Towards a naval alliance: Some naval antecedents to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1854-1902

The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902-1922

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 26-47

  Ion, Hamish ^a  

^a ROYAL MILITARY COLLEGE OF CANADA   (Canada)

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EID: 77950206662     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203316672     Document Type: Chapter

References (97)

1. Admiral of the Fleet Sir Henry Keppel, A Sailor's Life under Four Sovereigns, 3 vols, London: Macmillan, 1899, vol. 3, p. 191.
2. For a useful description of Chinese warships including those of the Peiyang fleet, see Richard R. Wright, The Chinese Steam Navy 1862-1945, London: Chatham, 2000, especially pp. 67-119.
3. Rhodri Williams, Defending the Empire: The Conservative Party and British Defence Policy 1899-1915, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1991, p. 70.
4. Nicholas Lambert, 'Economy or Empire? The Fleet Unit Concept and the Quest for Collective Security in the Pacific 1909-1914', in Greg Kennedy and Keith Neilson (eds), Far-Flung Lines: Essays on Imperial Defence in Honour of Donald Mackenzie Schurman, London: Frank Cass, 1997, pp. 55-83, 56.
5. See also Nicholas A. Lambert, 'The Opportunities of Technology: British and French Naval Strategies in the Pacific, 1905-1909', in N.A.M. Rodger (ed.), Naval Power in the Twentieth Century, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996, pp. 41-58.
6. Arthur J. Marder, The Anatomy of British Sea Power: A History of British Naval Policy in the Pre-Dreadnought Era, 1880-1905, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1940, pp. 309-10.
7. Lawrence James, The Rise and Fall of the British Empire, London: Abacus Books, 1998, p. 242.
8. WG. Beasley, Great Britain and the Opening of Japan 1834-1858, London: Luzac, 1951, p. 200.
9. For a brief outline of British naval activities in Japanese waters prior to 1854, see Hamish Ion, 'Kaikoku zengo no Nichiei gunji kanke', in Hirama Yoichi, Ian Gow and Hatano Sumio (eds), Nichiei Koryu shi: Volume 3: Gunji, Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 2001, pp. 8-20, 8-11.
10. Grace Fox, Britain and Japan 1858-1883, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969, pp. 11-12.
11. Edmund Fremantle, The Navy as I Have Known It 1849-1899, London: Cassell, 1904, p. 89.
12. Beasley, Great Britain and the Opening of Japan, pp. 136-7.
13. Fremantle, The Navy as I Have Known It, p. 107.
14. See W.G. Beasley, 'From Conflict to Co-operation: British Naval Surveying in Japanese Waters, 1845-1882', in Ian Nish and Yoichi Kibata (eds), The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations, Volume 1: The Political-Diplomatic Dimension, 1600-1930, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000, pp. 87-106.
15. 'A Cruise in Japanese Waters', Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, vol. LXXXIV, no. DXVIII (December 1858), pp. 635-46, 641.
16. This article was written by Captain Sherard Osborn, see Gordon Daniels, 'Elites, Governments and Citizens: Some British Perceptions of Japan, 1850-2000', in Gordon Daniels and Chushichi Tsuzuki, The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations 1600-2000: Volume 5: Social and Cultural Perspectives, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2002, pp. 3-16, 4.
17. Francis Martin Norman, 'Martello Tower' in China and The Pacific in H.M.S. 'Tribune' 1856-60, London: George Allen, 1902, p. 236.
18. For the history of the British and French garrisons in Yokohama see Yokohama taigaikeishi kenkyukai, Yokohama Eifutsu chuton gun to gaikokujin kyoryuchi, Tokyo: Tokyodo shuppan, 1999;
19. and the research guide and materials in Yokohama Kaiko Shiryokan, Shiryokan de tadoru: Meiji Ishin shoki no Yokohama Eifutsu chuton gun, Yokohama: Yokohama Kaiko Shiryokan fukyu kyokai, 1993.
20. Matsumoto Kenichi, Kaikoku Ishin, 1853-1871, Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, 1998, p. 100.
21. For a reminiscence of this battle see Admiral Sir Charles Dundas of Dundas K.C.M.G., An Admiral's Yarns: Stray Memories of 50 Years, London: Herbert Jenkins, 1922, p. 35.
22. An interesting account of this battle is found in Admiral John Moresby, Two Admirals: Admiral of the Fleet Sir Fairfax Moresby, G.C.B., K.M.T., D.C.L. (1786-1877) and His Son, John Moresby: A Record of Life and Service in the British Navy for a Hundred Years, London: John Murray, 1909, p. 117.
23. For a detailed study of the Royal Navy and these two wars, see A.H. Ion, 'The Namamugi Incident and the Satsu-Ei and Bakan Wars', in Gregory C. Kennedy and Keith Neilson (eds), Incidents and International Relations: People, Power, and Personalities, Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002, pp. 1-23.
24. Asakawa Michio, 'Kengun o meguru Nichi-Ei kanke: Bakumatsuki kara Nishin senso made', in Hirama Yoichi, Ian Gow and Hatano Sumio (eds), Nichiei Koryu shi: Volume 3: Gunji, Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 2001, pp. 21-36, 22-3.
25. Fox, Britain and Japan, p. 163.
26. Admiral of the Fleet Sir Henry Keppel, A Sailor's Life under Four Sovereigns, 3 vols, London: Macmillan, 1899. Volume 3 covers his tour as C-in-C China Station from March 1867 until October 1869.
27. See also Vivian Stuart, The Beloved Little Admiral: The Life and Times of Admiral of the Fleet The Hon. Sir Henry Keppel, G. C. B, O. M., D. C. L., 1809-1904, London: Robert Hale, 1967, especially pp. 209-28.
28. Keppel, A Sailor's Life, vol. 3, p. 191.
29. John Curtis Perry, 'Great Britain and the Emergence of Japan as a Naval Power', Monumenta Nipponica, 1966, pp. 305-21, 309.
30. See also Fox, Britain and Japan, pp. 254-7; AdM 1/6006, Keppel to Admiralty, 13 July 1867.
31. Keppel, A Sailor's Life, vol. 3, p. 178. See also ADM 1/6006, Keppel to Admiralty, China Letter no. 298 of 1867, 21 December 1867, enclosure: Scheme proposed for the Instruction of Japanese Officers and Cadets.
32. Wilson in a letter to his mother dated 19 September 1868, quoted in Admiral Sir Edward E. Bradford, Life of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson Bart., V.C., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O., London: John Murray, 1923, p. 27.
33. Keppel, A Sailor's Life, vol. 3, p. 180.
34. See Kenneth Bourne and D. Cameron Watt (general eds), British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Series E: Asia, 1860-1914 [hereafter cited as BDFA], vol. 1:
35. Ian Nish (ed.), Japan and North-East Asia, 1860-1878, University Publications of America, 1989;
36. Parkes to Stanley, 5 September 1868, enclosure: Keppel to Admiralty, 23 August 1868.
37. Keppel, A Sailor's Life, vol. 3, p. 226.
38. See also William Laird Clowes, The Royal Navy: A History From The Earliest Times to 1900, 7 vols, London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1897-1903 (Reprint: London: Chatham Publishing, 1997), vol. 7, p. 222.
39. Grace Fox, British Admirals and Chinese Pirates 1832-1869, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1940, p. 70.
40. ADM 1/6342, Memorandum relating to China Station transferred by ViceAdmiral Sir C.F.A. Shadwell to Vice-Admiral A. Ryder, 1 February 1875.
41. ADM 1/6342, Memorandum relating to China Station transferred by ViceAdmiral Sir C.F.A. Shadwell to Vice-Admiral A. Ryder, 1 February 1875.
42. ADM 201/45, Richards to D.A. General, 22 February 1875. See also The Japan Weekly Mail, 6 March 1875.
43. ADM 1/6343, Ryder to Admiralty, 18 August 1875. For a recent article on Douglas, see Ian Gow, 'The Douglas Mission (1873-79) and Meiji Naval Education', in J.E. Hoare (ed.), Britain and Japan: Biographical Portraits, Volume III, London: Japan Library, 1999, pp. 144-57.
44. Admiral Sir Cyprian Bridge, Some Recollections, London: John Murray, 1918, p. 224.
45. The reminiscences of those who served as young officers in Japanese waters during the late nineteenth century stressed the beauty of Japan and the friendliness of the Japanese. See, for instance, Dundas, An Admiral's Yarns;
46. Mark Kerr, Land, Sea, and Air: Reminiscences of Mark Kerr Admiral R.N., Major-General R. A. F., London: Longmans, Green, 1927;
47. Admiral Sir Henry Pelly, 300,000 Sea Miles: An Autobiography, London: Chatto and Windus, 1938.
48. ADM 1/6342, Memorandum relating to China Station transferred by ViceAdmiral Sir C.F.A. Shadwell to Vice-Admiral A. Ryder, 1 February 1875.
49. BDFA, vol. 2, doc. 2, Parkes to Derby, 20 July 1875; see also doc. 4, Ryder to Admiralty, 20 July 1875.
50. ADM 1/6343, Reports on Vladivostok and other Ports in the Gulf of Tartary by Capt. P.H. Colomb. HMS 'Audacious' and Commd. E. G. Church. HMS 'Curlew', 1875. See also BDFA, vol. 1, doc. 305, Memorandum on the Russian Settlement of Vladivostok.
51. Admiral C.C. Penrose Fitzgerald, From Sail to Steam: Naval Recollections, 1878-1905, London: Edward Arnold, 1916, pp. 115-16.
52. Fitzgerald, From Sail to Steam, p. 117.
53. Stuart, The Beloved Little Admiral, pp. 224-5.
54. Shinohara Hiroshi, Nihon Kaigun oyatoi gaijin, Tokyo: Chuokoron, 1988, pp. 193-200.
55. P.H. Colomb, 'The Functions of Armies and Navies: A Demurrer to Colonel Maurice's Pleadings', United Service Magazine, New Series, no. 10, 1894-5, pp. 220-6, 222.
56. Admiral of the Fleet, Sir G. Phipps Hornby, 'The Yalu Action', The United Service Magazine, no. 10, 1894-5, pp. 137-41, 141.
57. British Documents on Foreign Policy [hereafter BDFA], vol. 5, doc. 301, Admiralty to Foreign Office, 8 April 1895; doc. 302, enclosure in doc. 301, Fremantle to Admiralty, 30 January 1895.
58. BDFA, vol. 5, doc. 289, Admiralty to Foreign Office, 6 April 1895.
59. ADM1/7248 S87 1895, C-in-C China Station [General Letter], 3-15 May 1895, no. 239. See also Fremantle, The Navy as I Have Known It, 446.
60. ADM1/7253, DNI, Comparison of the English, French & Russian Squadrons in Chinese Waters. Troops at Vladivostok, 30 March 1895, minute by F. Richards, dated 15 April 1895
61. BDFA, vol. 5, doc. 347, no. 7, Confidential Malet to Kimberley, 16 April 1895.
62. BDFA, vol. 5, doc. 291, Kimberley to Lascelles, 8 April 1895.
63. BDFA, vol. 6, doc. 271, Confidential Buller to Admiralty, 15 December 1897
64. BDFA, vol. 6, doc. 261, Admiralty to Foreign Office, 17 December 1897.
65. FO 46/496, Satow to Salisbury, 24 January 1898.
66. Arthur J. Marder, The Anatomy of British Sea Power, pp. 309-10.
67. Fitzgerald, From Sail to Steam, p. 228.
68. BDFA, vol. 7, doc. 147, Bredon to Foreign Office, 9 October 1899.
69. BDFA, vol. 7, doc. 148, Browne to Foreign Office, 1 June 1900.
70. See Furuya Testsuo, Nichiro senso, Tokyo: Chuokoronsha, 1966, p. 17.
71. See also I.H. Nish, 'Japan's indecision during the Boxer disturbances', Journal of Asian Studies, vol. XX, 1961, pp. 449-61.
72. See, for instance, Toyama Saburo, Nihon kaigun shi, Tokyo, Higashi Murayama: Kyoikusha, 1980, p. 84;
73. Tani Toshio, Himitsu Nichiro senso shi, Tokyo, 1966, p. 3.
74. Philip A. Towle, 'British Estimates of Japanese Military Power, 1900-1914', in Philip Towle (ed.), Estimating Foreign Military Power, London: Croom Helm, 1982, pp. 111-36, 115-16, especially 115.
75. Nish, The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, p. 92.
76. Roger Keyes, Adventures Ashore and Afloat, London: George E. Harrap, 1939, p. 225.
77. ADM116/114, Bruce to Goschen, 25 June 1900.
78. The North China Herald, 20 June 1900. For the changing number of ships off Taku in the first two months of the Uprising
79. see Hirama Yoichi, Nichi-Ei domei: domei no sentaku to seisui, Tokyo: PHP Shinsho, 2000, p. 34.
80. FO 46/527, Whitehead to Salisbury, 24 June 1900, enclosure: Dewa to Minister of Navy, 22 June 1900.
81. See FO 46/527, Whitehead to Aoki, 5 July 1900.
82. BKTSS, Kaigun: Shinkoku jiken, M33-7. Dai roku kai: sento joho, Tenshin, shichi getsu ju-yon nichi, 4. An account of this battle can be found in Rear-Admiral WS. Chambers, The Life and Times of David, Earl Beatty: Admiral of the Fleet, Viscount Borodale of Wexford, Baron Beatty of the North Sea and of Brooksby, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1951, pp. 67-9.
83. W. G. Beasley, Japanese Imperialism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 76.
84. Inoue Kiyoshi, Nihon teikokushugi no keisei, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1968, p. 78.
85. Nish, The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, pp. 104-6.
86. L.K. Young, British Policy in China 1895-1902, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970, pp. 273-81.
87. ADM1/7455 S176 1900, Confidential [Report on Port Arthur, Dahnii, Talienwan, by Lieut. R. A. Norton, late Naval Intelligence Officer, HMS 'Centurion': Report on Port Arthur, Dalnii, Victoria Bay, by Commr E.F.A. Gaunt], 9 August 1900, no. 473/3443.
88. Young, British Policy in China, 273.
89. Selborne Papers, Bodleian Library, Selborne Papers 27, Kerr to Selborne, Secret, 2 September 1901. I must thank Keith Neilson for drawing this quotation to my attention. Ian Nish points out that, in late November 1901, Kerr wrote to Vice-Admiral Bridge about the need for diplomacy or alliances to help the Royal Navy out of its predicament caused by the growth of foreign navies. See Nish, The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, p. 184.
90. See FO 46/563, no. 57, Secret, Macdonald to Lansdowne, 19 May 1902.
91. Bridge, Some Recollections, pp. 315-16.
92. Captain Paget of HMS Endymion who had an audience with the Emperor in mid-March also took part in an Imperial duck hunt. See FO 46/563, no. 42, Confidential, Macdonald to Lansdowne, 10 April 1902.
93. Nish, The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, p. 252.
94. See also Vice-Admiral G.A. Ballard, The Influence of the Sea on the Political History of Japan, London: John Murray, 1921, p. 184.
95. FO 46/565, Troubridge to Macdonald, 28 April 1903.
96. See Colin Holmes and A.H. Ion, 'Bushido and the Samurai: Images in British Public Opinion, 1894-1914', Modern Asian Studies, vol. 14, no. 2, 1980.
97. Hirama Yoichi, Nichi-Ei domei: domei no sentaku to seisui, Tokyo: PHP Shinsho, 2000, p. 34.