메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 48, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 57-97

Proactive policing and robbery rates across U.S. cities

Author keywords

Deterrence; Endogeneity; Proactive policing; Violent crime

Indexed keywords


EID: 77950286805     PISSN: 00111384     EISSN: 17459125     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00180.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (96)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 0008177668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why lagged dependent variables can suppress the explanatory power of other independent variables
    • Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology, Los Angeles, CA
    • Achen Christopher. Why lagged dependent variables can suppress the explanatory power of other independent variables. 2000, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology, Los Angeles, CA
    • (2000)
    • Achen, C.1
  • 2
    • 84936823740 scopus 로고
    • Change scores as dependent variables in regression analysis
    • Allison Paul D. Change scores as dependent variables in regression analysis. Sociological Methodology 1990, 20:93-114.
    • (1990) Sociological Methodology , vol.20 , pp. 93-114
    • Allison, P.D.1
  • 5
    • 49049140143 scopus 로고
    • Formulation and estimation of dynamic models using panel data
    • Anderson T W, Hsiao Cheng. Formulation and estimation of dynamic models using panel data. Journal of Econometrics 1982, 18:47-82.
    • (1982) Journal of Econometrics , vol.18 , pp. 47-82
    • Anderson, T.W.1    Hsiao, C.2
  • 7
    • 84881844837 scopus 로고
    • Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations
    • Arellano Manuel, Bond Stephen. Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies 1991, 58:277-97.
    • (1991) Review of Economic Studies , vol.58 , pp. 277-297
    • Arellano, M.1    Bond, S.2
  • 8
    • 58149364940 scopus 로고
    • Another look at the instrumental variables estimation of error components models
    • Arellano Manuel, Bover Olympia. Another look at the instrumental variables estimation of error components models. Journal of Econometrics 1995, 68:29-51.
    • (1995) Journal of Econometrics , vol.68 , pp. 29-51
    • Arellano, M.1    Bover, O.2
  • 10
    • 84974183585 scopus 로고
    • What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data
    • Beck Nathaniel, Katz Jonathan N. What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data. The American Political Science Review 1995, 89:634-47.
    • (1995) The American Political Science Review , vol.89 , pp. 634-647
    • Beck, N.1    Katz, J.N.2
  • 11
    • 33645317160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time series cross section issues: Dynamics, 2004
    • Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology, Pan Alto, CA
    • Beck Nathaniel, Katz Jonathan N. Time series cross section issues: Dynamics, 2004. 2004, Paper presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology, Pan Alto, CA
    • (2004)
    • Beck, N.1    Katz, J.N.2
  • 12
    • 79251608387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowing when to fold 'em: An essay on evaluating the impact of Ceasefire, Compstat, and Exile
    • Berk Richard A. Knowing when to fold 'em: An essay on evaluating the impact of Ceasefire, Compstat, and Exile. Criminology & Public Policy 2005, 4:451-66.
    • (2005) Criminology & Public Policy , vol.4 , pp. 451-466
    • Berk, R.A.1
  • 13
    • 36148955022 scopus 로고
    • The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime
    • Blau Judith R, Blau Peter M. The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime. American Sociological Review 1982, 47:114-29.
    • (1982) American Sociological Review , vol.47 , pp. 114-129
    • Blau, J.R.1    Blau, P.M.2
  • 14
    • 0033466181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The rise and fall of New York murder: Zero tolerance or crack's decline?
    • Bowling Benjamin. The rise and fall of New York murder: Zero tolerance or crack's decline?. British Journal of Criminology 1999, 39:531-54.
    • (1999) British Journal of Criminology , vol.39 , pp. 531-554
    • Bowling, B.1
  • 15
    • 33646501036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation and inference in dynamic unbalanced panel-data models with a small number of individuals
    • Bruno Giovanni S F. Estimation and inference in dynamic unbalanced panel-data models with a small number of individuals. Stata Journal 2005, 5:473-500.
    • (2005) Stata Journal , vol.5 , pp. 473-500
    • Bruno, G.S.F.1
  • 16
    • 0036301127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Means, motive, and opportunity: Politics, community needs, and community oriented policing services grants
    • Choi Chi, Turner Charles C, Volden Craig. Means, motive, and opportunity: Politics, community needs, and community oriented policing services grants. American Politics Research 2002, 30:423-55.
    • (2002) American Politics Research , vol.30 , pp. 423-455
    • Choi, C.1    Turner, C.C.2    Volden, C.3
  • 17
    • 0002313086 scopus 로고
    • The mathematical study of change
    • Blalock HM, Blalock AB. New York, McGraw Hill
    • Coleman James S. The mathematical study of change. Methodology in Social Research 1968, Blalock Hubert MBlalock Ann B. In, New York, McGraw Hill
    • (1968) Methodology in Social Research
    • Coleman, J.S.1
  • 19
    • 0025334203 scopus 로고
    • The influence of environmental and organizational factors on police style in urban and rural environments
    • Crank John P. The influence of environmental and organizational factors on police style in urban and rural environments. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 1990, 27:166-89.
    • (1990) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.27 , pp. 166-189
    • Crank, J.P.1
  • 20
    • 84984306759 scopus 로고
    • Crimes, crime rates, arrests, and arrest ratios: Implications for deterrence theory
    • Decker Scott H, Kohfeld Carol W. Crimes, crime rates, arrests, and arrest ratios: Implications for deterrence theory. Criminology 1985, 23:437-50.
    • (1985) Criminology , vol.23 , pp. 437-450
    • Decker, S.H.1    Kohfeld, C.W.2
  • 22
    • 0011411086 scopus 로고
    • On the feasibility of identifying the crime function in a simultaneous model of crime rates and sanction levels
    • Blumstein A. Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences
    • Fisher Robert M, Nagin Daniel S. On the feasibility of identifying the crime function in a simultaneous model of crime rates and sanction levels. Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates 1978, Blumstein Alfred, In, Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences
    • (1978) Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions on Crime Rates
    • Fisher, R.M.1    Nagin, D.S.2
  • 23
    • 0000742049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Community policing in America: Changing the nature, structure, and function of the police
    • Greene Jack R. Community policing in America: Changing the nature, structure, and function of the police. Policies, Processes, and Decisions of the Criminal Justice System 2000, 3:299-501.
    • (2000) Policies, Processes, and Decisions of the Criminal Justice System , vol.3 , pp. 299-501
    • Greene, J.R.1
  • 24
    • 0004296209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 5th ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice-Hall
    • Greene William H. Econometric Analysis 2002, 5th ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice-Hall
    • (2002) Econometric Analysis
    • Greene, W.H.1
  • 26
    • 0039182750 scopus 로고
    • The effects of the police on crime: A second look
    • Jacob Herbert, Rich Michael J. The effects of the police on crime: A second look. Law & Society Review 1980, 15:109-72.
    • (1980) Law & Society Review , vol.15 , pp. 109-172
    • Jacob, H.1    Rich, M.J.2
  • 29
    • 33645157857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic models for dynamic theories: the ins and outs of lagged dependent variables
    • Keele Luke, Kelly Nathan J. Dynamic models for dynamic theories: the ins and outs of lagged dependent variables. Political Analysis 2006, 14:186-205.
    • (2006) Political Analysis , vol.14 , pp. 186-205
    • Keele, L.1    Kelly, N.J.2
  • 31
    • 77950253563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structural context of homicide: Accounting for racial differences in process
    • Krivo Lauren J, Peterson Ruth D. The structural context of homicide: Accounting for racial differences in process. American Sociological Review 2000, 106:45-95.
    • (2000) American Sociological Review , vol.106 , pp. 45-95
    • Krivo, L.J.1    Peterson, R.D.2
  • 32
    • 84936823497 scopus 로고
    • Structural covariates of homicide rates: Are there any invariances across time and social space?
    • Land Kenneth C, McCall Patricia L, Cohen Lawrence E. Structural covariates of homicide rates: Are there any invariances across time and social space?. American Journal of Sociology 1990, 95:922-63.
    • (1990) American Journal of Sociology , vol.95 , pp. 922-963
    • Land, K.C.1    McCall, P.L.2    Cohen, L.E.3
  • 33
    • 0346295407 scopus 로고
    • Wilson's theory of police behavior: A replication of the constraint theory
    • Langworthy Robert H. Wilson's theory of police behavior: A replication of the constraint theory. Justice Quarterly 1985, 2:89-98.
    • (1985) Justice Quarterly , vol.2 , pp. 89-98
    • Langworthy, R.H.1
  • 35
    • 0000344710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using electoral cycles in police hiring to estimate the effect of police on crime
    • Levitt Steven D. Using electoral cycles in police hiring to estimate the effect of police on crime. American Economic Review 1997, 87:270-90.
    • (1997) American Economic Review , vol.87 , pp. 270-290
    • Levitt, S.D.1
  • 36
    • 15544375698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding why crime fell in the 1990s: Four factors that explain the decline and six that do not
    • Levitt Steven D. Understanding why crime fell in the 1990s: Four factors that explain the decline and six that do not. Journal of Economic Perspectives 2004, 18:163-90.
    • (2004) Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol.18 , pp. 163-190
    • Levitt, S.D.1
  • 37
    • 0036384391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of community policing in reducing urban violence
    • MacDonald John M. The effectiveness of community policing in reducing urban violence. Crime & Delinquency 2002, 48:592-618.
    • (2002) Crime & Delinquency , vol.48 , pp. 592-618
    • MacDonald, J.M.1
  • 38
    • 77950241161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Democratic policing: The context
    • Paper presented at the , Philadelphia, PA
    • Manning Peter. Democratic policing: The context. 2005, Paper presented at the , Philadelphia, PA
    • (2005)
    • Manning, P.1
  • 39
    • 0038877947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specification problems, police levels, and crime rates
    • Marvell Thomas B, Moody Carlisle E. Specification problems, police levels, and crime rates. Criminology 1996, 34:609-46.
    • (1996) Criminology , vol.34 , pp. 609-646
    • Marvell, T.B.1    Moody, C.E.2
  • 40
    • 2442668610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do electoral cycles in police hiring really help us estimate the effect of police on crime? [Comment]
    • McCrary Justin. Do electoral cycles in police hiring really help us estimate the effect of police on crime? [Comment]. American Economic Review 2002, 92:1236-43.
    • (2002) American Economic Review , vol.92 , pp. 1236-1243
    • McCrary, J.1
  • 42
    • 84984320482 scopus 로고
    • Racial inequality and racially disaggregated homicide rates: An assessment of alternative theoretical explanations
    • Messner Steven F, Golden Reid M. Racial inequality and racially disaggregated homicide rates: An assessment of alternative theoretical explanations. Criminology 1992, 30:421-47.
    • (1992) Criminology , vol.30 , pp. 421-447
    • Messner, S.F.1    Golden, R.M.2
  • 44
    • 0000604269 scopus 로고
    • Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects
    • Nickell Stephen. Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects. Econometrica 1981, 49:1417-26.
    • (1981) Econometrica , vol.49 , pp. 1417-1426
    • Nickell, S.1
  • 45
    • 0039374814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural conditions and racial homicide patterns: A look at multiple disadvantages in urban areas
    • Parker Karen F, McCall Patricia L. Structural conditions and racial homicide patterns: A look at multiple disadvantages in urban areas. Criminology 1999, 37:447-77.
    • (1999) Criminology , vol.37 , pp. 447-477
    • Parker, K.F.1    McCall, P.L.2
  • 46
    • 68149179207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to do XTABOND2: An introduction to " difference" and " system" GMM in Stata: Stata Journal
    • Roodman David M. How to do XTABOND2: An introduction to " difference" and " system" GMM in Stata: Stata Journal. 2009
    • (2009)
    • Roodman, D.M.1
  • 47
    • 34249734271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of order-maintenance policing on New York City homicide and robbery rates: 1988-2001
    • Rosenfeld Richard, Fornango Robert, Rengifo Andres F. The impact of order-maintenance policing on New York City homicide and robbery rates: 1988-2001. Criminology 2007, 45:355-84.
    • (2007) Criminology , vol.45 , pp. 355-384
    • Rosenfeld, R.1    Fornango, R.2    Rengifo, A.F.3
  • 50
    • 84928508648 scopus 로고
    • Deterrent effects of the police on crime: A replication and theoretical extension
    • Sampson Robert J, Cohen Jacqueline. Deterrent effects of the police on crime: A replication and theoretical extension. Law & Society Review 1988, 22:163-89.
    • (1988) Law & Society Review , vol.22 , pp. 163-189
    • Sampson, R.J.1    Cohen, J.2
  • 51
    • 0002387331 scopus 로고
    • Toward a theory of race, crime and urban inequality
    • Hagan J, Peterson RD. Pan Alto, CA, Stanford University Press
    • Sampson Robert J, Julius Wilson William. Toward a theory of race, crime and urban inequality. Crime and Inequality 1995, Hagan John, Peterson Ruth D. In, Pan Alto, CA, Stanford University Press
    • (1995) Crime and Inequality
    • Sampson, R.J.1    Julius Wilson, W.2
  • 52
    • 0000064177 scopus 로고
    • The police
    • Wilson JQ, Petersilia J. San Francisco, CA, Institute for Contemporary Studies
    • Sherman Lawrence. The police. Crime 1995, Wilson James QPetersilia Joan. In, San Francisco, CA, Institute for Contemporary Studies
    • (1995) Crime
    • Sherman, L.1
  • 55
    • 0038079411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • StataCorp, College Station, TX, Stata Corporation
    • Stata Statistical Software: Release 8.0 2003b, StataCorp, College Station, TX, Stata Corporation
    • (2003) Stata Statistical Software: Release 8.0
  • 56
    • 1642602947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local politics and violent crime in U.S. cities
    • Stucky Thomas D. Local politics and violent crime in U.S. cities. Criminology 2003, 41:1101-36.
    • (2003) Criminology , vol.41 , pp. 1101-1136
    • Stucky, T.D.1
  • 57
    • 27844607406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local politics and police strength
    • Stucky Thomas D. Local politics and police strength. Justice Quarterly 2005, 22:139-69.
    • (2005) Justice Quarterly , vol.22 , pp. 139-169
    • Stucky, T.D.1
  • 59
    • 84946313472 scopus 로고
    • Certainty of arrest and crime rates: A further test of the deterrence hypothesis
    • Tittle Charles R, Rowe Alan R. Certainty of arrest and crime rates: A further test of the deterrence hypothesis. Social Forces 1974, 52:455-62.
    • (1974) Social Forces , vol.52 , pp. 455-462
    • Tittle, C.R.1    Rowe, A.R.2
  • 60
    • 0036244956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Religious pluralism and participation: Why previous research is wrong
    • Voas David, Olson Daniel V A, Crockett Alastair. Religious pluralism and participation: Why previous research is wrong. ASA 2002, 67:212-30.
    • (2002) ASA , vol.67 , pp. 212-230
    • Voas, D.1    Olson, D.V.A.2    Crockett, A.3
  • 61
    • 5644236901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural factors and black interracial homicide: A new examination of the causal process
    • Wadsworth Tim, Kubrin Charis E. Structural factors and black interracial homicide: A new examination of the causal process. Criminology 2004, 42:647-72.
    • (2004) Criminology , vol.42 , pp. 647-672
    • Wadsworth, T.1    Kubrin, C.E.2
  • 63
    • 0038931106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of aggressive policing: The Dayton traffic enforcement experiment
    • Weiss Alexander, Freels Sally. Effects of aggressive policing: The Dayton traffic enforcement experiment. American Journal of Police 1996, 15:45-64.
    • (1996) American Journal of Police , vol.15 , pp. 45-64
    • Weiss, A.1    Freels, S.2
  • 66
    • 84925911065 scopus 로고
    • The effect of the police on crime
    • Wilson James Q, Boland Barbara. The effect of the police on crime. Law & Society Review 1978, 12:367-90.
    • (1978) Law & Society Review , vol.12 , pp. 367-390
    • Wilson, J.Q.1    Boland, B.2
  • 67
    • 34248573182 scopus 로고
    • Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety: The Atlantic Magazine
    • March
    • Wilson James Q, Kelling George. Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety: The Atlantic Magazine. 1982, http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/198203/broken-windows, March
    • (1982)
    • Wilson, J.Q.1    Kelling, G.2
  • 69
    • 85055403684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Funding community policing to reduce crime: Have COPS grants made a difference?
    • Zhao Jihong thomampe, Schneider Matthew C, Thurman Quint. Funding community policing to reduce crime: Have COPS grants made a difference?. Criminology & Public Policy 2002, 2:7-32.
    • (2002) Criminology & Public Policy , vol.2 , pp. 7-32
    • Zhao, J.T.1    Schneider, M.C.2    Thurman, Q.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.