God of Justice: Ritual Healing and Social Justice in the Central Himalayas

God of Justice: Ritual Healing and Social Justice in the Central Himalayas

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-304

  Sax, William S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bhairav; Blood sacrifice; Central himalayas; Cursing; Dalits; Exorcism; Healers; Oracles; Possession; Rituals

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950291417     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335866.001.0001     Document Type: Book

References (248)

1. Adams, Vincanne. 1998. Doctors for Democracy: Health Professionals in the Nepal Revolution. Cambridge Studies in Medical Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Agrawal, C. M. 1999. Kumaom Himalaya ke Nyay Devata Golu [Golu, God of Justice of the Kumaon Himalaya]. Amora: Shri Almora Book Depot.
3. Ahearn, L. M. 2001. Language and agency. Annual Review of Anthropology 30:109-37.
4. Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler's Body: Identity and Ideology in North India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5. Asad, Talal. 1993. Geneaologies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
6. Austin, John L. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
7. Av Ruskin, Tara. 1988. Neurophysiology and curative possession trance: The Chinese case. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 2 (3): 286-302.
8. Baer, Hans. 1989. The American dominative medical system as a reflection of social relations in the larger society. Social Science and Medicine 28 (11): 1103-12.
9. Baer, Hans, Merrill Singer, and Ida Susser. 1997. Medical Anthropology and the World System: A Critical Perspective. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
10. Balzer, Marjorie M. 1983. Doctors or deceivers? The Siberian Khanty shaman and Soviet medicine. In The Anthropology of Medicine, ed. Lola Romanucci-Ross, Daniel Moerman, and Laurence Tancredi, 54-76. Praeger Special Studies. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey.
11. Banerjee, Akshaya Kumar. n.d. Philosophy of Gorakhnath. Gorakhpur: Baba Avaidya Nath. Delhi: The Navchetan Press.
12. Bauman, Richard. 1978. Verbal Art as Performance. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
13. Bell, Diane. 1992. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Berman, Marshall. 1982. All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. New York: Penguin.
15. Bhardwaj, Surinder, and Bimal Kanti Paul. 1986. Medical pluralism and infant mortality in a rural area of Bangladesh. Social Science and Medicine 23:1003-10.
16. Bhattacharyya, D. 1986. Pagalami: Ethnopsychiatric Knowledge in Bengal. Syracuse, NY:Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs.
17. Bloch, Maurice, and Jonathan Parry. 1982. Introduction: Death and the regeneration of life. In Death and the Regeneration of Life, ed. Maurice Bloch and Jonathan Parry, 1-44. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
18. Blos, Peter. 1967. The second individuation process of adolescence. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 22:162-86.
19. Boddy, Janice. 1989. Wombs and Alien Spirits: Women, Men and the Zar Cult in Northern Sudan. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
20. Bolande, Robert P. 1969. Ritualistic surgery-circumcision and tonsillectomy. New England Journal of Medicine 280 (11): 591-96.
21. Bratman, M. 1992. Shared cooperative activity. The Philosophical Review 101 (2): 327-41.
22. Briggs, George W. 1973 [1938]. Gorakhnāth and the Kānphata Yogīs. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
23. Brody, Howard. 2000. The placebo response: Recent research and implications for family medicine. Journal of Family Practice 49:649-54.
24. Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge.
25. Butler, Judith. 1993. Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex." New York:Routledge.
26. Campbell, James G. 1978. Consultations with Himalayan gods: A study of oracular religion and alternative values in Hindu Jumla. Ph.D. diss., Columbia University.
27. Cant, Sarah, and Ursula Sharma. 1999. A New Medical Pluralism? Alternative Medicine, Doctors, Patients and the State. London: UCL Press.
28. Casey, Edward. 1996. How to get from space to place in a fairly short stretch of time:Phenomenological prolegomena. In Senses of Place, ed. Steven Feld and Keith H. Basso, 13-52. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
29. Chakrabarti, Prafulla. 1984. Social Profile of Tarakeswar: Study of a Pilgrim Town in West Bengal. Calcutta: KLM.
30. Chakrabarty, Dipesh. 2000. Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
31. Chalier-Visuvalingam, Elizabeth. 2003. Bhairava: terreur et protection. Brussels: Peter Lang.
32. Chatak, Govind. 1990. Bharatiya Lok Sanskriti ka Sandarbh: Madhya Himalaya [The Contexts of Indian Folk Literature: Central Himalayas]. New Delhi: Takshila Prakashan.
33. Chatterjee, Partha. 1989. Caste and subaltern consciousness. In Subaltern Studies no. 6, ed. Ranajit Guha, 169-209. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
34. Chaturvedi, Mahendra, and Bhola Nath Tiwari. 1974. A Practical Hindi-English Dictionary. Delhi: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
35. Clifford, James, ed. 1986. Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. Berkeley: University of California Press.
36. Colapietro, Vincent M. 1989. Peirce's Approach to the Self: A Semiotic Perspective on Human Subjectivity. Albany: State University of New York Press.
37. Cole, Michael, and Yrjo Engeström. 1993. A cultural-historical approach to distributed cognition. In Distributed Cognitions, Psychological and Educational Considerations, ed. Geoffrey Salomon, 1-46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. Comaroff, John L., and Jean Comaroff. 1991. Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa, vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
39. Connerton, Paul. 1989. How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
40. Connor, Linda H. 2001. Healing powers in contemporary Asia. In Healing Powers and Modernity: Traditional Medicine, Shamanism, and Science in Asian Societies, ed. Linda H. Connor and Geoffrey Samuel, 3-21. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
41. Csordas, Thomas J. 1983. The rhetoric of transformation in ritual healing. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 7:333-75.
42. Csordas, Thomas J. 1988. Elements of charismatic persuasion and healing. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 2:121-42.
43. Csordas, Thomas J. 1994. The Sacred Self: A Cultural Phenomenology of Charismatic Healing. Berkeley: Univeristy of California Press.
44. Csordas, Thomas J. 1996. Imaginal performance and memory in ritual healing. In The Performance of Healing, ed. Carol Laderman and Maria Roseman, 91-114. New York:Routledge.
45. Csordas, Thomas J. 1999. Ritual healing and the politics of identity in contemporary Navajo society. American Ethnologist 26:3-23.
46. Csordas, Thomas J. 2002. Body/Meaning/Healing. New York: Palgrave.
47. Csordas, Thomas J., and Elizabeth Lewton. 1998. Practice, performance, and experience in ritual healing. Transcultural Psychiatry 35:435-512.
48. Daniel, Valentine E. 1984. Fluid Signs: Being a Person the Tamil Way. Berkeley:University of California Press.
49. d'Aquili, Eugene G., Charles D. Laughlin, and John McManus, eds. 1979. The Spectrum of Ritual: A Biogenetic Structural Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press.
50. Davidson, Donald, ed. 1980. Essays on Action and Events. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
51. Davidson, Ronald M. 2005. The Rebirth of Tibetan Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
52. Deliège, Robert. 1999. The Untouchables of India. New York: Berg Publishers.
53. Desai, Prakash N. 1989. Health and Medicine in the Hindu Tradition: Continuity and Cohesion. New York: Crossroads.
54. Dirks, Nicholas, Geoff Eley, and Sherry B. Ortner, eds. 1994. Culture/Power/History: A Reader in Contemporary Social Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
55. Dobres, Marcia-Anne. 2000. Technology and Social Agency: Outlining a Practice Framework for Archaeology. Oxford: Blackwell.
56. Doctors, Shelley B. 2000. Attachment-individuation: I. Clinical notes toward a reconsideration of "adolescent turmoil." The Annals of the American society for adolescent psychiatry, vol. 25, ed. Aaron H. Esman. London, New York: Routledge, pp. 3-16.
57. Dow, James. 1986. Universal Aspects of Symbolic Healing: A Theoretical Synthesis. American Anthropologist 88 (1) 56-69.
58. Dowman, Keith. 1985. Masters of Mahamudra: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-four Buddhist Siddhas. Albany: State University of New York Press.
59. Dumont, Louis. 1970 [1966]. Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60. Ecks, Stefan. 2000. Symmetries of resistance: The History of smallpox vaccination in India and Britain. Unpublished manuscript.
61. Egnor, Margaret Trawick. 1984. The changed mother, or what the smallpox goddess did when there was no more smallpox. Contributions to Asian Studies 18:24-45.
62. Eisenstadt, S.N., ed. 2000. Multiple modernities. Special issue of Daedalus, 129 (1).
63. Engeström, Yrjo and David Middleton, eds. 1996. Cognition and Communication at Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
64. Erndl, Kathleen M. 1989. Rapist or bodyguard, demon or devotee? Images of Bhairo in the mythology and cult of Vaisno Devi. In Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism, ed. Alf Hiltebeitel, 239-50. Albany: State University of New York Press.
65. Evans-Pritchard, Edward E. 1963. Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
66. Favret-Saada, Jeanne. 1980. Deadly Words: Witchcraft in the Bocage. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
67. Foucault, Michel. 1975. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archeology of Medical Perception. New York: Vintage.
68. Fox, Richard Gabriel, ed. 1991. Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
69. Frank, Jerome D., and Julia B. Frank. 1991 [1973]. Persuasion and Healing. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
70. Franz, Carol, and Kathleen White. 1985. Individuation and attachment in personality development: Extending Erikson's theory. Journal of Personality 53:224-56.
71. Freed, Ruth S., and Stan A. Freed. 1990. Ghost illness in a North Indian village. Social Science and Medicine 30 (5): 617-23.
72. Fruzetti, Lina M. 1982. The Gift of a Virgin: Women, Marriage, and Ritual in a Bengali Society. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
73. Gadamer, Hans-Georg. 1960. Wahrheit und Methode: Grundzüge einer philosophischen Hermeneutik. Tübingen: Mohr.
74. Gaonkar, Dilip Parameshwar Gaonkar, ed. 2001. Alternative Modernities. Durham, NC:Duke University Press.
75. Garfinkel, Harold. 1967. The rational properties of science and commonsense activities. In Studies in Ethnomethodology, 262-84. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
76. Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
77. Geertz, Clifford. 1983. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.
78. Geertz, Clifford. 1985. Waddling in. Times Literary Supplement, 7 June 1985, 623-34.
79. Gell, Alfred. 1998. Art and Agency: An Anthropological Theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
80. Giddens, Anthony. 1979. Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis. London: Macmillan.
81. Giddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
82. Gilbert, Margaret. 1989. On Social Facts. London: Routledge.
83. Gombrich, Richard, and Gananath Obeyesekere. 1988. Buddhism Transformed: Religious Change in Sri Lanka. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
84. Good, Byron J. 1994. Medicine, Rationality, and Experience: An Anthropological Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
85. Goody, Jack. 1977. Against "ritual": Loosely structured thoughts on a loosely defined topic. In Secular Ritual, ed. Sally F. Moore and Barbara G. Myerhoff, 25-35. Assen: Van Gorcum.
86. Goswami, Chimmanlal, ed. 1982. Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana, with Sanskrit text and English translation. Gorkhapur: Gita Press.
87. Greene, Sean. 1998. The shaman's needle: Development, shamanic agency, and intermedicality in Aguaruna Lands, Peru. American Ethnologist 25 (4): 634-58.
88. Greenhouse, Carol J. 1996. A Moment's Notice: Time Politics across Cultures. Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
89. Greer, R. B., 3rd. 1994. The ritual at the scrub sink. Orthopedic Review 23 (2): 97.
90. Halliburton, Murphy. 2003. The importance of a pleasant process of treatment: Lessons in healing from South India. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 27:161-86.
91. Haram, Liv. 1991. Tswana medicine in interaction with biomedicine. Social Science and Medicine 33 (2): 167-75.
92. Haynes, Douglas, and Gyan Prakash, eds. 1992. Contesting Power: Resistance and Everyday Social Relations in South Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
93. Heggenhougen, H. Kristian. 1980. Bomohs, doctors and sinsehs-medical pluralism in Malaysia. Social Science and Medicine 14B (4): 235-44.
94. Hertz, Robert. 1960. Death and the Right Hand. Aberdeen: Cohen and West.
95. Hobart, Mark, ed. 1993. An Anthropological Critique of Development: The Growth of Ignorance. London: Routledge.
96. Hoff, Wilbur. 1995. Traditional Practitioners as Primary Health Care Workers. Geneva:World Health Organization.
97. Huhns, Michael and Les Gasser, eds. 1989. Distributed Artificial Intelligence 2. Menlo Park, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
98. Hutchins, Edwin. 1995. Cognition in the Wild. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
99. Ilaiah, Kancha. 1996. Why I Am Not a Hindu: A Sudra Critique of Hindutva Philosophy, Culture and Political Economy. Calcutta: Samya.
100. Illich, Ivan. 1977. Limits to Medicine. Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health. London: Marion Boyars.
101. Inden, Ronald. 1990. Imagining India. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
102. Inden, Ronald B., and Ralph W. Nicholas, eds. 1977. Kinship in Bengali Culture. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
103. Jackson, Michael. 1983. Knowledge of the body. Man, n.s., 18 (2): 327-45.
104. Jones, Roger S. 1982. Physics as Metaphor. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
105. Kakar, Sudhir. 1982. Shamans, Mystics and Doctors. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
106. Kakar, Sudhir. 1983. Shamans, Mystics and Healers: A Psychlogical Enquiry into India and Its Healing Traditions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
107. Kapferer, Bruce. 1983. A Celebration of Demons: Exorcism and the Aesthetics of Healing in Sri Lanka. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
108. Kaptchuk, Ted. 2002. The placebo effect in alternative medicine: Can the performance of a healing ritual have clinical significance? Annals of Internal Medicine 136:817-25.
109. Kaviraj, Sudipta. 2005. An Outline of a Revisionist Theory of Modernity. European Journal of Sociology 46: 497-526.
110. Keane, Webb. 1997a. From fetishism to sincerity: On agency, the speaking subject and their historicity in the context of religious conversion. Comparative Studies in Society and History 39:674-93.
111. Keane, Webb. 1997b. Religious language. Annual Review of Anthropology 26:47-71.
112. Keane, Webb. 2003. Self-interpretation, agency, and the objects of anthropology:Reflections on a genealogy. Comparative Studies in Society and History 45 (2): 222-48.
113. Keesing, Roger M. 1989. Creating the past. The Contemporary Pacific 1 (1-2): 19-42.
114. Kendall, Laurel. 1985. Shamans, Housewives, and Other Restless Spirits. Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press.
115. Kendall, Laurel. 1996. Korean shamans and the spirits of capitalism. American Anthropologist 98:512-27.
116. Kendall, Laurel. 2001. The cultural politics of "superstition" in the Korean shaman world:Modernity constructs its Other. In Healing Powers and Modernity: Traditional Medicine, Shamanism, and Science in Asian Societies, ed. Linda H. Connor and Geoffrey Samuel, 25-41. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
117. Kertzer, David. 1988. Ritual, Politics, and Power. New Haven: Yale University Press.
118. Kleinman, Arthur. 1979. Why do indigenous practitioners successfully heal? Social Science and Medicine 13B: 17-26.
119. Knipe, David. 1990 [1989]. Night of the growing dead: A cult of Vãrabhadra on coastal Andhra. In Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism, ed. A. Hiltebeitel, 123-56. Delhi: Manohar.
120. Krauskopff, Gisèle. 1999. Places and memories: Exorcism and curing among the Tharus of Western Nepal. In Managing Distress: Possession and Therapeutic Cults in South Asia, ed. Marine Carrin, 155-67. Delhi: Manohar.
121. Laderman, Carol. 2001. Tradition and change in Malay healing. In Healing Powers and Modernity: Traditional Medicine, Shamanism, and Science in Asian Societies, ed. L. Connor and G. Samuel, 42-63. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey.
122. Lapoint, Elwin C. 1978. The epic of Guga: A North Indian oral tradition. In American Studies in the Anthropology of India, ed. Sylvia Vatuk, 281-308. New Delhi: Manohar.
123. Latour, Bruno. 1987. Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
124. Latour, Bruno. 1993. We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (First published as Nous n'avons jamais été modernes: Essais d'anthropologie symmétrique. Paris: Editions La Découverte, 1991.)
125. Laughlin, Charles D., Jr., John McManus, et al. 1992. Brain, Symbol and Experience:Toward a Neurophenomenology of Human Consciousness. New York: Columbia University Press.
126. Lawrence, Patricia. 2000. Violence, suffering, Amman: The work of oracles in Sri Lanka's eastern war zone. In Violence and Subjectivity, ed. Veena Das et al., 171-204. New Delhi:Oxford University Press.
127. Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1963. The effectiveness of symbols. In Structural Anthropology, 186-205. New York: Basic Books.
128. Lewis, Ioan M. 1971. Ecstatic Religion: An Anthropological Study of Spirit Possession and Shamanism. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.
129. Liechty, Mark. 2003. Suitably Modern: Making Middle-Class Culture in a New Consumer Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
130. Lukes, Steven. 1975. Political ritual and social integration. Sociology 9 (2): 289-308.
131. Mahler, Margarethe. 1968. On Human Symbiosis and the Vicissitudes of Individuation. New York: International Universities Press.
132. Marriott, McKim, ed. 1990. India through Hindu Categories. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
133. Marriott, McKim, and Ronald Inden. 1977. Toward an ethnosociology of South Asian caste systems. In The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia, ed. Kenneth A. David, 227-38. The Hague: Mouton; Chicago: Aldine.
134. Martin, Emily. 1987. The Woman in the Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction. Boston: Beacon.
135. Mertens, Annemarie. 1998. Der Daksamythus in der episch-puranischen Literatur:Beobachtungen zur religionsgeschichtlichen Entwicklung des Gottes Rudra-Siva im Hinduismus. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
136. Michaels, Axel. 2005. Hinduism: Past and Present. New Delhi: Orient Longman.
137. Middleton, D., and D. Edwards, eds. 1990. Collective Remembering. London: Sage.
138. Mines, Diane. 2005. Fierce Gods: Inequality, Ritual, and the Politics of Dignity in a South Indian Village. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
139. Mines, Mattison. 1994. Public Faces, Private Voices: Community and Individuality in South India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
140. Minocha, Aneeta A. 1980. Medical pluralism and health services in India. Social Science and Medicine 14B (4): 217-23.
141. Miyazaki, Hirokazu. 2000. Faith and its fulfillment: Agency, exchange, and the Fijian aesthetics of competition. American Ethnologist 27:31-51.
142. Moerman, Daniel. 2002. Meaning, Medicine and the "Placebo Effect." Cambridge Studies in Medical Anthropology, vol. 9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
143. Moffat, Michael. 1979. An Untouchable Community in South India: Structure and Consensus. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
144. Moore, Melinda. 1985. A new look at the Nayar taravad. Man, n.s., 20 (3): 523-41.
145. Morris, William, ed. 1979. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
146. Mullings, Leith. 1984. Therapy, Ideology, and Social Change: Mental Healing in Urban Ghana. Berkeley: University of California Press.
147. Myers, Fred R. 1986. Pintupi Country, Pintupi Self: Sentiment, Place, and Politics among Western Desert Aborigines. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
148. Nabokov, Isabelle. 2000. Religion against the Self: An Ethnography of Tamil Rituals. New York: Oxford University Press.
149. Nandy, Ashis, and Shiv Visvanathan. 1990. Modern medicine and its non-modern critics:A study in discourse. In Dominating Knowledge: Development, Culture, and Resistance, ed. F. Apffel and S. Marglin, 145-84. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
150. Narayan, Kirin. 1986. Birds on a branch: Girlfriends and wedding songs in Kangra. Ethos 14 (1): 47-75.
151. Narayan, Kirin. 1993. How native is a "native" anthropologist? American Anthropologist 95 (3): 671-86.
152. Nautiyal, Kanti Prasad. 1969. The Aarchaeology of Kumaon, Including Dehradun: A Comprehensive Account of the Cultural Heritage of Modern Garhwal and Kumaon Divisions. Varanasi: Chowkhamba.
153. Nicholas, Ralph W. 1981. The goddess Sitala and epidemic smallpox in Bengal. Journal of Asian Studies 41 (1): 21-44.
154. Obeyesekare, Gananath. 1975. Sorcery, premeditated murder, and the canalization of aggression in Sri Lanka. Ethnology 14 (1): 1-25.
155. O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger. 1973. Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of Shiva. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
156. Omvedt, Gail. 1995. Dalit Visions: The Anti-Caste Movement and the Construction of an Indian Identity. New Delhi: Orient Longman.
157. Opler, Morris. 1958. Spirit possession in a rural area of North India. In Reader in Comparative Religion: An Anthropological Approach, ed. William A. Lessa and Evon Z. Vogt, 553-66. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
158. Ortner, Sherry B. 1984. Theory in anthropology since the sixties. Comparative Studies in Society and History 26:126-66.
159. Ortner, Sherry B. 1997. Thick resistance: Death and the cultural construction of agency in Himalayan mountaineering. Representations 59:135-62.
160. Osella, Caroline, and Filippo Osella. 2000. Movements of power through social, spiritual and bodily boundaries: Aspects of controlled and uncontrolled spirit possession in rural Kerala. In Purusartha 21, La possession en Asie du Sud: parole, corps, territoire: 183-210.
161. Östör, Ákos. 1980. The Play of the Gods: Locality, Ideology, Structure, and Time in the Festivals of a Bengali Town. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
162. Pakaslahti, Antti. 1998. Family centered treatment of mental health problems at the Balaji Temple in Rajasthan. In Changing Patterns of Family and Kinship in South Asia. Proceedings of an international symposium on the occasion of the 50 th anniversary of India's independence held at the University of Helsinki, 6 May 1998, ed. A. S. Parpola and S. Tenhumen, 129-68. Helsinki: Finnish Oriental Society.
163. Pakaslahti, Antti. 2005. Traditional healers as culturally accepted/sanctioned mental health practitioners. In Mental Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Need and Strategies for Intervention, ed. S. Malhotra et. al, 215-29. Delhi: LBS Publishers and Distributors.
164. Parker, Lynn. 1999. Infection control: Ritual or reason? Nursing Times 95 (20): 60-63.
165. Parker, Lynn. 2002. Rituals versus risks in the contemporary operating theatre environment. Journal of Advanced Nursing 38 (2): 144-51.
166. Parry, Jonathan P. 1994. Death in Banaras. (The Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures 1988). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
167. Peirce, Charles S. 1932. Trichotomy of signs. In Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vol. 2, ed. Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss, 143-73. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
168. Peirce, Charles S. 1955. Philosophical Writings of Peirce. New York: Dover.
169. Perera, Sasanka. 2000. Spirit possessions and avenging ghosts: Stories of supernatural activity as narratives of terror and mechanisms of coping and remembering. In Violence and Subjectivity, ed. Veena Das et al., 157-200. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
170. Pickering, A. 1995. The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency, and Science. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
171. Pigg, Stacy Leigh. 1995. The social symbolism of healing in Nepal. Ethnology 34 (1): 17-36.
172. Polit, Karin M. 2005. The effects of inequality and relative marginality on the well-being of low caste people in central Uttaranchal. Anthropology and Medicine 12 (3): 225-37.
173. Polit, Karin M. 2006. Keep my share of rice in the cupboard: Ethnographic reflections on gender and agency among Dalit women in the Garhwal Himalayas. Ph.D. diss., Department of Anthropology, University of Heidelberg.
174. Press, Irwin. 1971. The urban curandero. American Anthropologist 73:741-56.
175. Puckree, T., et al. 2002. African traditional healers: What health care professionals need to know. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 25 (4): 247-51.
176. Quigley, Declan. 1993. The Interpretation of Caste. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
177. Raguram, A., A. Venkateswaran, Jayashree Ramakrishna, and Mitchell G. Weiss. 2002. Traditional community resources for mental health: A report of temple healing from India. British Medical Journal 325:38-40.
178. Raheja, Gloria G. 1988. The Poison in the Gift: Ritual, Prestation, and the Dominant Caste in a North Indian Village. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
179. Reissland, Nadja, and Richard Burghart. 1989. Active patients: The integration of modern and traditional obstetric practices in Nepal. Social Science and Medicine 29 (1): 43-52.
180. Resnick, Lauren B., John M. Levine, and Stephanie D. Teasley, eds. 1991. Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
181. Robinson, James B. 1996. The lives of Indian Buddhist saints: Biography, hagiography and myth. In Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre, ed. J. I. Cabezón and R. Jackson, 57-69. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion.
182. Rorty, Richard. 1982. Consequences of Pragmatism (Essays, 1972-1980). Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press.
183. Said, Edward W. 1978. Orientalism. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
184. Salih, Sarah. 2002. Judith Butler. London: Routledge.
185. Sax, William S. 1990. Village daughter, village goddess: Residence, gender, and politics in a Himalayan pilgrimage. American Ethnologist 17 (3): 491-512.
186. Sax, William S. 1991. Mountain Goddess: Gender and Politics in a Central Himalayan Pilgrimage. New York: Oxford University Press.
187. Sax, William S. 1994. Gender and politics in Garhwal. In Women as Subjects: South Asian Histories, ed. Nita Kumar, 172-210. Calcutta: Stree.
188. Sax, William S. 1995. Who's who in Pandav Lila? In The Gods at Play: Lila in South Asia, ed. William S. Sax, 131-55. New York: Oxford University Press.
189. Sax, William S. 2000. In Karna's realm: An ontology of action. Journal of Indian Philosophy 28 (3): 295-324.
190. Sax, William S. 2002. Dancing the Self: Personhood and Performance in the Pandav Lila of Garhwal. New York: Oxford University Press.
191. Sax, William S. 2003. Divine kingdoms in the Central Himalayas. In Sacred Landscape of the Himalaya. Proceedings of an international conference at Heidelberg, 25-27 May 1998, ed. Niels Gutschow et.al., 177-94. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press.
192. Sax, William S. 2004. Healing Rituals: A critical performative approach. Anthropology and Medicine 11 (3): 293-306.
193. Sax, William S. 2005. Hindu Pilgrimage. In The Encyclopedia of Religion. 2nd ed., ed. Lindsay Jones. New York: Macmillan, pp. 7168-72.
194. Sax, William S. 2006a. Agency. In Theorizing Rituals, vol. 1: Issues, Topics, Approaches, Concepts, ed. Jens Kreinath, Jan Snoek, and Michael Stausberg, 473-81. Leiden: Brill.
195. Sax, William S. 2006b. Rituals of the warrior Khund. European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, special issue, 29-30:120-34.
196. Sax, William S. 2008. Ritual and theatre in Hinduism. In Religion, Ritual, Theatre, ed. Bent Flemming Nielsen, Bent Holm, and Karen Vedel, 79-105 Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
197. Schömbucher, Elisabeth. 1993. Gods, Ghosts and demons: Possession in South Asia. In Flags of Fame: Studies in South Asian Folk Culture, ed. H.Brueckner. New Delhi:Manohar.
198. Schömbucher, Elisabeth. 2006. Wo Götter durch Menschen sprechen: Besessenheit in Indien. Berlin: Reimer.
199. Scott, James C. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press.
200. Searle, John R. 1995. The Construction of Social Reality. New York: Free Press.
201. Sidel, Victor W., and Ruth Sidel. 1973. Serve the People: Observations on Medicine in the People's Republic of China. Boston: Beacon Press.
202. Sinclair, Simon. 2004. Evidence-based medicine: A new ritual in medical teaching. British Medical Bulletin 69:179-96.
203. Singer, Merrill, and Hans Baer. 1995. Critical Medical Anthropology. Amityville, NY:Baywood Press.
204. Singer, Merrill, Hans Baer, and Ellen Lazarus. 1990. Critical medical anthropology:Theory and research. Special issue of Social Science and Medicine, 30 (2).
205. Skultans, Vieda. 1987. The managment of mental illness among Maharashtrian families: A case study of a Mahanubhav healing temple. Man, n.s., 22:661-79.
206. Slusser, Mary S. 1982. Nepal Mandala: A Cultural Study of the Kathmandu Valley. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
207. Small, Meredith F. 1993. Female Choices: Sexual Behavior of Female Primates. Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
208. Smith, Wilfred Cantwell. 1964 [1962]. The Meaning and End of Religion. New York: New American Library.
209. Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz. 1965. Religious endowments in India: The juristic personalities of Hindu deities. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft 67:45-100.
210. Sontheimer, Günther-Dietz. 1989. Pastoral Deities in Western India. New York: Oxford University Press.
211. Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 1988. Can the subaltern speak? In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, ed. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, 271-313. Urbana:University of Illinois Press.
212. Stanley, John M. 1977. Special time, special power: The fluidity of power in a popular Hindu festival. Journal of Asian Studies 37 (1): 27-43.
213. Stanley, John M. 1988. Gods, ghosts, and possession. In The Experience of Hinduism:Essays on Religion in Maharashtra, ed. Maxine Berntsen and Eleanor Zelliot, 26-59. Albany: State University of New York Press.
214. Stietencron, Heinrich v. 1969. Bhairava. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Supplementa I, Teil 3:863-71.
215. Stoller, Paul. 1989. Fusion of the Worlds: An Ethnography of Possession among the Songhay of Niger. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
216. Strathern, Marilyn. 1988. The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
217. Sutherland, Peter. 1998. Travelling gods and government by deity: An ethnohistory of power, representation and agency in West Himalayan polity. Ph.D.diss., Oxford University.
218. Sutherland, Peter. 2003. Very little kingdoms: The calendrical order of West Himalayan Hindu polity. In Sharing Sovereignty: The Little Kingdom in South Asia, ed. Georg Berkemer and Margret Frenz, 31-62. Berlin: Klaus Schwartz Verlag.
219. Sutherland, Peter. 2006. T(r)opologies of rule (Raj): Ritual sovereignty and theistic subjection. In Divine kingship in the western Himalayas, ed. William S. Sax, special issue of European Bulletin of Himalayan Research, 29-30:82-119.
220. Svoboda, Robert E. 1994. Aghora, at the Left Hand of God. Calcutta: Rupa.
221. Szasz, Thomas. 1974. The Second Sin. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
222. Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja. 1979. A performative approach to ritual. Proceedings of the British Academy 65:113-69.
223. Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja. 1990. Magic, Science, Religion, and the Scope of Rationality.
224. The Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures, 1984, presented at the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
225. Taussig, Michael T. 1988 [1980]. The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
226. Taylor, Charles. 1993. Modernity and the Rise of the Public Sphere. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, vol. 14. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
227. Todorov, Tzvetan. 1993. On Human Diversity: Nationalism, Racism, and Exoticism in French Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
228. Tuomela, Raimo. 1995. The Importance of Us: A Philosophical Study of Basic Social Notions. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
229. Tuomela, Raimo, and K. Miller. 1988. We-intentions. Philosophical Studies 53:367-89.
230. Turner, Victor W. 1967. The Forest of Symbols: Aspect of Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
231. Turner, Victor W. 1968. The Drums of Affliction: A Study of Religious Processes among the Ndembu of Zambia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
232. Turner, Victor W. 1988. The Anthropology of Performance. New York: PAJ Publications.
233. Uchiyamada, Yasushi. 1999. Two beautiful untouchable women: Processes of becoming in Southern India. In Lilies of the Field: Marginal People Who Live for the Moment, ed. Sophie Day et. al., 96-116. Boulder: Westview Press.
234. Uchiyamada, Yasushi. 2000. Passions in the Landscape: Ancestor Spirits and Land Reforms in Kerala, India. South Asia Research 20 (1): 63-84.
235. Vaudeville, Charlotte. 1976. Braj, lost and found. Indo-Iranian Journal 18 (3-4): 195-213.
236. Virchow, Rudolph. 1856 [1849]. Die Medicin. Gesammelte Abhandlung der wissenschaftlichen Medizin. Berlin: Marxisch.
237. Vitebsky, Piers. 1993. Dialogues with the Dead: The Discussion of Mortality among the Sora of Eastern India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
238. Wall, L. Lewis. 1996. Ritual meaning in surgery. Obstetrics and Gynecology 4:633-37.
239. Warnke, Georgia. 1987. Gadamer: Hermeneutics, Tradition and Reason. Cambridge:Polity Press.
240. Weiner, Annette. 1976. Women of Value, Men of Renown. Austin: University of Texas Press.
241. Weiser, J. 1999. Adapting traditional healing practices. AIDS Action 46:7.
242. White, David G. 1996. The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
243. Whyte, Susan Reynolds. 1989. Anthropological approaches to African misfortune: From religion to medicine. In Culture, Experience and Pluralism: Essays on African Ideas of Illness and Healing, ed. Anita Jacobson-Widding and David Westerlund, 289-301. Stockholm: Almqvst and Wiksell International.
244. Wilson, Peter J. 1967. Status ambiguity and spirit possession. Man, n.s., 2:366-78.
245. Wolputte, Steven v. 2001. Medical Pluralism and Lay Therapy: Managment in Kinshasa. Uppsala: Uppsala University Press.
246. World Health Organization. 1978. The Promotion and Development of Traditional Medicine. Technical Report no. 622. Geneva: World Health Organization.
247. World Health Organization. 2002. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy, 2002-2005. Geneva: World Health Organization.
248. Worsley, Peter. 1982. Non-Western Medical Systems. Annual Review of Anthropology 11:315-48.