
52. Muhammad, "Hurricane Katrina," 1
53. Cynthia Soohoo, Catherine Albisa, and Martha F. Davis, eds., Portraits of the Movement, vol.3 of Bringing Human Rights Home, 3 vols. (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008)
54. Kali Akuno, interview with author, February 28, 2008
55. Winston A. Grady-Willis, Challenging U.S. Apartheid: Atlanta and Black Struggles for Human Rights 1960-1977 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006)
56. Grady-Willis, Challenging U.S. Apartheid
57. Ronald Takaki makes a similar case in regard to Native people, whom the U.S. sought to "reduce to citizenship." Ronald Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990)
58. Cynthia Soohoo, Catherine Albisa, and Martha F. Davis, eds., From Civil Rights to Human Rights, vol.2 of Bringing Human Rights Home., ed. Soohoo, Albisa, and Davis
59. United Nations, "United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement," Section III, Principle 11, #2a; Section III, Principle 17, #3
60. The bulk of post-Katrina criticism of the Stafford Act by disaster experts stays within the legislation's parameters. See Kenneth C. Topping, "Toward a National Disaster Recovery Act of 2009," National Hazards Observer 33.3 (2009), 1, 6-8
61. Mitchell L. Moss and Charles Shelhamer, "The Stafford Act: Priorities for Reform," (New York: Center for Catastrophe Preparedness and Response, 2007), 1-29
62. The other primary reform approach includes recent NGO principles of ethical humanitarian disaster response. See Anne Westbrook and Kimberley Lietz Lauten, "A Look at the Standards Gap: Comparing Child Protection Responses in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and the Indian Ocean Tsunami," Children, Youth and Environments 18.1 (2008): 158-201
63. Chris Kromm and Sue Sturgis, "Hurricane Katrina and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: A Global Human Rights Perspective on a National Disaster," in Southern Exposure XXXVI, 1 and 2 (Durham, NC: Institute for Southern Studies, 2008)
64. Monique Harden, Nathalie Walker, and Kali Akuno, "Racial Discrimination and Ethnic Cleansing in the United States in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: A Report to the United Nations' Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination" (New Orleans: Advocates for Environmental Human Rights and Peoples' Hurricane Relief Fund, 2007)
65. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, "Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 9 of the Convention" (Geneva: United Nations, 2008)
66. Kromm and Sturgis, "Hurricane Katrina and the Guiding Principles."
67. U.S. Human Rights Network, "Hurricane Katrina and Violation of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 6 and Article 26" (Atlanta: U.S. Human Rights Network, 2006)