British citizenship and the legacy of empires

Parliamentary Affairs

Volumn 63, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 339-355

  Mycock, Andrew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HUDDERSFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950259339     PISSN: 00312290     EISSN: 14602482     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/pa/gsp035     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Andrew Mycock is a Senior Lecturer in Politics in the Department of Behavioural Sciences at the University of Huddersfield. He is co-founder of the Academy for the Study of Britishness based at Huddersfield and co-convenor of the Political Studies Association Britishness Specialist Group.
2. T. Blair, Daily Telegraph, 14 November 2000.
3. Ministry of Justice, The Governance of Britain CM 7170, TSO, 2006, p. 40.
4. T. Nairn, 'Gordon Brown: bard of Britishness'
5. T. Nairn et al., Gordon Brown: 'Bard of Britishness', Institute of Welsh Affairs, 2006.
6. G. Brown, 'New global structures for the new global age', The Round Table, 349, 1999, 39-50.
7. G. Brown, 'The golden thread that runs through our history', The Guardian, 8 July 2004;
8. G. Brown, 'The Future of Britishness', speech to the Fabian Society New Year Conference, 14 January 2006.
9. Brown, The Future of Britishness op. cit., note 4.
10. DfES, Curriculum Review: Diversity and Citizenship, TSO, 2007;
11. G. Brown, speech to the Labour Party Conference, 24 September 2007;
12. R. Kelly and L. Byrne, A Common Place, Fabian Society, 2007;
13. L. Goldsmith, Citizenship: Our Common Bond, The Stationery Office, 2008.
14. Brown, Citizenship: Our Common Bond op. cit., note 5.
15. Ministry of Justice, op. cit., note 2;
16. Ministry of Justice, Life in the United Kingdom: a Journey to Citizenship, TSO, 2007.
17. See, for example, D. Cameron, 'Britishness is not about Flag Flying', speech to the Great Britons Awards, 27 January 2006;
18. C. Harvie, 'Gordon Brown's Britain', 25 January 2006. www .opendemocracy.net 14 April 2008;
19. S. Lee, 'Gordon Brown and the "British Way"', Political Quarterly, 77, 2006, 369-78.
20. For a detailed review of criticisms of 'new' Britishness, see A. Mycock, 'The enduring legacy of empire: post-imperial citizenship and national identity(ies) in the United Kingdom' in M. Dimova-Cookson and P. Stirk, Multiculturalism and Moral Conflict, Routledge, 2009.
21. T. Blair, speech to Commonwealth Heads of Government, 24 October 1997. http://www. thecommonwealth.org.
22. H. Spruyt, Ending Empire: Contested Sovereignty and Territorial Partition, Cornell University Press, 2005, p. 3.
23. S. Howe, 'Internal decolonization? British politics since Thatcher as post-colonial trauma', Twentieth Century British History, 14, 2003, 286-304.
24. C. Bryant, The Nations of Britain, Oxford University Press, 2006.
25. U. K. Preuss, M. Everson, M. Koenig-Archibugi and E. Lefebvre, 'Traditions of citizenship in the European Union', Citizenship Studies, 7, 2003, 3-14.
26. See L. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837, Yale University Press, 1992.
27. See E. Hobsbawm, 'Introduction: inventing tradition' in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge University Press, 1992;
28. K. Kumar, 'Nation and empire: English and British National identity in comparative perspective', Theory and Society, 29, 2000, 575-608;
29. S. Ward, 'Echoes of empire', History Workshop Journal, 62, 2006, 264-278
30. P. Poddar, 'Passports, empire, subjecthood' in G. MacPhee and P. Poddar (eds.), Empire and After: Englishness in Postcolonial Perspective, Berghahn Books, 2007;
31. see also, D. Gorman, Imperial Citizenship: Empire and the Question of Belonging, Manchester University Press, 2006.
32. J. Hampshire, Citizenship and Belonging: Immigration and the Politics of Demographic Governance in Postwar Britain, Palgrave, 2005.
33. A. Dummett and A. Nicol, Subjects, Citizens, Aliens and Others: Nationality and Immigration Law, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990.
34. R. Karatani, Defining British Citizenship: Empire, Commonwealth and Modern Britain, Frank Cass, 2003, pp. 115-118
35. R. Hansen, 'British citizenship after empire: a defence', Political Quarterly, 71, 2000, 42-49, p. 43.
36. D. Cesarani, 'The changing character of citizenship and nationality in Britain' in D. Cesarani and M. Fulbrook (eds.), Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe, Routledge, 1996, p. 64.
37. S. Constantine, 'British emigration to the Empire-Commonwealth since 1880: from overseas settlement to Diaspora?', The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 31, 2003, 16-35.
38. Karatani, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History op. cit., note 21, p. 180.
39. Hampshire, op. cit., note 19, p. 180.
40. Cesarani, op. cit., note 23, p. 66.
41. See Goldsmith, op. cit., note 7.
42. F. Vaughan, The Canadian Federalist Experiment: from Defiant Monarchy to Reluctant Republic, McGill-Queen's University Press, 2004;
43. J. Ritchie and D. Markwell, 'Australian and Commonwealth republicanism', Round Table, 95, 2006, 727-737
44. Mercopress, 'Falklands' new constitution bolsters "Britishness" ', Mercopress Independent News Agency, 21 July 2008.
45. S. Constantine, 'Monarchy and constructing identity in 'British' Gibraltar, c.1800 to the present', The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 34, 2006, 23-44;
46. A. A. Hernández, 'Discursive strategies in the construction of national identity: a critical discourse analysis of the Gibraltar issue in the printed media', National Identities, 10, 2008, 225-235
47. D. Cannadine, 'The context, performance and meaning of ritual: the British monarchy and the 'invention of tradition', c.1820-1977' in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
48. A Mori poll conducted in April 2004 suggests that 71% wish to retain the monarchy but only 47% would maintain its present constitutional role. www.mori.com.
49. G. Brown, 'We need a United Kingdom', Daily Telegraph, 13 January 2007.
50. P. Marshall, '21st century Britain and the Commonwealth', The Round Table, 93, 2004, 571-581
51. See Brown, The Round Table op. cit., note 5.
52. See Mycock, op. cit., note 10.
53. Yougov, 'Britishness public survey results', Daily Telegraph, 22 July 2005, http://www.yougov.co.uk/extranets/ygarchives/content/pdf/TEL050101032-1. pdf.
54. Bryant, Daily Telegraph op. cit., note 14, pp. 255-258
55. Survey by Yougov, March 2009, for Royal Commonwealth Society, 'Commonwealth Conversation'. http://www.thercs.org/society/153.
56. K. Srinivasan, 'Nobody's Commonwealth? The Commonwealth in Britain's post-imperial adjustment', Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 44, 2006, 257-69, p. 260.
57. P. D. Williams, 'Blair's Britain and the Commonwealth', The Round Table, 94, 2005, 380-391
58. R. Worcester, Public Opinion in Britain, 2001. www.trilateral.org.
59. Survey by BMRB, January 2008, for Saga Travel. http://www.saga.co.uk/ travelandleisure/news/commonwealth-survey.asp.
60. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism 1688-2000, 2nd edn, Longman, 2002, pp. 635-640
61. Williams, British Imperialism 1688-2000 op. cit., note 42, p. 382;
62. see also, A. Gamble, Between Europe and America: the Future of British Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
63. P. Hain, 'Britain, Europe and the Commonwealth', The Round Table, 363, 2002, 41-5, p. 43.
64. FCO, UK International Priorities: a Strategy for the FCO, CM 6052, TSO, 2003;
65. G. Brown, speech to Commonwealth Parliamentary Association's Conference, 12 March 2002. http://www.hm-treasury. gov.uk 17 August 2008;
66. T. Blair, Prime Minister's Commonwealth Day Message, London, 12 March 2007. http://www.number10.gov.uk.
67. Brown, Prime Minister's Commonwealth Day Message op. cit., note 4.
68. G. Brown, Speech to the Commonwealth Finance Ministers, Ottawa, 30 September 1998. http://archive.treasury.gov.uk.
69. K. Ford and S. Katwala, Reinventing the Commonwealth, Foreign Policy Centre, 1999.
70. K. Robbins, The 'British Space': World-Empire-Continent-Nation-Region- Locality: a historiographical problem', History Compass, 7, 2009, 66-94.
71. Srinivasan, History Compass op. cit., note 41.
72. G. Brown, 'Brown seeks out "British Values"', 14 March 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/4347369.stm.
73. G. Brown, '"No UK apology" for colonial past', 15 January 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk-politics/4176805.stm.
74. Brown, "No UK apology" for colonial past op. cit., 2002.
75. L. Colley, 'Britishness in the 21st Century-Millennium Lecture', 8 December 1999. http://www. number10.gov.uk.
76. P. Gilroy, 'Why Harry's disorientated about Empire', Guardian, 18 January 2005;
77. S. Milne, 'Britain: imperial nostalgia', Le Monde Diplomatique, May 2005.
78. A. LaGuardia, 'Uganda's leader attacks critics in Commonwealth', Daily Telegraph, 26 November 2005;
79. BBC, 'Zimbabwe attacks UK "colonialism"', 3 March 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk-politics/1852053.stm.
80. T. Mbeki, 'Letter from the President', ANC Today, 5, 2005. http://www.anc.org.za.
81. S. Wolton, 'Immigration policy and the "the crisis of British Values", Citizenship Studies, 10, 2006, 453-467
82. F. Dell'Olio, 'The redefinition of the concept of nationality in the UK: between historical responsibility and normative challenges', Politics, 22, 2002, 9-16.
83. Pruess et al., Politics op. cit., 2003, 7.
84. Goldsmith, op. cit., note 7.
85. D. Howe, 'Citizens don't need Goldsmith's report', The New Statesman, 19 March 2008.
86. Home Office, The Path to Citizenship: Next Steps in Reforming the Immigration System, TSO, 2008, pp. 23-24
87. P. Facey, 'Goldsmith's citizenship review is "Ikea nationalism"', Unlock Democracy, 17 April 2008.
88. M. Perryman, 'Becoming England' in M. Perryman (ed.), Imagined Nation: England after Britain, Lawrence and Wishart, 2008, p. 29.
89. G. Hassan, 'A short history of the future break-up' in M. Perryman (ed.), Imagined Nation: England after Britain, Lawrence and Wishart, 2008;
90. N. Griffths, 'Wales: England's oldest colony', News Statesman, 23 April 2007;
91. G. Monbiot, 'England, that great colonising land, has itself become a colony', The Guardian, 17 February 2009.
92. For example, Ministry of Justice, The Governance of Britain CM 7170, TSO, 2006.
93. M. Perryman (ed.), Breaking Up Britain: Four Nations after a Union, Lawrence and Wishart, 2009. In both cases, the remit for discussion is the UK.
94. See A. Mycock and J. Tonge, 'The future of citizenship' in PSA, Failing Politics? A Response to 'The Governance of Britain' Green Paper, PSA, 2008.
95. G. Brown, 'We must defend the Union', Daily Telegraph, 25 March 2008.
96. Nigel Dodds, DUP MP, noted that if Brown was 'serious about promoting Britishness, he has to encompass all its component parts' cited in A. Dawar, 'Brown attacked for ignoring Ulster in article', The Guardian, 27 March 2008.
97. See M. Perryman, 'A Jigsaw State' in M. Perryman (ed.), Breaking Up Britain: Four Nations after a Union, Lawrence and Wishart, 2009.
98. Bernard Crick rightly highlights that not all nationalists across the UK are secessionists, see B. Crick, 'The four nations: interrelations', The Political Quarterly, 79, 71-79
99. See, for example, G. Adams, 'No more Mé Féin but ourselves alone, together and equal' in M. Perryman (ed.), Breaking Up Britain: Four Nations after a Union, 2009;
100. S. Lee, Best for Britain? The Politics and Legacy of Gordon Brown, Oneworld, 2007;
101. M. Pittock, The Road to Independence? Scotland Since the Sixties, Reaktion Books, 2008;
102. C. Williams, 'From 'melting pot' to melt-down: that Britishness project again' in T. Nairn et al., Gordon Brown: 'Bard of Britishness', Institute of Welsh Affairs, 2006.
103. See, for example, Hassan, op. cit., note 69;
104. P. Kingsnorth, Real England, Portabello, 2008;
105. Nairn, op. cit., note 3;
106. Perryman, op. cit., note 72.
107. See M. S. Leith, 'Scottish national party representations of Scottishness and Scotland', Politics, 28, 2008, 83-92;
108. A. Mycock, 'The Challenges of a Dis-United Kingdom', Open Democracy, 14 July 2009. http://www.opendemocracy.net/ourkingdom/andy-mycock/union.
109. C. Bridge and K. Fedorowich, 'Mapping the British World' in C. Bridge and K. Fedorowich (eds.), The British World: Diaspora, Culture and Identity, Frank Cass, 2003, p. 8.
110. R. McGregor, 'The necessity of Britishness: ethno-cultural roots of Australian Nationalism', Nations and Nationalism, 12, 2008, 493-511.
111. See A. J. Hammerton and A. Thomson, Ten Pound Poms: Australia's Invisible Migrants, Manchester University Press, 2005;
112. S. Lahiri, 'South Asians in post-imperial Britain: decolonisation and imperial legacy' in S. Ward (ed.), British Culture and the End of Empire, Manchester University Press, 2001.
113. See, for example, N. Meaney, 'Britishness and Australia: some reflections', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth and History, 31, 2003, 121-135; D. Pearson, 'The ties that unwind: civic and ethnic imaginings in New Zealand', Nations and Nationalism, 6, 2000, 91-110.
114. D. Malouf, 'Made in England: Australia's British inheritance', Quarterly Essay, 12, 2003, 1-66.
115. G. Brown, speech to a seminar on Britishness at the Commonwealth club, London, 27 February 2007.
116. T. Blair, speech to the US Congress, Washington, DC, 18 July 2003;
117. T. Blair, speech to Australian Parliament, Canberra, 27 March 2006.