Molecular sensing by nanoporous crystalline polymers

Sensors

Volumn 9, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 9816-9857

  Pilla, Pierluigi ^a   Cusano, Andrea ^a   Cutolo, Antonello ^a   Giordano, Michele ^b   Mensitieri, Giuseppe ^c   Rizzo, Paola ^d   Sanguigno, Luigi ^e   Venditto, Vincenzo ^d   Guerra, Gaetano ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SANNIO   (Italy)

^b CNR   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES FEDERICO II   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SALERNO   (Italy)

^e IMAST Technological District on Polymeric and Composite Materials Engineering   (Italy)

Author keywords

Chiral sensors; Molecular sensors; Nanoporous crystalline phases; Polymer co crystals; Sensing film rigidity; Syndiotactic polystyrene

Indexed keywords

CHIRAL SENSOR; CO-CRYSTALS; CRYSTALLINE PHASIS; MOLECULAR SENSORS; SENSING FILMS; SYNDIOTACTIC POLYSTYRENES;

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; POLYMERIC FILMS; POROUS MATERIALS; SENSORS; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS;

CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS;

EID: 77950278570     PISSN: 14248220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/s91209816     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Abdelghani, A.; Chovelon, J.M.; Jaffrezic-Renault, N.; Lacroix, M.; Gagnaire, H.; Veillas, C.; Berkova, B.; Chomat, M.; Matejec, V. Optical fiber sensor coated with porous silica layers for gas and chemical vapour detection. Sens. Actuat. B 1997, 44, 495-498.
2. Mulloni, V.; Pavesi, L. Porous silicon microcavities as optical chemical sensors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 76, 2523-2525.
3. De Stefano, L.; Maleki, K.; Rossi, A.M.; Rotiroti, L.; Della Corte, F.G.; Moretti, Rendina, I. Integrated silicon-glass opto-chemical sensors for lab-on-chip application. Sens. Actuat. B 2006, 114, 625-630.
4. Cusano, A.; Consales, M.; Pisco, M.; Pilla, P.; Cutolo, A.; Buosciolo, A.; Viter, R.; Smyntyna, V.; Giordano, M. Optochemical sensor for water monitoring based on SnO2 particle layer deposited onto optical fibers by the electrospray pyrolysis method. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 111103/1-111103/3.
5. Pisco, M.; Consales, M.; Cutolo, A.; Cusano, A.; Penza, M.; Aversa, P. Hollow fibers integrated with single walled carbon nanotubes:bandgap modification and chemical sensing capability. Sens. Actuat. B 2008, B129, 163-170.
6. Baratto, C.; Faglia, G.; Comini, E.; Sberveglieri, G.; Taroni, A.; La Ferrara, V.; Quercia, L.; Di Francia, G. A novel porous silicon sensor for detection of sub-ppm NO2 concentrations. Sens. Actuat. B 2001, B77, 62-66.
7. Groves, W.A.; Zellersa, E.T.; Frye, G.C. Analyzing organic vapors in exhaled breath using a surface acoustic wave sensor array with preconcentration: Selection and characterization of the preconcentrator adsorbent. Anal. Chem. Acta 1998, 371, 131-143.
8. Gao, J.B.; Sansinena, J.M.; Wang, H.L. Chemical vapor driven polyaniline sensor/actuators. Synth. Metals 2003, 135, 809-810.
9. Perez, G.P.; Crooks, R.M. Pore-Bridging poly(dimethylsiloxane) membrane as selective interfaces for vapor-phase chemical sensing. Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 4137-4142.
10. Du, X.; Ying, Z.; Jiang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Yang, T.; Xie, G. Synthesis and evaluation of a new polysiloxane as SAW sensor coating for DMMP detection. Sens. Actuat. B 2008, 134, 409-413.
11. Piletsky, S.A.; Panasyuka, T.L.; Piletskaya, E.V.; Nicholls, I.A.; Ulbricht, M. Receptor and transport properties of imprinted polymer membranes. J. Membr. Sci. 1999, 157, 263-278.
12. Krger, S.; Turner, A.P.F.; Mosbach, K.; Haupt, K. Imprinted polymer-based sensor system for herbicides using differential-pulse voltammetry on screen-printed electrodes. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 3698-3702.
13. Wang, W.; He, S.; Li, S.; Liu, M.; Pan, Y. Enhanced sensitivity of SAW gas sensor coated molecularly imprinted polymer incorporating high frequency stability oscillator. Sens. Actuat. B 2007, 125, 422-427.
14. Liu, J.; Lin, Y.H.; Liang, L.; Voigt, J.A.; Huber, D.L.; Tian, Z.R.; Coker, E.; Mckenzie, B.; Mcdermott, M.J. Templateless assembly of molecularly aligned conductive polymer nanowires: a new approach for oriented nanostructures. Chem. Eur. J. 2003, 9, 605-611.
15. Virji, S.; Kaner, R.B.; Weiller, B.H. Hydrogen sensors based on conductivity changes in polyaniline nanofibers. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 22266-22270.
16. Jung, Y.S.; Jung, W.; Tuller, H.L.; Ross, C.A. Nanowire conductive polymer gas sensor patterned using self-assembled block copolymer lithography. Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 3776-3780.
17. Kima, S.J.; Chodavarapu, V.P.; Cartwright, A.N.; Swihart, M.T.; Bunning, T.J. Enhanced oxygen detection using porous polymeric gratings with integrated recognition elements. Sens. Actuat. B 2008, 130, 758-764.
18. Ishihara, N.; Seimiya, T.; Kuramoto, M.; Uoi, M. Crystalline syndiotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 1986, 19, 2464-2465.
19. Immirzi, A.; de Candia, F.; Iannelli, P.; Zambelli, A.; Vittoria, V. Solvent-induced polymorphism in syndiotactic polystyrene. Makromol. Chem. Rapid Commun. 1988, 9, 761-764.
20. Guerra, G.; Vitagliano, V.M.; de Rosa, C.; Petraccone, V.; Corradini, P. Polymorphism in melt crystallized syndiotactic polystyrene samples. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 1539-1544.
21. Rizzo, P.; Albunia, A.R.; Guerra, G. Polymorphism of syndiotactic polystyrene: gamma phase crystallization induced by bulky non-guest solvents. Polymer 2005, 46, 9549-9554.
22. Rizzo, P.; D'Aniello, C.; de Girolamo Del Mauro, A.; Guerra, G. Thermal transitions of epsilon crystalline phases of syndiotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 9470-9474.
23. Gowd, E.B.; Shibayama, N.; Tashiro, K. Structural changes during thermally induced phase transitions observed for uniaxially oriented delta form of syndiotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 6291-6295.
24. De Rosa, C.; Guerra, G.; Petraccone, V.; Corradini, P. Crystal-structure of the alpha-form of syndiotactic polystyrene. Polymer J. 1991, 23, 1435-1442.
25. Cartier, L.; Okihara, T.; Lotz, B. The ''α superstructure of syndiotactic polystyrene: a frustrated structure. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 3303-3310.
26. De Rosa, C.; Rapacciuolo, M.; Guerra, G.; Petraccone, V.; Corradini, P. On the crystal-structure of the orthorhombic form of syndiotactic polystyrene. Polymer 1992, 33, 1423-1428.
27. Chatani, Y.; Shimane, Y.; Ijitsu, T.; Yukinari, T. Structural study on syndiotactic polystyrene: 3. Crystal-structure of planar form-I. Polymer 1993, 34, 1625-1629.
28. Chatani, Y.; Inagaki, T.; Shimane, Y.; Shikuma, H. Structural study on syndiotactic polystyrene: 4. Formation and crystal structure of molecular compound with iodine. Polymer 1993, 34, 4841-4845.
29. Chatani, Y.; Shimane, Y.; Inagaki, T.; Ijitsu, T.; Yukinari, T.; Shikuma, H. Structural study on syndiotactic polystyrene: 2. Crystal structure of molecular compound with toluene. Polymer 1993, 34, 1620-1624.
30. De Rosa, C.; Rizzo, P.; Ruiz de Ballesteros, O.; Petraccone, V.; Guerra, G. Crystal structure of the clathrate δ form of syndiotactic polystyrene containing 1,2-dichloroethane. Polymer 1999, 40, 2103-2110.
31. Tarallo, O.; Petraccone, V. Syndiotactic polystyrene containing ortho-dichlorobenzene: crystal structure of the clathrate form. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2005, 206, 672-679.
32. Petraccone, V.; Tarallo, O.; Venditto, V.; Guerra, G. An intercalate molecular complex of syndiotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 6965-6971.
33. Petraccone, V.; Tarallo, O.; Califano, V. Crystal structure of the clathrate form of syndiotactic poly(m-methylstyrene) containing carbon disulfide. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 685-691.
34. Tarallo, O.; Petraccone, V.; Venditto, V.; Guerra, G. Crystalline structures of intercalate molecular complexes of syndiotactic polystyrene with two fluorescent guests: 1,3,5-Trimethyl-benzene and 1,4-dimethyl-naphthalene. Polymer 2006, 47, 2402-2410.
35. Galdi, N.; Albunia, A.R.; Oliva, L.; Guerra, G. Selective molecular-complex phase formation of syndiotactic polystyrene with a styrene dimer. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 9171-9176.
36. Rizzo, P.; Albunia, A.R.; Milano, G.; Venditto, V.; Guerra, G.; Mensitieri, G.; Di Maio, L. Crystalline orientation and molecular transport properties in nanoporous syndiotactic polystyrene films. Macromol. Symp 2002, 185, 65-75.
37. Tamai, Y.; Fukuda, M. Thermally induced phase transition of crystalline syndiotactic polystyrene studied by molecular dynamics simulation. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2002, 23, 892-895.
38. de Rosa, C.; Guerra, G.; Petraccone, V.; Pirozzi, B. Crystal structure of the emptied clathrate form delta of syndiotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 4147-4152.
39. Milano, G.; Venditto, V.; Guerra, G.; Cavallo, L.; Ciambelli, P.; Sannino, D. Shape and volume of cavities in thermoplastic molecular sieves based on syndiotactic polystyrene. Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 1506-1511.
40. Gowd, E.B.; Shibayama, N.; Tashiro, K. Structural changes in thermally induced phase transitions of uniaxially oriented δe form of syndiotactic polystyrene investigated by temperature-dependent measurements of X-ray fiber diagrams and polarized infrared spectra. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 8412-8418.
41. Tsujita, Y.; Yoshimizu, H.; Okamoto, S. Smart membrane: preparation of molecular cavity and preferential sorption of small molecule. J. Mol. Structure 2005, 739, 3-12.
42. Guerra, G.; Manfredi, C.; Rapacciuolo, M.; Corradini, P.; Mensitieri, G.; del Nobile, M.A. Manufatti in una nuova modificazione cristallina del polistirene sindiotattico in grado di formare clatrati con solventi e procedimenti per detti. It. Pat. Appl. IT1228915, 1994.
43. Rizzo, P.; Daniel, C.; De Girolamo Del Mauro, A.; Guerra, G. Nuova forma cristallina nanoporosa del polistirene sindiotattico e forme cristalline a complesso molecolare derivate. It. Pat. Appl. SA2006A22, 2006.
44. Rizzo, P.; Daniel, C.; De Girolamo Del Mauro, A.; Guerra, G. New host polymeric framework and related polar guest cocrystals. Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 3864-3866.
45. Petraccone, V.; Ruiz de Ballesteros, O.; Tarallo, O.; Rizzo, P.; Guerra, G. Nanoporous polymer crystals with cavities and channels. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 3663-3668.
46. Vittoria, V.; Russo, R.; de Candia, F. Solvent-induced crystallization of syndiotactic polystyrene in different liquids-sorption and diffusion phenomena. Polymer 1991, 32, 3371-3375.
47. Petraccone, V.; Auriemma, F.; dal Poggetto, F.; de Rosa, C.; Guerra, G.; Corradini, P. On the Structure of the mesomorphic form of syndiotactic polystyrene. Makromol. Chem. 1993, 194, 1335-1345.
48. Manfredi, C.; De Rosa, C.; Guerra, G.; Rapacciuolo, M.; Auriemma, F.; Corradini, P. Structural changes induced by thermal treatments on emptied and filled clathrates of syndiotactic polystyrene. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1995, 196, 2795-2808.
49. Manfredi, C.; Guerra, G.; De Rosa, C.; Busico, V.; Corradini, P. Effects of p-methylstyrene comonomeric units on the polymorphic behavior of syndiotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 6508-6515.
50. Rizzo, P.; Albunia, A.R.; Guerra, G. Polymorphism of syndiotactic polystyrene: γ phase crystallization induced by bulky non-guest solvents. Polymer 2005, 46, 9549-9554.
51. Reverchon, E.; Guerra, G.; Venditto, V. Regeneration of nanoporous crystalline syndiotactic polystyrene by supercritical CO2. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1999, 74, 2077-2082.
52. Ma, W.; Yu, J.; He, J. Empty δ crystal as an Intermediate form for the δ to γ transition of syndiotactic polystyrene in supercritical carbon dioxide. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 4755-4760.
53. Daniel, C.; Giudice, S.; Guerra, G. Syndiotactic polystyrene aerogels with β, γ and ε crystallines phases. Chem. Mater., 2009, 21, 1028-1034.
54. Rizzo, P.; Lamberti, M.; Albunia, A.R.; Ruiz de Ballesteros, O.; Guerra, G. Crystalline orientation in syndiotactic polystyrene cast films. Macromolecules 2002, 35, 5854-5860.
55. Rizzo, P.; Costabile, A.; Guerra, G. Perpendicular orientation of host polymer chains in clathrate thick films. Macromolecules 2004, 37, 3071-3076.
56. Daniel, C.; Avallone, A.; Rizzo, P.; Guerra, G. Control of crystal size and orientation in polymer films by host-guest interactions. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 4820-4823.
57. Rizzo, P.; Della Guardia, S.; Guerra, G. Perpendicular chain axis orientation in s-PS films: achievement by guest-induced clathrate formation and maintenance after transitions toward helical and trans-planar polymorphic forms. Macromolecules 2004, 37, 8043-8049.
58. Rizzo, P.; Spatola, A.; De Girolamo Del Mauro, A.; Guerra, G. Polymeric films with three different uniplanar crystalline phase orientations. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 10089-10094.
59. Albunia, A.R.; Annunziata, L.; Guerra, G. Guest-induced syndiotactic polystyrene cocrystal formation from γ and α phases. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 2683-2688.
60. Albunia, A.R.; Rizzo, P.; Tarallo, O.; Petraccone, V.; Guerra, G. Layers of close-packed alternated enantiomorphous helices and the three different uniplanar orientations of syndiotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 2008, 41, 8632-8642.
61. Albunia, A.R.; Rizzo, P.; Guerra, G. Polymeric films with three different orientations of crystalline phase empty channels. Chem. Mater 2009, 21, 3370-3375.
62. Albunia, A.R.; Rizzo, P.; Guerra, G.; Torres, F.J.; Civalleri, B.; Zicovich-Wilson, C.M. Uniplanar orientations as a tool to assign vibrational modes of polymer chain. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 3895-3897.
63. Torres, F.J.; Civalleri, B.; Meyer, A.; Musto, P.; Albunia, A.R.; Rizzo, P.; Guerra, G. Normal vibrational analysis of the syndiotactic polystyrene s(2/1)2 helix J. Chem. Phys 2009, 113, 5059-5071.
64. Albunia, A.R.; Di Masi, S.; Rizzo, P.; Milano, G.; Musto, P.; Guerra, G. Chlorinated guest orientation and mobility in clathrate structures formed with syndiotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 8695-8703.
65. Albunia, A.R.; Milano, G.; Venditto, V.; Guerra, G. Clear-cut experimental method to discriminate between in-plane and out-of-plane molecular transition moments. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 13114-13115.
66. Milano, G.; Guerra, G.; Müller-Plathe, F. Anisotropic diffusion of small penetrants in the δ crystalline phase of syndiotactic polystyrene: a molecular dynamics simulation study. Chem. Mater. 2002, 14, 2977-298.
67. Venditto, V.; De Girolamo Del Mauro, A.; Mensitieri, G.; Milano, G.; Musto, P.; Rizzo, P.; Guerra, G. Anisotropic guest diffusion in the δ crystalline host phase of syndiotactic polystyrene: transport kinetics in films with three different uniplanar orientations of the host phase. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 2205-2210.
68. Annunziata, L.; Albunia, A.R.; Venditto, V.; Mensitieri, G.; Guerra, G. Polymer/gas clathrates for gas storage and controlled release. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 9166-9170.
69. Albunia, A.R.; Minucci, T.; Guerra, G. Ethylene removal by sorption from polymeric crystalline frameworks. J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18, 1046-1050.
70. Michaels, A.S.; Bixler, H.J. Solubility of gases in polyethylene and rubbery polymers J. Polym. Sci. 1961, 50, 393-412.
71. Puleo, A.C.; Paul, D.R.; Wong, P.K. Gas sorption and transport in semicrystalline poly (4-methyl-1-pentene). Polymer 1989, 30, 1357-66.
72. Guerra, G.; Manfredi, C.; Musto, P.; Tavone, S. Guest conformation and diffusion into morphous and emptied clathrate phases of syndiotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1329-1334.
73. Musto, P.; Rizzo P.; Guerra, G. Host-Guest Interactions and Crystalline Structure Evolution in Clathrate Phases Formed by Syndiotactic Polystyrene and 1,2-Dichloroethane: a Two-Dimensional FTIR Spectroscopy Investigation. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 6079-6089
74. Musto, P.; Manzari, M.; Guerra, G. Spectroscopic investigation of host-guest interactions into clathrate phases of syndiotactic polystyrene containing chlorinated compounds. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 143-149
75. Musto, P.; Mensitieri, G.; Cotugno, S.; Guerra, G.; Venditto, V. Probing by time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy mass transport, molecular interactions, and conformational ordering in the system chloroform-syndiotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 2002, 35, 2296-2304.
76. Manfredi, C.; Del Nobile, M.A.; Mensitieri, G.; Guerra, G.; Rapacciuolo, M. Vapor sorption in emptied clathrate samples of syndiotactic polystyrene. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 1997, 35, 133-140.
77. Musto, P.; Manzari, M.; Guerra, G. Isothermal guest desorption from crystalline and amorphous phases of syndiotactic polystyrene. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2770-2776.
78. Guerra, G.; Milano, G.; Venditto, V.; Musto, P.; De Rosa, C.; Cavallo, L. Thermoplastic molecular sieves Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 363-68.
79. Daniel, C.; Alfano, D.; Venditto, V.; Cardea, S.; Reverchon, E.; Larobina, D.; Mensitieri, G.; Guerra, G. Aerogels with a microporous crystalline host phase. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 1515-1518.
80. Yamamoto, Y.; Kishi, M.; Amutharani, D.; Sivakumar, M.; Tsujita, Y.; Yoshimizu, H. Study on δ-form complex in syndiotactic polystyrene-organic molecules system III. Fine structures of complexes with xylene isomers by means of high-resolution solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Polym. J. 2003, 35, 465-469.
81. Uda, Y.; Kaneko, F.; Kawaguchi, T. Guest exchange process in syndiotactic polystyrene thin films measured by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy Polymer 2004, 45, 2221-29.
82. Saitoh, A.; Amutharani, D.; Yamamoto, Y.; Tsujita, Y.; Yoshimizu, H.; Okamoto, S. Structure and properties of the mesophase of syndiotactic polystyrene IV. Release of guest molecules from δ form of syndiotactic polystyrene by time resolved FT-IR and WAXD measurement. Polym. J. 2003, 35, 868-871.
83. Larobina, D.; Sanguigno, L.; Venditto, V.; Guerra, G.; Mensitieri, G. Gas sorption and transport in syndiotactic polystyrene with nanoporous crystalline phase. Polymer 2004, 45, 429-436.
84. Mensitieri, G.; Larobina, D.; Guerra, G.; Venditto, V.; Fermeglia, M.; Pricl, S. Chloroform sorption in nanoporous crystalline and amorphous phases of syndiotactic polystyrene. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 2008, 46, 8-15.
85. Tarallo, O.; Petraccone, V. On the crystal structure of the clathrate forms of syndiotactic polystyrene containing carbon disulfide and iodine. Macromolecules 2004, 205, 1351-1360.
86. Gupper, A.; Kazarian, S.G. Study of solvent diffusion and solvent-induced crystallizzation in syndiotactic polystyrene using FT-IR spectroscopy and imaging Macromolecules 2005, 38, 2327-2332.
87. Vittoria, V.; Ruvolo Filho, A.; de Candia, F. Vapor induced ordering phenomena in syndiotactic polystyrene amorphous films Polym. Bull 1991, 26, 445-449.
88. Mensitieri, G.; Venditto, V.; Guerra, G. Polymeric sensing films absorbing organic guests into a nanoporous host crystalline phase. Sens. Actuat. B 2003, 92, 255-261.
89. Giordano, M.; Russo, M.; Cusano, A.; Cutolo, A.; Mensitieri, G.; Nicolais, L. Optical sensor based on ultrathin films of δ-form syndiotactic polystyrene for fast and high resolution detection of chloroform. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 5349-5351.
90. Giordano, M.; Russo, M.; Cusano, A.; Mensitieri, G.; Guerra, G. Syndiotactic polystyrene thin film as sensitive layer for an optoelectronic chemical sensing device. Sens. Actuat. B 2005, 109, 177-184.
91. Cusano, A.; Pilla, P.; Contessa, L.; Iadiccio, A.; Campopiano, S.; Cutolo, A.; Giordano, M.; Guerra, G. High-sensitivity optical chemosensor based on coated long-period gratings for sub-ppm chemical detection in water. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 234105/1-234105/3.
92. Cusano, A.; Pilla, P.; Contessa, L.; Campopiano, S.; Cutolo, A.; Giordano, M.; Guerra, G. Coated long-period fiber gratings as high-sensitivity optochemical sensors. J. Lightwave Technol. 2006, 24, 1776-1786.
93. D'Aniello, C.; Rizzo, P.; Guerra, G. Polymorphism and mechanical properties of syndiotactic polystyrene films. Polymer 2005, 46, 11435-11441.
94. Jeen, S.W.; Jambor, J.L.; Blowes, D.W.; Gillham, R.W. Precipitates on granular iron in solutions containing calcium carbonate with trichloroethene and hexavalent chromium. Environ. Sci. Techn. 2007, 41, 1989-1994.
95. Di Molfetta, A.; Sethi, R. Clamshell excavation of a permeable reactive barrier. Environ. Geol. 2006, 50, 361-369.
96. Daniel, C.; Sannino, D.; Guerra, G. Syndiotactic polystyrene aerogels: adsorption in amorphous pores and absorption in crystalline nanocavities. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 577-582.
97. Sauerbrey, G. The use of quartz oscillators for weighing thin layers and for microweighing. Z. Phys. 1959, 155, 206-222.
98. Pejcic, B.; Baryon, C.; Crooke, E.; Eadington, P.; Jee, E.; Ross, A. Hydrocarbon sensing part 1: some important aspects about sensitivity of a polymer-coated quartz crystal microbalance in the aqueous phase. Sens. Actuat. B 2009, 135, 436-443.
99. Mirmohseni, A.; Abdollahi, H.; Rostamizadeh, K. Analysis of transient response of single quartz crystal nanobalance for determination of volatile organic compounds. Sens. Actuat. B 2007, 121, 365-371.
100. Mirmohseni, A.; Rostamizadeh, K. Quartz Crystal Nanobalance in Conjunction with Principal Component Analysis for Identification of Volatile Organic Compounds. Sensors 2006, 6, 324-334.
101. Rösler, S.; Lucklum, R.; Borngräber, R.; Hartmann, J.; Hauptmann, P. Sensor system for the detection of organic pollutants in water by thickness shear mode resonators. Sens. Actuat. B 1998, 48, 415-424.
102. Sakti, S.P.; Rösler, S.; Lucklum, R.; Hauptmann, P.; Bühling, F.; Ansorge, S. Thick polystyrene- coated quartz crystal microbalance as a basis of a cost effective immunosensor Sens. Actuat. 1999, 76, 98-102.
103. Arpaia, P.; Guerra, G.; Mensitieri, G.; Schiano Lo Moriello, R. A chloroform transducer based on sps-δ-coated quartz-crystal microbalance for gaseous environment. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 2005, 54, 31-37.
104. Crank, J. The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2nd ed.; Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK, 1975.
105. Macleod, H.A. Thin-Film Optical Filters; Institute of Physics Publishing: Bristol and Philadelphia, UK and USA, 2001.
106. Cusano, A.; Consales, M.; Pilla, P.; Giordano, M.; Cutolo, A. Nano-Scale Highly Sensitive Coatings for Advanced Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors. Part I: Materials, Sensors Design and Fabrication, in Optics Research Trends; Nova Science Publisher: Hauppauge, NY, USA, 2007.
107. Giordano, M.; Russo, M.; Cusano, A.; Mensitieri, G. An high sensitivity optical sensor for chloroform vapours detection based on nanometric film of δ-form syndiotactic polystyrene. Sens. Actuat. B 2005, 107, 140-147.
108. Meeten, G.H. Optical Properties of Polymers; Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd: Barking, UK, 1986.
109. Vengsarkar, A.M.; Lemaire, P.J.; Judkins, J.B.; Bhatia, V.; Erdogan, T.; Sipe, J.E. Long-period fiber gratings as band rejection filters. J. Lightwave Technol. 1996, 14, 58-65.
110. Patrick, H.J.; Kersey, A.D.; Bucholtz, F. Analysis of the Response of long period fiber gratings to external index of refraction. J. Lightwave Technol 1998, 16, 1606-1612.
111. Cusano, A.; Iadicicco, A.; Pilla, P.; Contessa, L.; Campopiano, S.; Cutolo, A.; Giordano, M. Mode transition in high refractive index coated long period gratings. Opt. Express 2006, 14, 19-34.
112. Cusano, A.; Iadicicco, A.; Pilla, P.; Cutolo, A.; Giordano, M.; Campopiano, S. Sensitivity characteristics in nanosized coated long period gratings. Appl. Phys. Lett 2006, 89, 201116/1-201116/3.
113. Scriven, L.E. Physics and applications of dip coating and spin coating. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1988, 121, 717-729.
114. Pilla, P.; Foglia Manzillo, P.; Giordano, M.; Korming-Pawlowski M.L.; Bock, W.J.; Cusano, A. Spectral behavior of thin film coated cascaded tapered long period gratings in multiple configurations. Opt. Express 2008, 16, 9765-9780.
115. Green, M.M.; Kathri, C.; Peterson, N.C. A macromolecular conformational change driven by a minute chiral solvation energy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 4941-4912.
116. Rowan, A.E.; Nolte, R.J.M. Helical molecular programming. Angew. Chem. 1998, 37, 63-68.
117. Yashima, E.; Maeda, K.; Okamoto, Y. Memory of macromolecular helicity assisted by interaction with achiral small molecules. Nature 1999, 399, 449-451.
118. Green, M.M.; Park, J.W.; Sato, T.; Teramoto, A.; Lifson, S.; Selinger, R.L.B. The macromolecular route to chiral amplification. Angew. Chem. 1999, 38, 3139-3154.
119. Nakano, T.; Okamoto, Y. Synthetic helical polymers: conformation and function. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 4013-38.
120. Borovkov, V.V.; Lintuluoto, J.M.; Inoue, Y. Supramolecular chirogenesis in zinc porphyrins: mechanism, role of guest structure, and application for the absolute configuration determination. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 2979-89.
121. Nakashima, H.; Koe, J.R.; Torimitsu, K.; Fujiki, M. Transfer and amplification of chiral molecular information to polysilylene aggregates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 4847-4848.
122. Yashima, E.; Maeda, K.; Nishimura, T. Detection and amplification of chirality by helical polymers. Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 42-51.
123. Buono, A.M.; Immediata, I.; Rizzo, P.; Guerra, G. Detection and memory of nonracemic molecules by a racemic host polymer film. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 10992-10993.
124. Guadagno, L.; Raimondo, M.; Silvestre, C.; Immediata, I.; Rizzo, P.; Guerra, G. Processing, thermal stability and morphology of chiral sensing syndiotactic polystyrene films. J. Mater. Chem. 2008, 18, 567-572.