Tournaments for ideas

California Management Review

Volumn 52, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 77-97

  Morgan, John ^a   Wang, Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950353591     PISSN: 00081256     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1525/cmr.2010.52.2.77     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. For background of the British Longitude Prize, see D. Sobel, Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time (New York, NY: Penguin Group, 1996);
2. N. Kollerstrom, Newtons Forgotten Lunar Theory, His Contribution to the Quest for Longitude (Santa Fe, NM: Green Lion Press, 2000).
3. See, for example, E. Lazear and S. Rosen, Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts, Journal of Political Economy, 89/5 (1981): 841-864.
4. This definition is also used by J. Green and N. Stokey, A Comparison of Tournaments and Contracts, Journal of Political Economy, 91/3 (1983): 349-364.
5. Lazear and Rosen, op. cit.
6. Green and Stokey, op. cit.
7. Marilson Gomes Dos Santos of Brazil was the winner for the 2008 New York Marathon, completing the race in 2:08:43. Robert K. Cheruiyot of Kenya won the 2008 Boston Marathon with a time of 2:07:46 while Abderrahime Bouramdane of Morocco held the second place finish with a time of 2:09:04.
8. K. Konrad, Strategy and Dynamics in Contests (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
9. J. Brown, Quitters Never Win: The (Adverse) Incentive Effect of Competing with Superstars, Northwestern University Working Paper, 2009.
10. For the theoretical details, refer to M. OKeefe, W.K. Viscusi, and R. Zeckhauser, Economic Contests: Comparative Reward Schemes, Journal of Labor Economics, 2/1 (1984): 27-56.
11. Robert Drago and Gerald T. Garvey, Incentives for Helping on the Job: Theory and Evidence, Journal of Labor Economics, 16/1 (1998): 1-25.
12. Kenneth Arrow, Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention, Rand Corporation, P-1856-RC, 1959.
13. [T]here is a fundamental paradox in the determination of demand for information; its value for the purchaser is not known until he has the information, but then he has in effect acquired it without cost. Of course, if the seller can retain property rights in the use of the information, this would be no problem, but given incomplete appropriability, the potential buyer will base his decision to purchase information on less than optimal criteria. He may act, for example, on the average value of information in that class as revealed by past experience. If any particular item of information has differing values for different economic agents, this procedure will lead both to a nonoptimal purchase of information at any given price and also to a nonoptimal allocation of the information purchased.
14. M. Katz and C. Shapiro, Systems Competition and Network Effects, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8/2 (1994): 93-115.
15. Solver statistics from Innocentive company website < www.innocentive.com/crowd-sourc-ing-news/faq/ >, accessed December 12, 2008.
16. Innocentive Case 3109, presented on March 3, 2005, at MIT by Innocentive Chairman of the Board and Founding CEO Darren J. Carroll, posted at < http://ocw.mit.edu/NR/rdonlyres/Sloan-School-of-Management/l5-352Spring-2005/ 2F3996A5-1852-419E-8EB8-6C4354266BA2/0/mit-mar07-2005.pdf.>, accessed December 12, 2008.
17. C. Dean, If You Have a Problem, Ask Everyone, New York Times, July 22, 2008, posted at , accessed December 12, 2008.
18. Karim Lakhani and Lars Bo Jeppesen, Getting Unusual Suspects to Solve R&D Puzzles, Harvard Business Review, 85/5 (May 2007): 30-32.
19. Ed Melcareks Bio from Innocentive website, posted at < http://blog.innocentive.com/2008/08/20/ed-melcarek/>,accessed December 12, 2008;
20. J. Howe, The Rise of Crowdsourcing, Wired, 14.06 (June 2006), posted at 〈www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.html?pg=3&topic= crowds&topic-set-; http://blog.innocentive.com/2008/08/20/ed-melcarek/#more- 88 〈http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds.html?pg=3&topic= crowds&topic-set-;%20http://blog.innocentive.com/2008/08/20/ed-melcarek/ %23more-88〉, accessed December 12, 2008.
21. Besides Innocentive, yet2.com Nine Sigma, and YourEncore are examples of online markets for ideas, which are also referred to as ideagoras. See D. Tapscott and A.D. Williams, Ideagora, a Marketplace for Minds, BusinessWeek, February 15 2007, posted at < www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/feb2007/ id20070215-251519.htm>, accessed December 12, 2008.
22. Lakhani and Jeppesen, op. cit.; Karim Lakhani and Jill Panetta, The Principles of Distributed Innovation, Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 2/3 (Summer 2007): 97-112.
23. J.C Harsanyi, Rational Choice Models of Behavior versus Funaionalist and Conformist Theories, World Politics, 21/4 (1969): 513-538. The quote was taken from page 524.
24. Examples taken from K.L. Tidd and J.S. Lochard,-Monetary Significance of the Affirmative Smile: A Case for Reciprocal Altruism, Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 11 (1978): 344-346;
25. R. Cialdini, Influence - The Psychology of Persuasion (New York, NY: Qulll William Morrow, 1993).
26. For details of the experiment, see E. Fehr and A. Falk, Wage Rigidity in a Competitive Incomplete Market, Journal of Political Economy, 107/1 (1999): 106-134;
27. E. Fehr and A. Falk, Psychological Foundations of Incentives, European Economic Review, 46/4-5 (2002): 687-724.
28. .
29. For traffic statistics on Flickr, see , http://www.ebizmba.com/articles/ user-generated-content< www.techcrunch.com/2007/1 l/13/2-biUion-photos-on- flickr/ , accessed in October 2008.
30. Plain Text: Photo for the Masses, Newsweek Web Exclusive, March 11, 2005, posted at < www.newsweek.com/id/48941/page/2 >, accessed December 12, 2008.
31. S. Levy and B. Stone, The New Wisdom of the Web, Newsweek, April 3, 2006, posted at
32. Other examples of Flickr social groups with some form of reciprocity rules include Flickr Hearts, Hearts Award, and Flickr My Winners.
33. From Flickr website, , accessed December 12, 2008.
34. See Yahoo press release, December 13, 2006, posted at < www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=conewsstory&refer=conews&tkr=YHOO: US&sid=aTFpqCnKfrM <, accessed December 12, 2008;
35. S. Hamner, The Secret to Yahoo Answers Success, Business 2.0, October 2, 2006, posted at 〈 http://money.cnn.eom/magazines/business2/business2- archive/2006/09/01/8384345/〉, accessed December 12, 2008.
36. F. Galton, Vox Populi, Nature, 75 (1907): 450-451;
37. F. Galton, Memories of My Life (London: Methuen & Co., 1908).
38. Wisdom of the Crowds, NOVA scienceNow, aired June 25 2008, posted at , accessed December 12, 2008.
39. J. Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter than the Few (New York, NY: Doubleday, 2004).
40. Retrieved from Yahoo Answers website, < http://answers.yahoo.com/info/ welcome;-ylt=AnTFskYGp9TOrI2PpAfWpenpy6IX;-ylv=3>, accessed December 12, 2008.