The goods and goals of marriage

Notre Dame Law Review

Volumn 76, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 1019-1070

  Witte Jr , John ^a,b,c,d  

^a Department of Law ^*

^b EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c CALVIN COLLEGE   (United States)

^d HARVARD LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77950192637     PISSN: 07453515     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (368)

1. See STEPHEN G. POST, MORE LASTING UNIONS: CHRISTIANITY, THE FAMILY, AND SOCIETY 54-55 (2000); Linda J. Waite, Does Marriage Matter?, 32 DEMOGRAPHY 483, 486-87 (1995). All of the studies mentioned in this paragraph can be found in the following body of literature. See POST, supra, at 5-42; LINDA J. WAITE & MAGGIE GALLAGHER, THE CASE FOR MARRIAGE: WHY MARRIED PEOPLE ARE HAPPIER, HEALTHIER, AND BETTER OFF FINANCIALLY (2000); Waite, supra; Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, Dan Quayle Was Right, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Apr. 1993, at 47; Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, The Failure of Sexual Education, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Oct. 1994, at 55.
2. See STEPHEN G. POST, MORE LASTING UNIONS: CHRISTIANITY, THE FAMILY, AND SOCIETY 54-55 (2000); Linda J. Waite, Does Marriage Matter?, 32 DEMOGRAPHY 483, 486-87 (1995). All of the studies mentioned in this paragraph can be found in the following body of literature. See POST, supra, at 5-42; LINDA J. WAITE & MAGGIE GALLAGHER, THE CASE FOR MARRIAGE: WHY MARRIED PEOPLE ARE HAPPIER, HEALTHIER, AND BETTER OFF FINANCIALLY (2000); Waite, supra; Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, Dan Quayle Was Right, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Apr. 1993, at 47; Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, The Failure of Sexual Education, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Oct. 1994, at 55.
3. See STEPHEN G. POST, MORE LASTING UNIONS: CHRISTIANITY, THE FAMILY, AND SOCIETY 54-55 (2000); Linda J. Waite, Does Marriage Matter?, 32 DEMOGRAPHY 483, 486-87 (1995). All of the studies mentioned in this paragraph can be found in the following body of literature. See POST, supra, at 5-42; LINDA J. WAITE & MAGGIE GALLAGHER, THE CASE FOR MARRIAGE: WHY MARRIED PEOPLE ARE HAPPIER, HEALTHIER, AND BETTER OFF FINANCIALLY (2000); Waite, supra; Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, Dan Quayle Was Right, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Apr. 1993, at 47; Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, The Failure of Sexual Education, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Oct. 1994, at 55.
4. See STEPHEN G. POST, MORE LASTING UNIONS: CHRISTIANITY, THE FAMILY, AND SOCIETY 54-55 (2000); Linda J. Waite, Does Marriage Matter?, 32 DEMOGRAPHY 483, 486-87 (1995). All of the studies mentioned in this paragraph can be found in the following body of literature. See POST, supra, at 5-42; LINDA J. WAITE & MAGGIE GALLAGHER, THE CASE FOR MARRIAGE: WHY MARRIED PEOPLE ARE HAPPIER, HEALTHIER, AND BETTER OFF FINANCIALLY (2000); Waite, supra; Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, Dan Quayle Was Right, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Apr. 1993, at 47; Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, The Failure of Sexual Education, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Oct. 1994, at 55.
5. See STEPHEN G. POST, MORE LASTING UNIONS: CHRISTIANITY, THE FAMILY, AND SOCIETY 54-55 (2000); Linda J. Waite, Does Marriage Matter?, 32 DEMOGRAPHY 483, 486-87 (1995). All of the studies mentioned in this paragraph can be found in the following body of literature. See POST, supra, at 5-42; LINDA J. WAITE & MAGGIE GALLAGHER, THE CASE FOR MARRIAGE: WHY MARRIED PEOPLE ARE HAPPIER, HEALTHIER, AND BETTER OFF FINANCIALLY (2000); Waite, supra; Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, Dan Quayle Was Right, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Apr. 1993, at 47; Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, The Failure of Sexual Education, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, Oct. 1994, at 55.
6. See WAITE & GALLAGHER, supra note 1, at 50-51; Waite, supra note 1, at 486-89.
7. See WAITE & GALLAGHER, supra note 1, at 48, 52, 67.
8. See id. at 78-96; Waite, supra note 1, at 489-92.
9. See WAITE & GALLAGHER, supra note 1, at 111-18; Waite, supra note 1, at 492-93; Whitehead, Dan Quayle Was Right, supra note 1, at 62.
10. See WAITE & GALLAGHER, supra note 1, at 47-64.
11. See id. at 114-16; Waite, supra note 1, at 495-98.
12. See Waite, supra note 1, at 493.
13. See DAVID POPENOE & BARBARA DAFOE WHITEHEAD, THE STATE OF OUR UNIONS 1999 (2000), available at http://marriage.rutgers.edu/state_of_our_unions% 202000%20text%20only.htm; DAVID POPENOE & BARBARA DAFOE WHITEHEAD, THE STATE OF OUR UNIONS 1998 (1999), available at http://marriage.rutgers.edu/state. html.
14. See DAVID POPENOE & BARBARA DAFOE WHITEHEAD, THE STATE OF OUR UNIONS 1999 (2000), available at http://marriage.rutgers.edu/state_of_our_unions% 202000%20text%20only.htm; DAVID POPENOE & BARBARA DAFOE WHITEHEAD, THE STATE OF OUR UNIONS 1998 (1999), available at http://marriage.rutgers.edu/state. html.
15. See POPENOE & WHITEHEAD, THE STATE OF OUR UNIONS 1999, supra note 9, available at http://marriage.rutgers.edu/state_of_our_unions%202000%20text% 20only.htm; POPENOE & WHITEHEAD, THE STATE OF OUR UNIONS 1998, supra note 9, available at http://marriage.rutgers.edu/state.html. What has apparently not yet been closely studied by social scientists are the comparative health benefits of (1) monogamous versus polygamous unions; (2) committed married versus committed monastic lives; or (3) committed heterosexual versus committed homosexual unions.
16. See POPENOE & WHITEHEAD, THE STATE OF OUR UNIONS 1999, supra note 9, available at http://marriage.rutgers.edu/state_of_our_unions%202000%20text% 20only.htm; POPENOE & WHITEHEAD, THE STATE OF OUR UNIONS 1998, supra note 9, available at http://marriage.rutgers.edu/state.html. What has apparently not yet been closely studied by social scientists are the comparative health benefits of (1) monogamous versus polygamous unions; (2) committed married versus committed monastic lives; or (3) committed heterosexual versus committed homosexual unions.
17. See JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., CANONS AND CANONISTS IN CONTEXT (1997) (containing several earlier essays on Roman and canon laws of marriage); THE MORALITY OF ABORTION: LEGAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES (John T. Noonan, Jr. ed., 1970); John T. Noonan. Jr., Authority, Usury, and Contraception, 16 CROSS CURRENTS 55 (1966); John T. Noonan. Jr., The Family and the Supreme Court, 23 CATH. U. L. REV. 255 (1973); John T. Noonan. Jr., Freedom, Experimentation, and Permanence in the Canon Law on Marriage, in LAW FOR LIBERTY: THE ROLE OF LAW IN THE CHURCH TODAY 52 (James E. Biechler ed., 1967); John T. Noonan, Jr., Genital Good, 8 COMMUNIO: INT'L CATH. REV. 198 (1981); John T. Noonan, Jr., History and the Values of Christian Marriage, in MARRIAGE IN THE LIGHT OF VATICAN II, at 1 (James T. McHugh ed., 1968); John T. Noonan, Jr., Indissolubility of Marriage and Natural Law, 14 AM. J. JURIS. 79 (1969); John T. Noonan, Jr., Natural Law, The Teachings of the Church and the Regulation of the Rhythmn of Human Fecundity, 25 AM. J. JURIS. 16 (1980) ; John T. Noonan, Jr., Sexual Freedom and the Three Functions of Law, in SEXUALITY: A SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE 159 (D.L. Grummon & A.M. Barclay eds., 1971).
18. See JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., CANONS AND CANONISTS IN CONTEXT (1997) (containing several earlier essays on Roman and canon laws of marriage); THE MORALITY OF ABORTION: LEGAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES (John T. Noonan, Jr. ed., 1970); John T. Noonan. Jr., Authority, Usury, and Contraception, 16 CROSS CURRENTS 55 (1966); John T. Noonan. Jr., The Family and the Supreme Court, 23 CATH. U. L. REV. 255 (1973); John T. Noonan. Jr., Freedom, Experimentation, and Permanence in the Canon Law on Marriage, in LAW FOR LIBERTY: THE ROLE OF LAW IN THE CHURCH TODAY 52 (James E. Biechler ed., 1967); John T. Noonan, Jr., Genital Good, 8 COMMUNIO: INT'L CATH. REV. 198 (1981); John T. Noonan, Jr., History and the Values of Christian Marriage, in MARRIAGE IN THE LIGHT OF VATICAN II, at 1 (James T. McHugh ed., 1968); John T. Noonan, Jr., Indissolubility of Marriage and Natural Law, 14 AM. J. JURIS. 79 (1969); John T. Noonan, Jr., Natural Law, The Teachings of the Church and the Regulation of the Rhythmn of Human Fecundity, 25 AM. J. JURIS. 16 (1980) ; John T. Noonan, Jr., Sexual Freedom and the Three Functions of Law, in SEXUALITY: A SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE 159 (D.L. Grummon & A.M. Barclay eds., 1971).
19. See JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., CANONS AND CANONISTS IN CONTEXT (1997) (containing several earlier essays on Roman and canon laws of marriage); THE MORALITY OF ABORTION: LEGAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES (John T. Noonan, Jr. ed., 1970); John T. Noonan. Jr., Authority, Usury, and Contraception, 16 CROSS CURRENTS 55 (1966); John T. Noonan. Jr., The Family and the Supreme Court, 23 CATH. U. L. REV. 255 (1973); John T. Noonan. Jr., Freedom, Experimentation, and Permanence in the Canon Law on Marriage, in LAW FOR LIBERTY: THE ROLE OF LAW IN THE CHURCH TODAY 52 (James E. Biechler ed., 1967); John T. Noonan, Jr., Genital Good, 8 COMMUNIO: INT'L CATH. REV. 198 (1981); John T. Noonan, Jr., History and the Values of Christian Marriage, in MARRIAGE IN THE LIGHT OF VATICAN II, at 1 (James T. McHugh ed., 1968); John T. Noonan, Jr., Indissolubility of Marriage and Natural Law, 14 AM. J. JURIS. 79 (1969); John T. Noonan, Jr., Natural Law, The Teachings of the Church and the Regulation of the Rhythmn of Human Fecundity, 25 AM. J. JURIS. 16 (1980) ; John T. Noonan, Jr., Sexual Freedom and the Three Functions of Law, in SEXUALITY: A SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE 159 (D.L. Grummon & A.M. Barclay eds., 1971).
20. See JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., CANONS AND CANONISTS IN CONTEXT (1997) (containing several earlier essays on Roman and canon laws of marriage); THE MORALITY OF ABORTION: LEGAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES (John T. Noonan, Jr. ed., 1970); John T. Noonan. Jr., Authority, Usury, and Contraception, 16 CROSS CURRENTS 55 (1966); John T. Noonan. Jr., The Family and the Supreme Court, 23 CATH. U. L. REV. 255 (1973); John T. Noonan. Jr., Freedom, Experimentation, and Permanence in the Canon Law on Marriage, in LAW FOR LIBERTY: THE ROLE OF LAW IN THE CHURCH TODAY 52 (James E. Biechler ed., 1967); John T. Noonan, Jr., Genital Good, 8 COMMUNIO: INT'L CATH. REV. 198 (1981); John T. Noonan, Jr., History and the Values of Christian Marriage, in MARRIAGE IN THE LIGHT OF VATICAN II, at 1 (James T. McHugh ed., 1968); John T. Noonan, Jr., Indissolubility of Marriage and Natural Law, 14 AM. J. JURIS. 79 (1969); John T. Noonan, Jr., Natural Law, The Teachings of the Church and the Regulation of the Rhythmn of Human Fecundity, 25 AM. J. JURIS. 16 (1980) ; John T. Noonan, Jr., Sexual Freedom and the Three Functions of Law, in SEXUALITY: A SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE 159 (D.L. Grummon & A.M. Barclay eds., 1971).
21. See JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., CANONS AND CANONISTS IN CONTEXT (1997) (containing several earlier essays on Roman and canon laws of marriage); THE MORALITY OF ABORTION: LEGAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES (John T. Noonan, Jr. ed., 1970); John T. Noonan. Jr., Authority, Usury, and Contraception, 16 CROSS CURRENTS 55 (1966); John T. Noonan. Jr., The Family and the Supreme Court, 23 CATH. U. L. REV. 255 (1973); John T. Noonan. Jr., Freedom, Experimentation, and Permanence in the Canon Law on Marriage, in LAW FOR LIBERTY: THE ROLE OF LAW IN THE CHURCH TODAY 52 (James E. Biechler ed., 1967); John T. Noonan, Jr., Genital Good, 8 COMMUNIO: INT'L CATH. REV. 198 (1981); John T. Noonan, Jr., History and the Values of Christian Marriage, in MARRIAGE IN THE LIGHT OF VATICAN II, at 1 (James T. McHugh ed., 1968); John T. Noonan, Jr., Indissolubility of Marriage and Natural Law, 14 AM. J. JURIS. 79 (1969); John T. Noonan, Jr., Natural Law, The Teachings of the Church and the Regulation of the Rhythmn of Human Fecundity, 25 AM. J. JURIS. 16 (1980) ; John T. Noonan, Jr., Sexual Freedom and the Three Functions of Law, in SEXUALITY: A SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE 159 (D.L. Grummon & A.M. Barclay eds., 1971).
22. See JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., CANONS AND CANONISTS IN CONTEXT (1997) (containing several earlier essays on Roman and canon laws of marriage); THE MORALITY OF ABORTION: LEGAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES (John T. Noonan, Jr. ed., 1970); John T. Noonan. Jr., Authority, Usury, and Contraception, 16 CROSS CURRENTS 55 (1966); John T. Noonan. Jr., The Family and the Supreme Court, 23 CATH. U. L. REV. 255 (1973); John T. Noonan. Jr., Freedom, Experimentation, and Permanence in the Canon Law on Marriage, in LAW FOR LIBERTY: THE ROLE OF LAW IN THE CHURCH TODAY 52 (James E. Biechler ed., 1967); John T. Noonan, Jr., Genital Good, 8 COMMUNIO: INT'L CATH. REV. 198 (1981); John T. Noonan, Jr., History and the Values of Christian Marriage, in MARRIAGE IN THE LIGHT OF VATICAN II, at 1 (James T. McHugh ed., 1968); John T. Noonan, Jr., Indissolubility of Marriage and Natural Law, 14 AM. J. JURIS. 79 (1969); John T. Noonan, Jr., Natural Law, The Teachings of the Church and the Regulation of the Rhythmn of Human Fecundity, 25 AM. J. JURIS. 16 (1980) ; John T. Noonan, Jr., Sexual Freedom and the Three Functions of Law, in SEXUALITY: A SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE 159 (D.L. Grummon & A.M. Barclay eds., 1971).
23. See JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., CANONS AND CANONISTS IN CONTEXT (1997) (containing several earlier essays on Roman and canon laws of marriage); THE MORALITY OF ABORTION: LEGAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES (John T. Noonan, Jr. ed., 1970); John T. Noonan. Jr., Authority, Usury, and Contraception, 16 CROSS CURRENTS 55 (1966); John T. Noonan. Jr., The Family and the Supreme Court, 23 CATH. U. L. REV. 255 (1973); John T. Noonan. Jr., Freedom, Experimentation, and Permanence in the Canon Law on Marriage, in LAW FOR LIBERTY: THE ROLE OF LAW IN THE CHURCH TODAY 52 (James E. Biechler ed., 1967); John T. Noonan, Jr., Genital Good, 8 COMMUNIO: INT'L CATH. REV. 198 (1981); John T. Noonan, Jr., History and the Values of Christian Marriage, in MARRIAGE IN THE LIGHT OF VATICAN II, at 1 (James T. McHugh ed., 1968); John T. Noonan, Jr., Indissolubility of Marriage and Natural Law, 14 AM. J. JURIS. 79 (1969); John T. Noonan, Jr., Natural Law, The Teachings of the Church and the Regulation of the Rhythmn of Human Fecundity, 25 AM. J. JURIS. 16 (1980) ; John T. Noonan, Jr., Sexual Freedom and the Three Functions of Law, in SEXUALITY: A SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE 159 (D.L. Grummon & A.M. Barclay eds., 1971).
24. See JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., CANONS AND CANONISTS IN CONTEXT (1997) (containing several earlier essays on Roman and canon laws of marriage); THE MORALITY OF ABORTION: LEGAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES (John T. Noonan, Jr. ed., 1970); John T. Noonan. Jr., Authority, Usury, and Contraception, 16 CROSS CURRENTS 55 (1966); John T. Noonan. Jr., The Family and the Supreme Court, 23 CATH. U. L. REV. 255 (1973); John T. Noonan. Jr., Freedom, Experimentation, and Permanence in the Canon Law on Marriage, in LAW FOR LIBERTY: THE ROLE OF LAW IN THE CHURCH TODAY 52 (James E. Biechler ed., 1967); John T. Noonan, Jr., Genital Good, 8 COMMUNIO: INT'L CATH. REV. 198 (1981); John T. Noonan, Jr., History and the Values of Christian Marriage, in MARRIAGE IN THE LIGHT OF VATICAN II, at 1 (James T. McHugh ed., 1968); John T. Noonan, Jr., Indissolubility of Marriage and Natural Law, 14 AM. J. JURIS. 79 (1969); John T. Noonan, Jr., Natural Law, The Teachings of the Church and the Regulation of the Rhythmn of Human Fecundity, 25 AM. J. JURIS. 16 (1980) ; John T. Noonan, Jr., Sexual Freedom and the Three Functions of Law, in SEXUALITY: A SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE 159 (D.L. Grummon & A.M. Barclay eds., 1971).
25. See JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., CANONS AND CANONISTS IN CONTEXT (1997) (containing several earlier essays on Roman and canon laws of marriage); THE MORALITY OF ABORTION: LEGAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES (John T. Noonan, Jr. ed., 1970); John T. Noonan. Jr., Authority, Usury, and Contraception, 16 CROSS CURRENTS 55 (1966); John T. Noonan. Jr., The Family and the Supreme Court, 23 CATH. U. L. REV. 255 (1973); John T. Noonan. Jr., Freedom, Experimentation, and Permanence in the Canon Law on Marriage, in LAW FOR LIBERTY: THE ROLE OF LAW IN THE CHURCH TODAY 52 (James E. Biechler ed., 1967); John T. Noonan, Jr., Genital Good, 8 COMMUNIO: INT'L CATH. REV. 198 (1981); John T. Noonan, Jr., History and the Values of Christian Marriage, in MARRIAGE IN THE LIGHT OF VATICAN II, at 1 (James T. McHugh ed., 1968); John T. Noonan, Jr., Indissolubility of Marriage and Natural Law, 14 AM. J. JURIS. 79 (1969); John T. Noonan, Jr., Natural Law, The Teachings of the Church and the Regulation of the Rhythmn of Human Fecundity, 25 AM. J. JURIS. 16 (1980) ; John T. Noonan, Jr., Sexual Freedom and the Three Functions of Law, in SEXUALITY: A SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE 159 (D.L. Grummon & A.M. Barclay eds., 1971).
26. See JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., CANONS AND CANONISTS IN CONTEXT (1997) (containing several earlier essays on Roman and canon laws of marriage); THE MORALITY OF ABORTION: LEGAL AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES (John T. Noonan, Jr. ed., 1970); John T. Noonan. Jr., Authority, Usury, and Contraception, 16 CROSS CURRENTS 55 (1966); John T. Noonan. Jr., The Family and the Supreme Court, 23 CATH. U. L. REV. 255 (1973); John T. Noonan. Jr., Freedom, Experimentation, and Permanence in the Canon Law on Marriage, in LAW FOR LIBERTY: THE ROLE OF LAW IN THE CHURCH TODAY 52 (James E. Biechler ed., 1967); John T. Noonan, Jr., Genital Good, 8 COMMUNIO: INT'L CATH. REV. 198 (1981); John T. Noonan, Jr., History and the Values of Christian Marriage, in MARRIAGE IN THE LIGHT OF VATICAN II, at 1 (James T. McHugh ed., 1968); John T. Noonan, Jr., Indissolubility of Marriage and Natural Law, 14 AM. J. JURIS. 79 (1969); John T. Noonan, Jr., Natural Law, The Teachings of the Church and the Regulation of the Rhythmn of Human Fecundity, 25 AM. J. JURIS. 16 (1980) ; John T. Noonan, Jr., Sexual Freedom and the Three Functions of Law, in SEXUALITY: A SEARCH FOR PERSPECTIVE 159 (D.L. Grummon & A.M. Barclay eds., 1971).
27. JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., CONTRACEPTION: A HISTORY OF ITS TREATMENT BY THE CATHOLIC THEOLOGIANS AND CANONISTS (1965).
28. JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., POWER TO DISSOLVE: LAWYERS AND MARRIAGES IN THE COURTS OF THE ROMAN CURIA (1972).
29. JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., THE CHURCH AND CONTRACEPTION: THE ISSUES AT STAKE (1967).
30. JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., A PRIVATE CHOICE: ABORTION IN AMERICA IN THE SEVENTIES (1979).
31. See FRANCIS W. CARNEY, THE PURPOSES OF CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE 3-12 (1950); THEODORE MACKIN, WHAT IS MARRIAGE? 76-91 (1982); ALAIN MATTHEEUWS, UNION ET PROCRÉATION: DÉVELOPPEMENTS DE LA DOCTRINE DES FINS DU MARIAGE passim (1989); DIETRICH VON HILDEBRAND, MARRIAGE 1-30 (1942).
32. See FRANCIS W. CARNEY, THE PURPOSES OF CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE 3-12 (1950); THEODORE MACKIN, WHAT IS MARRIAGE? 76-91 (1982); ALAIN MATTHEEUWS, UNION ET PROCRÉATION: DÉVELOPPEMENTS DE LA DOCTRINE DES FINS DU MARIAGE passim (1989); DIETRICH VON HILDEBRAND, MARRIAGE 1-30 (1942).
33. See FRANCIS W. CARNEY, THE PURPOSES OF CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE 3-12 (1950); THEODORE MACKIN, WHAT IS MARRIAGE? 76-91 (1982); ALAIN MATTHEEUWS, UNION ET PROCRÉATION: DÉVELOPPEMENTS DE LA DOCTRINE DES FINS DU MARIAGE passim (1989); DIETRICH VON HILDEBRAND, MARRIAGE 1-30 (1942).
34. See FRANCIS W. CARNEY, THE PURPOSES OF CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE 3-12 (1950); THEODORE MACKIN, WHAT IS MARRIAGE? 76-91 (1982); ALAIN MATTHEEUWS, UNION ET PROCRÉATION: DÉVELOPPEMENTS DE LA DOCTRINE DES FINS DU MARIAGE passim (1989); DIETRICH VON HILDEBRAND, MARRIAGE 1-30 (1942).
35. See, e.g., JAMES A. BRUNDAGE, LAW, SEX, AND CHRISTIAN SOCIETY IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE 89, 138-40, 280 (1987); 2 GERMAIN GRISEZ, THE WAY OF THE LORD JESUS: LIVING A CHRISTIAN LIFE 555-69 (1993); Robert P. George & Gerard V. Bradley, Marriage and the Liberal Imagination, 84 GEO. L.J. 301, 305 (1995).
36. See, e.g., JAMES A. BRUNDAGE, LAW, SEX, AND CHRISTIAN SOCIETY IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE 89, 138-40, 280 (1987); 2 GERMAIN GRISEZ, THE WAY OF THE LORD JESUS: LIVING A CHRISTIAN LIFE 555-69 (1993); Robert P. George & Gerard V. Bradley, Marriage and the Liberal Imagination, 84 GEO. L.J. 301, 305 (1995).
37. See, e.g., JAMES A. BRUNDAGE, LAW, SEX, AND CHRISTIAN SOCIETY IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE 89, 138-40, 280 (1987); 2 GERMAIN GRISEZ, THE WAY OF THE LORD JESUS: LIVING A CHRISTIAN LIFE 555-69 (1993); Robert P. George & Gerard V. Bradley, Marriage and the Liberal Imagination, 84 GEO. L.J. 301, 305 (1995).
38. See JOHN WITTE, JR., FROM SACRAMENT TO CONTRACT: MARRIAGE, RELIGION, AND LAW IN THE WESTERN TRADITION 42-193 (1997).
39. I have not addressed the use of Judaic sources in the early Christian church, ably and amply discussed in CAROLYN L. OSIEK & DAVID BALCH, FAMILIES IN THE NEW TESTAMENT WORLD: HOUSEHOLDS AND HOUSE CHURCHES (1997),
40. and LEO J. PURDUE ET AL., FAMILIES IN ANCIENT ISRAEL (1997).
41. PLATO, REPUBLIC, translated in THE COLLECTED DIALOGUES OF PLATO, INCLUDING THE LETTERS 575, 698 (Edith Hamilton & Huntington Cairns eds., 1961).
42. PLATO, REPUBLIC, translated in THE COLLECTED DIALOGUES OF PLATO, INCLUDING THE LETTERS 575, 698 (Edith Hamilton & Huntington Cairns eds., 1961).
43. PLATO, LAWS, translated in THE COLLECTED DIALOGUES OF PLATO, INCLUDING THE LETTERS, supra note 20, at 1225, 1350.
44. PLATO, LAWS, translated in THE COLLECTED DIALOGUES OF PLATO, INCLUDING THE LETTERS, supra note 20, at 1225, 1350.
45. Id. at 1404.
46. ARISTOTLE, ETHICS bk. I, ch. 7, translated in THE ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE 24 (J.A.K. Thomson trans., reprinted ed. 1965).
47. ARISTOTLE, ETHICS bk. I, ch. 7, translated in THE ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE 24 (J.A.K. Thomson trans., reprinted ed. 1965).
48. ARISTOTLE, POLITICA bk. I, ch. 3, § 1, translated in THE POLITICS OF ARISTOTLE (Ernest Barker trans. & ed., 1962).
49. ARISTOTLE, POLITICA bk. I, ch. 3, § 1, translated in THE POLITICS OF ARISTOTLE (Ernest Barker trans. & ed., 1962).
50. Id. bk. I, ch. 2, § 2.
51. ARISTOTLE, supra note 23, bk. VIII, ch. 12, translated in THE ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE, supra note 23, at 225-26. The interpolation "into a common stock" is an alternative translation that appears in several other editions of Ethics.
52. See ARISTOTLE, supra note 23, bk. VIII, ch. 10-12, translated in THE ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE, supra note 23, at 220-26; see also PLATO, supra note 21, at 1349-51; PLATO, supra note 20, at 696-97, 698-701. See further sources and discussion in SARAH POMEROY, FAMILIES IN CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC GREECE: REPRESENTATIONS AND REALITIES (1997), and the discussions of comparable sentiments of Xenophon in SARAH POMEROY, XENOPHON OECONOMICUS: A SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL COMMENTARY (1994).
53. See ARISTOTLE, supra note 23, bk. VIII, ch. 10-12, translated in THE ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE, supra note 23, at 220-26; see also PLATO, supra note 21, at 1349-51; PLATO, supra note 20, at 696-97, 698-701. See further sources and discussion in SARAH POMEROY, FAMILIES IN CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC GREECE: REPRESENTATIONS AND REALITIES (1997), and the discussions of comparable sentiments of Xenophon in SARAH POMEROY, XENOPHON OECONOMICUS: A SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL COMMENTARY (1994).
54. See ARISTOTLE, supra note 23, bk. VIII, ch. 10-12, translated in THE ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE, supra note 23, at 220-26; see also PLATO, supra note 21, at 1349-51; PLATO, supra note 20, at 696-97, 698-701. See further sources and discussion in SARAH POMEROY, FAMILIES IN CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC GREECE: REPRESENTATIONS AND REALITIES (1997), and the discussions of comparable sentiments of Xenophon in SARAH POMEROY, XENOPHON OECONOMICUS: A SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL COMMENTARY (1994).
55. CICERO, DE FINIBUS bk. III, ch. 23, § 65 (H. Rackham trans., 1983).
56. Id.; see also CICERO, DE OFFICIS bk. I, ch. 27, § 54 (Walter Miller trans., T.E. Page et al. eds., 1938); CICERO, DE REPUBLICA bk. I, ch. 5 (Clinton Walker Keyes trans., 1943); id. bk. V, ch. 5.
57. Id.; see also CICERO, DE OFFICIS bk. I, ch. 27, § 54 (Walter Miller trans., T.E. Page et al. eds., 1938); CICERO, DE REPUBLICA bk. I, ch. 5 (Clinton Walker Keyes trans., 1943); id. bk. V, ch. 5.
58. MUSONIUS RUFUS, Fragment 13A, What Is the Chief End of Marriage?, translated in MUSONIUS RUFUS: THE ROMAN SOCRATES 89 (Cora E. Lutz ed. & trans., 1947). Musonius was aware that this is an ideal of marriage, which is not always realized. Where, then, this love for each other is perfect and the two share it completely, each striving to outdo the other in devotion, the marriage is ideal and worthy of envy, for such a union is beautiful. But where each looks only to his own interests and neglects the other, or, what is worse, when one is sominded and lives in the same house but fixes his attention elsewhere, and is not willing to pull together with his yoke-mate nor to agree, then the union is doomed to disaster and though they live together, yet their common interests fare badly; eventually they separate entirely or they remain together and suffer what is worse than loneliness. Id.
59. MUSONIUS RUFUS, Fragment 12, On Sexual Indulgence, translated in MUSONIUS RUFUS: THE ROMAN SOCRATES, supra note 30, at 85, 87.
60. MUSONIUS RUFUS, Fragment 15, Should Every Child that Is Born Be Raised?, translated in MUSONIUS RUFUS: THE ROMAN SOCRATES, supra note 30, at 97, 97; see also ROY BOWEN WARD, Musonius and Paul on Marriage, 36 NEW TESTAMENT STUD. 281, 281-89 (1990) (discussing further Rufus's views and their analogues in early New Testament teachings).
61. MUSONIUS RUFUS, Fragment 15, Should Every Child that Is Born Be Raised?, translated in MUSONIUS RUFUS: THE ROMAN SOCRATES, supra note 30, at 97, 97; see also ROY BOWEN WARD, Musonius and Paul on Marriage, 36 NEW TESTAMENT STUD. 281, 281-89 (1990) (discussing further Rufus's views and their analogues in early New Testament teachings).
62. MUSONIUS RUFUS, Fragment 14, Is Marriage a Handicap to the Pursuit of Philosophy?, translated in MUSONIUS RUFUS: THE ROMAN SOCRATES, supra note 30, at 91, 93.
63. JUDITH EVANS GRUBB, LAW AND FAMILY IN LATE ANTIQUITY: THE EMPEROR CONSTANTINE's MARRIAGE LEGISLATION 59 (1995) (quoting Hierocles).
64. Id. at 59-60 (quoting Hierocles).
65. PLUTARCH, LIFE OF SOLON ch. 20, § 4, reprinted in I PLUTARCH'S LIVES 403, 459 (Bernadette Perrin trans., G.P. Goold ed., 1982).
66. PLUTARCH, LIFE OF SOLON ch. 20, § 4, reprinted in I PLUTARCH'S LIVES 403, 459 (Bernadette Perrin trans., G.P. Goold ed., 1982).
67. PLUTARCH, THE DIALOGUE ON LOVE § 769, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA 301, 427 (Edwin L. Miner, Jr., et al. trans., T.E. Page et al. eds., 1961); see John Finnis, Is Natural Law Theory Compatible with Limited Government?, in NATURAL LAW, LIBERALISM, AND MORALITY 1, 12-17 (Robert P. George ed., 1996); John M. Finnis, Law, Morality, and "Sexual Orientation," 69 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1049, 1063-64 (1994).
68. PLUTARCH, THE DIALOGUE ON LOVE § 769, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA 301, 427 (Edwin L. Miner, Jr., et al. trans., T.E. Page et al. eds., 1961); see John Finnis, Is Natural Law Theory Compatible with Limited Government?, in NATURAL LAW, LIBERALISM, AND MORALITY 1, 12-17 (Robert P. George ed., 1996); John M. Finnis, Law, Morality, and "Sexual Orientation," 69 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1049, 1063-64 (1994).
69. PLUTARCH, THE DIALOGUE ON LOVE § 769, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA 301, 427 (Edwin L. Miner, Jr., et al. trans., T.E. Page et al. eds., 1961); see John Finnis, Is Natural Law Theory Compatible with Limited Government?, in NATURAL LAW, LIBERALISM, AND MORALITY 1, 12-17 (Robert P. George ed., 1996); John M. Finnis, Law, Morality, and "Sexual Orientation," 69 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1049, 1063-64 (1994).
70. PLUTARCH, THE DIALOGUE ON LOVE § 769, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA 301, 427 (Edwin L. Miner, Jr., et al. trans., T.E. Page et al. eds., 1961); see John Finnis, Is Natural Law Theory Compatible with Limited Government?, in NATURAL LAW, LIBERALISM, AND MORALITY 1, 12-17 (Robert P. George ed., 1996); John M. Finnis, Law, Morality, and "Sexual Orientation," 69 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 1049, 1063-64 (1994).
71. PLUTARCH, supra note 37, § 770, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA, supra note 37, at 433 (quoting in part HOMER, ODYSSEY 6.183-183); see Lisette Goessler, Advice to the Bride and the Groom: Plutarch Gives a Detailed Account of His Views of Marriage, in PLUTARCH'S ADVICE TO THE BRIDE AND GROOM AND A CONSOLATION TO His WIFE 97, 113 (Sarah B. Pomeroy ed., 1999); see also PLUTARCH, supra note 37, § 769, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA, supra note 37, at 431 ("[I]n marriage, to love is a greater boon than to be loved: it rescues us from many errors - or rather from all errors that wreck or impair wedlock.").
72. PLUTARCH, supra note 37, § 770, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA, supra note 37, at 433 (quoting in part HOMER, ODYSSEY 6.183-183); see Lisette Goessler, Advice to the Bride and the Groom: Plutarch Gives a Detailed Account of His Views of Marriage, in PLUTARCH'S ADVICE TO THE BRIDE AND GROOM AND A CONSOLATION TO His WIFE 97, 113 (Sarah B. Pomeroy ed., 1999); see also PLUTARCH, supra note 37, § 769, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA, supra note 37, at 431 ("[I]n marriage, to love is a greater boon than to be loved: it rescues us from many errors - or rather from all errors that wreck or impair wedlock.").
73. PLUTARCH, supra note 37, § 770, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA, supra note 37, at 433 (quoting in part HOMER, ODYSSEY 6.183-183); see Lisette Goessler, Advice to the Bride and the Groom: Plutarch Gives a Detailed Account of His Views of Marriage, in PLUTARCH'S ADVICE TO THE BRIDE AND GROOM AND A CONSOLATION TO His WIFE 97, 113 (Sarah B. Pomeroy ed., 1999); see also PLUTARCH, supra note 37, § 769, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA, supra note 37, at 431 ("[I]n marriage, to love is a greater boon than to be loved: it rescues us from many errors - or rather from all errors that wreck or impair wedlock.").
74. PLUTARCH, Advice to the Bride and Groom, Precepts 11, 20, (Donald Russell trans.), reprinted in PLUTARCH'S ADVICE TO THE BRIDE AND GROOM AND A CONSOLATION TO His WIFE, supra note 38, at 6, 8; see also id. at Precept 34, translated in PLUTARCH'S ADVICE TO THE BRIDE AND GROOM AND A CONSOLATION TO His WIFE, supra note 38, at 10; PLUTARCH, supra note 37, § 770, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA, supra note 37, at 419.
75. PLUTARCH, Advice to the Bride and Groom, Precepts 11, 20, (Donald Russell trans.), reprinted in PLUTARCH'S ADVICE TO THE BRIDE AND GROOM AND A CONSOLATION TO His WIFE, supra note 38, at 6, 8; see also id. at Precept 34, translated in PLUTARCH'S ADVICE TO THE BRIDE AND GROOM AND A CONSOLATION TO His WIFE, supra note 38, at 10; PLUTARCH, supra note 37, § 770, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA, supra note 37, at 419.
76. PLUTARCH, Advice to the Bride and Groom, Precepts 11, 20, (Donald Russell trans.), reprinted in PLUTARCH'S ADVICE TO THE BRIDE AND GROOM AND A CONSOLATION TO His WIFE, supra note 38, at 6, 8; see also id. at Precept 34, translated in PLUTARCH'S ADVICE TO THE BRIDE AND GROOM AND A CONSOLATION TO His WIFE, supra note 38, at 10; PLUTARCH, supra note 37, § 770, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA, supra note 37, at 419.
77. PLUTARCH, Advice to the Bride and Groom, Precepts 11, 20, (Donald Russell trans.), reprinted in PLUTARCH'S ADVICE TO THE BRIDE AND GROOM AND A CONSOLATION TO His WIFE, supra note 38, at 6, 8; see also id. at Precept 34, translated in PLUTARCH'S ADVICE TO THE BRIDE AND GROOM AND A CONSOLATION TO His WIFE, supra note 38, at 10; PLUTARCH, supra note 37, § 770, reprinted in IV PLUTARCH'S MORALIA, supra note 37, at 419.
78. PLUTARCH, Affection for One's Offspring, in 5 THE COMPLETE WORKS OF PLUTARCH 21, 25 (Kelmscott Soc'y ed., 1909).
79. Id. at 25.
80. Id. at 27.
81. See PLUTARCH, The Training of Children, in 5 THE COMPLETE WORKS OF PLUTARCH, supra note 40, at 1, 1-20.
82. 2 DIG. 23.2.1 (Modestinus, Rules) (Theodor Mommsen & Paul Krueger trans., Alan Watson ed., 1985) ("Nuptiae sunt coniunctio maris et feminae et consortium omnis vitae, divine et humani iuris communicatio.").
83. J. INST. 1.9.1 (T. Lambert Mears trans., 1994) (quoting Ulpian (d.c. 228)) ("Nuptiae autem, sive matrimonium, est viri et mulieris coniunctio, individuam consuetudinem vitae continens.") (my translation).
84. 2 DIG. 24.1.32 (Ulpian, Sabinus).
85. 2 DIG. 25.1.3 (Ulpian, Sabinus); 3 DIG. 35.1.15 (Ulpian, Sabinus); J. INST. 1.10.pr. For a full study of Roman law of marriage texts, before and after Christianization, see JANE F. GARDNER, FAMILY AND FAMILIA IN ROMAN LAW AND LIFE 47-55 (1998); GRUBB, supra note 34, at 54-102; SUSAN TREGGIARI, ROMAN MARRIAGE: IUSTI CONIUGES FROM THE TIME OF CICERO TO THE TIME OF ULPIAN 1-13, 183-319 (1991).
86. 2 DIG. 25.1.3 (Ulpian, Sabinus); 3 DIG. 35.1.15 (Ulpian, Sabinus); J. INST. 1.10.pr. For a full study of Roman law of marriage texts, before and after Christianization, see JANE F. GARDNER, FAMILY AND FAMILIA IN ROMAN LAW AND LIFE 47-55 (1998); GRUBB, supra note 34, at 54-102; SUSAN TREGGIARI, ROMAN MARRIAGE: IUSTI CONIUGES FROM THE TIME OF CICERO TO THE TIME OF ULPIAN 1-13, 183-319 (1991).
87. NOONAN, supra note 11, at 207*-35*.
88. See supra text accompanying notes 23-27.
89. See supra text accompanying notes 28-47.
90. See BRUNDAGE, supra note 17, at 10-50; PHILIP LYNDON REYNOLDS, MARRIAGE IN THE WESTERN CHURCH: THE CHRISTIANIZATION OF MARRIAGE DURING THE PATRISTIC AND EARLY MEDIEVAL PERIODS 38-40, 156-72 (1994).
91. WITTE, supra note 18, at 16-19, 23-25, 48-53, 94-96.
92. Genesis 1:28.
93. WITTE, supra note 18, at 16-19, 23-25, 48-53, 94-96.
94. AUGUSTINE, THE CITY OF GOD AGAINST THE PAGANS bk. XIV, ch. 10, at 602 (R.W. Dyson Irans. & ed., 1998).
95. Id. bk. XV, ch. 16, at 667.
96. Id. bk. XIX, ch. 14, at 942.
97. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, Homily 20 on Ephesians 5:22-33, in Sr. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM ON MARRIAGE AND FAMILY LIFE 43, 44 (Catharine P. Roth & David Anderson trans., 1986).
98. Augustine, A Treatise on the Grace of Christ, and on Original Sin, translated in 5 A SELECT LIBRARY OF NICENE AND POST-NICENE FATHERS OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH 213, 251 (Philip Schaff ed., Peter Holmes et al. trans., 1st series reprinted ed. 1978).
99. AUGUSTINE, The Good of Marriage, translated in ST. AUGUSTINE: TREATISES ON MARRIAGE AND OTHER SUBJECTS 3, 17 (Roy J. Deferrari ed., 1955).
100. Augustine, On Marriage and Concupiscence, translated in A SELECT LIBRARY OF NICENE AND POST-NICENE FATHERS OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, supra note 59, at 263, 268.
101. AUGUSTINE, supra note 60, at 31-32.
102. AUGUSTINE, Adulterous Marriages, translated in ST. AUGUSTINE: TREATISES ON MARRIAGE AND OTHER SUBJECTS, supra note 60, at 55, 116 (emphasis added).
103. 2 AUGUSTINE, COMMENTARY ON THE LITERAL MEANING OF GENESIS bk. 9, ch. 7, n.12, in 42 ANCIENT CHRISTIAN WRITERS: THE WORKS OF THE FATHERS IN TRANSLATION 71, 78 (Johannes Quasten et al. eds., John Hammond Taylor Irans., 1982).
104. 2 AUGUSTINE, COMMENTARY ON THE LITERAL MEANING OF GENESIS bk. 9, ch. 7, n.12, in 42 ANCIENT CHRISTIAN WRITERS: THE WORKS OF THE FATHERS IN TRANSLATION 71, 78 (Johannes Quasten et al. eds., John Hammond Taylor Irans., 1982).
105. See later medieval theories in JEAN LECLERQ, MONKS ON MARRIAGE: A TWELFTH CENTURY VIEW 11-38, 71-81 (1982); John T. Noonan, Jr., Marital Affection Among the Canonists, 14 STUDIA GRATIANA 480, 489-99 (1967).
106. See later medieval theories in JEAN LECLERQ, MONKS ON MARRIAGE: A TWELFTH CENTURY VIEW 11-38, 71-81 (1982); John T. Noonan, Jr., Marital Affection Among the Canonists, 14 STUDIA GRATIANA 480, 489-99 (1967).
107. AUGUSTINE, supra note 60, at 12-13.
108. Id.
109. See JOHN J. HUGO, ST. AUGUSTINE ON NATURE, SEX, AND MARRIAGE 126 (1969); Augustine Regan, The Perennial Value of Augustine's Theology of the Goods of Marriage, 21 STUDIA MORALIA 351, 360-65 (1983).
110. See JOHN J. HUGO, ST. AUGUSTINE ON NATURE, SEX, AND MARRIAGE 126 (1969); Augustine Regan, The Perennial Value of Augustine's Theology of the Goods of Marriage, 21 STUDIA MORALIA 351, 360-65 (1983).
111. See PETER BROWN, THE BODY AND SOCIETY: MEN, WOMEN, AND SEXUAL RENUNCIATION IN EARLY CHRISTIANITY 160-447 (1988); BRUNDAGE, supra note 17, at 57-74.
112. See HAROLD J. GERMAN, LAW AND REVOLUTION: THE FORMATION OF THE WESTERN LEGAL TRADITION 161-64 (1983).
113. GRATIAN, THE TREATISE ON LAWS [Decretum] (Augustine Thompson trans., Kenneth Pennington ed., 1993).
114. CATHOLIC CHURCH, CORPUS IURIS CANONICI (Emil Friedberg ed., 1959).
115. See Thomas Aquinas, Scriptum super Libros Sententiarum Petri Lombardiensis, [hereinafter Scriptum], in 7.2 OPERA OMNIA SANCTI THOMAE AQUINATIS DOCTORIS ANGELICI (1882). This commentary reoccurs almost verbatim in 5 ST. THOMAS AQUINAS, SUMMA THEOLOGICA 2724 (Fathers of the Eng. Dominican Province trans., 1948) [hereinafter Summa Theologica Supp.].
116. See Thomas Aquinas, Scriptum super Libros Sententiarum Petri Lombardiensis, [hereinafter Scriptum], in 7.2 OPERA OMNIA SANCTI THOMAE AQUINATIS DOCTORIS ANGELICI (1882). This commentary reoccurs almost verbatim in 5 ST. THOMAS AQUINAS, SUMMA THEOLOGICA 2724 (Fathers of the Eng. Dominican Province trans., 1948) [hereinafter Summa Theologica Supp.].
117. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS, SUMMA CONTRA GENTILES (Vernon Bourke et al. trans., 1975).
118. See Scriptum, supra note 73, bk. IV, dist. 31, q. 1; Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2725-26. Thomas generally renders the list in this order.
119. See ARISTOTLE, supra note 23, bk. VIII, ch. 12, translated in THE ETHICS OF ARISTOTLE, supra note 23, at 225-26.
120. Scriptum, supra note 73, bk. IV, dist. 31, q. 1, art. 2; Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2725-26.
121. Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2725.
122. Scriptum, supra note 73, bk. IV, dist. 26, art. 1-2; Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2724-25.
123. Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2726.
124. See id. at 2726-27.
125. Scriptum, supra note 73, bk. IV, dist. 26, q. 1; dist. 33, q. 1; see 2 GRISEZ, supra note 17, at 558-60; MACKIN, supra note 16, at 182-83.
126. See supra notes 28-44.
127. 3 AQUINAS, supra note 74, at 147-52; Scriptum, supra note 73, bk. IV, dist. 26, q. 1; Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2725-29. Aquinas also writes: [F]aith and offspring may be considered as in their principles, so that offspring denote the intention of having children, and faith the duty of remaining faithful, and there can be no matrimony without these also, since they are caused in matrimony by the marriage compact itself, so that if anything contrary to these were expressed in the consent which makes a marriage, the marriage would be invalid. Taking faith and offspring in this sense, it is clear that offspring is the most essential thing in marriage, secondly faith, and thirdly sacrament; even as to man it is more essential to be in nature than to be in grace, although it is more excellent to be in grace. Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2727; see also DON S. BROWNING ET AL., FROM CULTURE WARS TO COMMON GROUND: RELIGION AND THE AMERICAN FAMILY DEBATE 113-24 (1997); Don S. Browning, Altruism and Christian Love, 27 ZYGON 421-36 (1992).
128. 3 AQUINAS, supra note 74, at 147-52; Scriptum, supra note 73, bk. IV, dist. 26, q. 1; Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2725-29. Aquinas also writes: [F]aith and offspring may be considered as in their principles, so that offspring denote the intention of having children, and faith the duty of remaining faithful, and there can be no matrimony without these also, since they are caused in matrimony by the marriage compact itself, so that if anything contrary to these were expressed in the consent which makes a marriage, the marriage would be invalid. Taking faith and offspring in this sense, it is clear that offspring is the most essential thing in marriage, secondly faith, and thirdly sacrament; even as to man it is more essential to be in nature than to be in grace, although it is more excellent to be in grace. Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2727; see also DON S. BROWNING ET AL., FROM CULTURE WARS TO COMMON GROUND: RELIGION AND THE AMERICAN FAMILY DEBATE 113-24 (1997); Don S. Browning, Altruism and Christian Love, 27 ZYGON 421-36 (1992).
129. Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2725.
130. AUGUSTINE, supra note 60, at 16-17.
131. Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2726.
132. See supra notes 28-47.
133. JOHN FINNIS, AQUINAS: MORAL, POLITICAL, AND LEGAL THEORY 143-54 (1998).
134. Id.
135. 3 AQUINAS, supra note 74, at 147-50; Scriptum, supra note 73, bk. IV, dist. 26, q. 2; dist. 27, q. 1; dist 31, q. 1; dist. 33, q. 1; dist 41, q. 1; Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2703-06, 2718-22, 2724-30.
136. While Thomas spoke explicitly of ways in which proles and sacramentum could be viewed as primary and the other goods secondary, he never, so far as I have found, spoke explicitly of fides as the primary end. But this is a natural implication of his argument about the faith of the marriage contract and the friendship of the marital institution. Thomas comes close to saving this in his argument that the marriage of Mary and Joseph was "perfect" even though not consummated. Marriage or wedlock is said to be true by reason of its attaining its perfection. Now perfection of anything is two-fold; first, and second. The first perfection of a thing consists in its very form, from which it receives its species; while the second perfection of a thing consists in its operation, by which in some way a thing attains its end. Now the form of matrimony consists in a certain inseparable union of souls, by which husband and wife are pledged by a bond of mutual affection that cannot be sundered. And the end of matrimony is the begetting and upbringing of children: the first of which is attained by conjugal intercourse; the second by the other duties of husband and wife, by which they help one another in rearing their offspring. Thus we may say, as to the first perfection, that the marriage of the Virgin Mother of God and Joseph was absolutely true: because both consented to the nuptial bond, but not expressly to the bond of the flesh. Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2171-72.
137. Id. at 2727.
138. Scriptum, supra note 73, bk. IV, dist. 31, q. 2; Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2727.
139. 4 AQUINAS, supra note 74, at 295-96.
140. 4 id. at 296.
141. See supra text accompanying notes 59-61.
142. See Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2726-27.
143. See supra text accompanying note 62.
144. See Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2726-27.
145. See supra text accompanying note 62.
146. See Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2726-27.
147. For neo-Thomist writers of Spain and Portugal, see BRIAN TIERNEY, THE IDEA OF NATURAL RIGHTS 255-315 (1997).
148. Twenty-fourth Session of the Council of Trent, Canons on the Sacrament of Matrimony, reprinted in THE CANONS AND DECREES OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT (H.J. Schroeder trans., 1978).
149. CATECHISM OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT FOR PARISH PRIESTS 339, 342 (John A. McHugh & Charles J. Callan trans., 1972).
150. Id. at 343-44.
151. Id. at 345.
152. Id. at 350-51.
153. Id. at 351-52.
154. Id. at 352.
155. See generally MACKIN, supra note 16, at 201-22 (discussing the emerging understanding of marriage in the nineteenth century and the Church's teachings during this period regarding procreation); NOONAN, supra note 12, at 476-533 (discussing the evolution of the Catholic perception of procreation from 1750-1965).
156. See 2 GRISEZ, supra note 17, at 561.
157. 1917 CODE c.1013, § 1, translated in T. LINCOLN BOUSGAREN & ADAM C. ELLIS, CANON LAW: A TEXT AND COMMENTARY 399 (rev. 3d ed. 1949).
158. Id. at c.1081, § 2, translated in BOUSCAREN & ELLIS, supra note 113, at 497.
159. Id. at c.1082, § 1, translated in BOUSCAREN & ELLIS, supra note 113, at 498.
160. Pius XI, CASTI CONNUBI (1930), translated in THE PAPAL ENCYCLICALS, 1903-1939, at 391, 393 (Claudia Carlen, IHM ed., 1990).
161. Pius XI, CASTI CONNUBI (1930), translated in THE PAPAL ENCYCLICALS, 1903-1939, at 391, 393 (Claudia Carlen, IHM ed., 1990).
162. JOHN C. FORD & GERALD KELLY, MARRIAGE QUESTIONS 28 (1964).
163. Id. at 28-29. For a reconstructive critique, see generally LISA SOWLE CAHILL, SEX, GENDER, AND CHRISTIAN ETHICS (1996). The most influential of these European writers, whose work was censored, was HERBERT DOMS, VOM SINN UND ZWECK DER EHE (1935), translated (imprecisely) as HERBERT DOMS, THE MEANING OF MARRIAGE (1939).
164. Id. at 28-29. For a reconstructive critique, see generally LISA SOWLE CAHILL, SEX, GENDER, AND CHRISTIAN ETHICS (1996). The most influential of these European writers, whose work was censored, was HERBERT DOMS, VOM SINN UND ZWECK DER EHE (1935), translated (imprecisely) as HERBERT DOMS, THE MEANING OF MARRIAGE (1939).
165. Id. at 28-29. For a reconstructive critique, see generally LISA SOWLE CAHILL, SEX, GENDER, AND CHRISTIAN ETHICS (1996). The most influential of these European writers, whose work was censored, was HERBERT DOMS, VOM SINN UND ZWECK DER EHE (1935), translated (imprecisely) as HERBERT DOMS, THE MEANING OF MARRIAGE (1939).
166. FORD & KELLY, supra note 117, at 28.
167. Pius XI, supra note 116, at 395; see also MACKIN, supra note 16, at 215-18.
168. Second Vatican Council, Gaudium et Spes, in THE DOCUMENTS OF VATICAN II 199, 250 (Walter M. Abbott & Joseph Gallagher trans. & eds., 1966). The Council cites, inter alia, to the passages from Augustine, Aquinas, and Casti Connubi quoted above. Id. at 250 n.154. The translation renders the phrase "bona et fines" as "benefits and purposes"; I have rendered it "goods" and "ends."
169. Id. at 249.
170. Id. at 257.
171. Id.
172. Second Vatican Council, Lumen Gentium, in THE DOCUMENTS OF VATICAN II, supra note 121, at 14, 29.
173. Id.
174. Second Vatican Council, supra note 121, at 249.
175. Id. at 250-51.
176. Id. at 252.
177. Id. at 253.
178. Id.
179. Id.
180. Id.
181. MACKIN, supra note.16, at 261 (quoting Second Vatican Council, supra note 121).
182. Id.
183. See, e.g., 1983 CODE c.1055, § 1, translated in THE CODE OF GANON LAW 189 (Collins Liturgical Publications 1983). The marriage covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of their whole life, and which of its very nature is ordered to the well-being of the spouses and to the procreation and up-bringing of children, has, between the baptized, been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament. Id.; see also john Paul II, Familiaris Consortio, 74 ACTA APOSTOLICAE SEDIS 81, 92; Osservatore Romano, Dec. 21-28, 1981, at 3 (discussing the plan of God for marriage and the family). The encyclical is also discussed in POPE JOHN PAUL II AND THE FAMILY (1983).
184. See, e.g., 1983 CODE c.1055, § 1, translated in THE CODE OF GANON LAW 189 (Collins Liturgical Publications 1983). The marriage covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of their whole life, and which of its very nature is ordered to the well-being of the spouses and to the procreation and up-bringing of children, has, between the baptized, been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament. Id.; see also john Paul II, Familiaris Consortio, 74 ACTA APOSTOLICAE SEDIS 81, 92; Osservatore Romano, Dec. 21-28, 1981, at 3 (discussing the plan of God for marriage and the family). The encyclical is also discussed in POPE JOHN PAUL II AND THE FAMILY (1983).
185. See, e.g., 1983 CODE c.1055, § 1, translated in THE CODE OF GANON LAW 189 (Collins Liturgical Publications 1983). The marriage covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of their whole life, and which of its very nature is ordered to the well-being of the spouses and to the procreation and up-bringing of children, has, between the baptized, been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament. Id.; see also john Paul II, Familiaris Consortio, 74 ACTA APOSTOLICAE SEDIS 81, 92; Osservatore Romano, Dec. 21-28, 1981, at 3 (discussing the plan of God for marriage and the family). The encyclical is also discussed in POPE JOHN PAUL II AND THE FAMILY (1983).
186. For various interpretations, see GERMAIN GRISEZ ET AL., THE TEACHINGS OF HUMANAE VITAE: A DEFENSE (1988); 2 GRISEZ, supra note 17, at 561-84; JANET E. SMITH, HUMANAE VITAE: A GENERATION LATER 47-53 (1991); WHY HUMANAE VITAE WAS RIGHT: A READER (Janet E. Smith ed., 1993).
187. For various interpretations, see GERMAIN GRISEZ ET AL., THE TEACHINGS OF HUMANAE VITAE: A DEFENSE (1988); 2 GRISEZ, supra note 17, at 561-84; JANET E. SMITH, HUMANAE VITAE: A GENERATION LATER 47-53 (1991); WHY HUMANAE VITAE WAS RIGHT: A READER (Janet E. Smith ed., 1993).
188. For various interpretations, see GERMAIN GRISEZ ET AL., THE TEACHINGS OF HUMANAE VITAE: A DEFENSE (1988); 2 GRISEZ, supra note 17, at 561-84; JANET E. SMITH, HUMANAE VITAE: A GENERATION LATER 47-53 (1991); WHY HUMANAE VITAE WAS RIGHT: A READER (Janet E. Smith ed., 1993).
189. Paul VI, Humanae Vitae, translated in THE PAPAL ENCYCLICALS, 1958-1981, at 223, 225 (Claudia Carlen, IHM ed., 1990).
190. Id. at 226 (emphasis added).
191. Id. at 225.
192. SMITH, supra note 137, at 278.
193. Id. at 226-28.
194. See id. at ix.
195. See, e.g., MARK D. JORDAN, THE SILENCE OF SODOM: HOMOSEXUALITY IN MODERN CATHOLICISM 21-82 (2000) (discussing the Church's recent proclamations and their implications to homosexuals).
196. See supra notes 11-16, 35, 67.
197. See WITTE, supra note 18, at 96-108, 143-50. See generally the copiously documented interplay of the theology and practice of marital and familial love in STEVEN OZMENT, FLESH AND SPIRIT: PRIVATE LIFE IN EARLY MODERN GERMANY (1999); STEVEN OZMENT, WHEN FATHERS RULED: FAMILY LIFE IN REFORMATION EUROPE (1983).
198. See WITTE, supra note 18, at 96-108, 143-50. See generally the copiously documented interplay of the theology and practice of marital and familial love in STEVEN OZMENT, FLESH AND SPIRIT: PRIVATE LIFE IN EARLY MODERN GERMANY (1999); STEVEN OZMENT, WHEN FATHERS RULED: FAMILY LIFE IN REFORMATION EUROPE (1983).
199. 2 GRISEZ, supra note 17, at 558 (citing ISIDORE OF SEVILLE, ETYMOLOGIAE 9.7.27).
200. See MACKIN, supra note 16, at 198-99.
201. See WITTE, supra note 18, at 143-53.
202. See id. at 96-108.
203. See supra notes 53-69 and accompanying text.
204. See WITTE, supra note 18, at 100-05.
205. Id. at 25-26; 100-05.
206. Id. at 101-02.
207. Id. at 96-108, 143-50.
208. 2 D. MARTIN LUTHERS WERKE: KRITISCHE GESAMTAUSGABE 167 (1883) [hereinafter W.A.] (my translation).
209. 13 id. at 11; 17/2 id. at 167.
210. 2 id. at 167; see also OLAVI LAEHTEENMAEKI, SEXUS UND EHE BEI LUTHER (1955) (providing further sources and discussing Luther's theory of marital love and affection).
211. 5 D. MARTIN LUTHERS WERKE: TISCHREDEN No. 5524 (Karl Drescher ed., 1919) [hereinafter TISCHREDEN] (my translation).
212. 34 W.A., supra note 156, at 5-9, 12-21.
213. See STEVEN E. OZMENT, ANCESTORS: THE REMAKING OF THE PREMODERN EUROPEAN FAMILY 36-38 (2001) (discussing the critical literature on Luther's views of marriage and family life).
214. 5 TISCHREDEN, supra note 159, at No. 5212.
215. OZMENT, supra note 161, at 37.
216. MARTIN LUTHER, A SERMON ON THE ESTATE OF MARRIAGE (1519), reprinted in 45 LUTHER'S WORKS 11, 39-41 (Walter I. Brandt ed. & trans., American ed. 1966).
217. MARTIN LUTHER, A SERMON ON THE ESTATE OF MARRIAGE (1519), reprinted in 45 LUTHER'S WORKS 11, 39-41 (Walter I. Brandt ed. & trans., American ed. 1966).
218. HEINRICH BULLINGER, THE CHRISTEN STATE OF MATRIMONY folios iii.b-iiii (Myles Coverdale trans., 1541) (spelling modernized).
219. MARTIN BUCER, ON THE KINGDOM OF CHRIST [De Regno Christi] bk. II, ch. 38, in THE JUDGEMENT OF MARTIN BUCER CONCERNING DIVORCE (1644), reprinted in 2 COMPLETE PROSE WORKS OF JOHN MILTON 421, 465 (Ernest Sirluck ed., 1959) (spelling modernized).
220. MARTIN BUCER, ON THE KINGDOM OF CHRIST [De Regno Christi] bk. II, ch. 38, in THE JUDGEMENT OF MARTIN BUCER CONCERNING DIVORCE (1644), reprinted in 2 COMPLETE PROSE WORKS OF JOHN MILTON 421, 465 (Ernest Sirluck ed., 1959) (spelling modernized).
221. MARTIN BUCER, ON THE KINGDOM OF CHRIST [De Regno Christi] bk. II, ch. 38, in THE JUDGEMENT OF MARTIN BUCER CONCERNING DIVORCE (1644), reprinted in 2 COMPLETE PROSE WORKS OF JOHN MILTON 421, 465 (Ernest Sirluck ed., 1959) (spelling modernized).
222. 2 W.A., supra note 156, at 167.
223. See John Witte, The Civic Seminary: Sources of Modern Public Education in the Lutheran Reformation of Germany, 1.2 J.L. & RELIGION 173, 178 (1995-96).
224. See, e.g., 4 TISCHREDEN, supra note 159, at No. 3921.
225. 43 W.A., supra note 156, at 168-69, 310.
226. LUTHER, supra note 164, at 46.
227. Id. at 21.
228. Id. at 18-22.
229. See generally, e.g., MARTIN LUTHER, THE JUDGMENT OF MARTIN LUTHER ON MONASTIC Vows (1521), reprinted in 44 LUTHER'S WORKS 243 (James Atkinson ed. & trans., American ed. 1966); MARTIN LUTHER, AN ANSWER TO SEVERAL QUESTIONS ON MONASTIC Vows (1526), reprinted in 46 LUTHER'S WORKS 139 (Robert C. Schultz ed. & trans., American ed. 1967).
230. See generally, e.g., MARTIN LUTHER, THE JUDGMENT OF MARTIN LUTHER ON MONASTIC Vows (1521), reprinted in 44 LUTHER'S WORKS 243 (James Atkinson ed. & trans., American ed. 1966); MARTIN LUTHER, AN ANSWER TO SEVERAL QUESTIONS ON MONASTIC Vows (1526), reprinted in 46 LUTHER'S WORKS 139 (Robert C. Schultz ed. & trans., American ed. 1967).
231. See generally, e.g., MARTIN LUTHER, THE JUDGMENT OF MARTIN LUTHER ON MONASTIC Vows (1521), reprinted in 44 LUTHER'S WORKS 243 (James Atkinson ed. & trans., American ed. 1966); MARTIN LUTHER, AN ANSWER TO SEVERAL QUESTIONS ON MONASTIC Vows (1526), reprinted in 46 LUTHER'S WORKS 139 (Robert C. Schultz ed. & trans., American ed. 1967).
232. See generally, e.g., MARTIN LUTHER, THE JUDGMENT OF MARTIN LUTHER ON MONASTIC Vows (1521), reprinted in 44 LUTHER'S WORKS 243 (James Atkinson ed. & trans., American ed. 1966); MARTIN LUTHER, AN ANSWER TO SEVERAL QUESTIONS ON MONASTIC Vows (1526), reprinted in 46 LUTHER'S WORKS 139 (Robert C. Schultz ed. & trans., American ed. 1967).
233. 44 LUTHER, THE JUDGMENT OF MARTIN LUTHER ON MONASTIC VOWS, supra note 174, at 245-49; LUTHER, AN ANSWER TO SEVERAL QUESTIONS ON MONASTIC VOWS, supra note 174, at 141-43.
234. 44 LUTHER, THE JUDGMENT OF MARTIN LUTHER ON MONASTIC VOWS, supra note 174, at 245-49; LUTHER, AN ANSWER TO SEVERAL QUESTIONS ON MONASTIC VOWS, supra note 174, at 141-43.
235. WITTE, supra note 18, at 50.
236. 12 W.A., supra note 156, at 98.
237. LUTHER, supra note 164, at 47.
238. Id.
239. MARTIN LUTHER, ON MARRIAGE MATTERS (1530), reprinted in 46 LUTHER'S WORKS, supra note 174, at 259, 311-17.
240. MARTIN LUTHER, ON MARRIAGE MATTERS (1530), reprinted in 46 LUTHER'S WORKS, supra note 174, at 259, 311-17.
241. 3 TISCHREDEN, supra note 159, at No. 3609B.
242. 1 Corinthians 7:9; see BRUNDAGE, supra note 17, at 68-69, 97-98, 112, 142, 207, 252, 405-07, 477-79.
243. See WITTE, supra note 18, at 51-53.
244. Id. at 52.
245. Id. at 66-70, 148.
246. Id. at 148.
247. Id. at 165.
248. Id.
249. Id. at 181-82.
250. Id. at 182.
251. BUCER, supra note 166, at 465.
252. Id. at 465-66.
253. Id. at 464.
254. Id. at 454-55.
255. Scriptum, supra note 73, bk. IV, dist. 31, q. 1, art. 2; Summa Theologica Supp., supra note 73, at 2725-26.
256. See supra notes 174-77 and accompanying text.
257. John Witte & Thomas C. Arthur, The Three Uses of Law: A Protestant Source of the Purposes of Criminal Punishment?, 10 J.L. & RELIGION 433, 434 (1994).
258. Id. at 436-37.
259. See WITTE, supra note 18, at 109.
260. Id. (internal quotations omitted).
261. Id. at 110 (quoting John Calvin, Sermon, 2 Timothy 5).
262. See id. at 47-53, 94-112, 141-53.
263. PHILIP MELANCHTON, Loci COMMUNES RERUM THEOLOGICARUM (1555), translated in MELANCHTON ON CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE 323, 323 (Clyde Manschreek trans., 1965).
264. PHILIP MELANCHTON, Loci COMMUNES RERUM THEOLOGICARUM (1555), translated in MELANCHTON ON CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE 323, 323 (Clyde Manschreek trans., 1965).
265. MARTIN LUTHER, THE LARGE CATECHISM (1529), reprinted in TRIGLOT CONCORDIA: THE SYMBOLICAL BOOKS OF THE Ev. LUTHERAN CHURCH 565, 639 (F. Bente & W.H.T. Dau trans., 1921).
266. MARTIN LUTHER, THE LARGE CATECHISM (1529), reprinted in TRIGLOT CONCORDIA: THE SYMBOLICAL BOOKS OF THE Ev. LUTHERAN CHURCH 565, 639 (F. Bente & W.H.T. Dau trans., 1921).
267. Id.
268. Reinhard Schwarz, Ecclesia, Oeconomia, Politia: Sozialgeschichtliche und Fundamentalethische Aspekte der Protestantischen Drei-Stände-Theorie, in 3 TROELTSCH STUDIEN: PROTESTANTISMUS UND NEUZEIT 78, 83 (Horst von Renz & Friedrich Wilhelm Graf eds., 1982).
269. See WITTE, supra note 18, at 42-73.
270. Id. at 50-51, 63-64, 141-43.
271. See id. at 143.
272. See JOHANNES ALTHUSIUS, POLITICA (Frederick S. Carney ed. & trans., 1995) (1603).
273. Id. at 17.
274. Id. (citation omitted).
275. Id. at 27.
276. Id. at 28 (citations omitted).
277. Id. at 29-30 (citations omitted).
278. WILLIAM PERKINS, Christian Oeconomy or a Short Survey of the Right Manner of Erecting and Ordering a Family According to the Scriptures, in 3 THE WORK OF WILLIAM PERKINS 419 (Ian Breward ed., 1970). I have modernized the spelling and punctuation in this and the next five quotations from Anglican writers.
279. Id. at 418.
280. ROBERT CLEAVER, A GODLIE FORME OF HOUSEHOLDE GOVERNMENT 13 (London, Thomas Creed 1598).
281. WILLIAM GOUGE, OF DOMESTICALL DUTIES: EIGHT TREATISES 17 (London, J. Haviland 1622).
282. Id. at 18.
283. Genesis 1:28.
284. Genesis 2:18.
285. Genesis 3:16.
286. See WITTE, supra note 18, at 130-93.
287. CLEAVER, supra note 218, at A3.
288. GOUGE, supra note 219, at 18.
289. GOUGE, supra note 219, at 17 (quote modernized by author).
290. See BEATRICE GOTTLIEB, THE FAMILY IN THE WESTERN WORLD FROM THE BLACK DEATH TO THE INDUSTRIAL AGE 89-109 (1993); GORDON J. SCHOCHET, PATRIARCHALISM IN POLITICAL THOUGHT: THE AUTHORITARIAN FAMILY AND POLITICAL SPECULATION AND ATTITUDES ESPECIALLY IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND 179-91 (1975); Mary Shanley, Marriage Contract and Social Contract in Seventeenth-century English Political Thought, 32 W. POL. Q. 79, 187-89 (1979).
291. See BEATRICE GOTTLIEB, THE FAMILY IN THE WESTERN WORLD FROM THE BLACK DEATH TO THE INDUSTRIAL AGE 89-109 (1993); GORDON J. SCHOCHET, PATRIARCHALISM IN POLITICAL THOUGHT: THE AUTHORITARIAN FAMILY AND POLITICAL SPECULATION AND ATTITUDES ESPECIALLY IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND 179-91 (1975); Mary Shanley, Marriage Contract and Social Contract in Seventeenth-century English Political Thought, 32 W. POL. Q. 79, 187-89 (1979).
292. See BEATRICE GOTTLIEB, THE FAMILY IN THE WESTERN WORLD FROM THE BLACK DEATH TO THE INDUSTRIAL AGE 89-109 (1993); GORDON J. SCHOCHET, PATRIARCHALISM IN POLITICAL THOUGHT: THE AUTHORITARIAN FAMILY AND POLITICAL SPECULATION AND ATTITUDES ESPECIALLY IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ENGLAND 179-91 (1975); Mary Shanley, Marriage Contract and Social Contract in Seventeenth-century English Political Thought, 32 W. POL. Q. 79, 187-89 (1979).
293. See Hans W. Baade, The Form of Marriage in Spanish North America, 61 CORNELL L. REV. 1 (1975).
294. See id. at 31.
295. See id. at 32-33, 35.
296. See id.
297. See id. at 41, 49. This was not true of American Catholic communities, outside of Spanish territory, that came within the ecclesiastical provinces of Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, and, later, ecclesiastical provinces in the West. The original settlers in these non-Spanish communities were mostly from Ireland, Scotland, or other parts of northern Europe where the Decree Tametsi was not in effect. They thus continued to recognize the pre-Tridentine Catholic canon law that a secret marriage formed by mutual consent was valid, even without priestly consecration. This disparity continued among some American Catholics until the Tridentine legislation was written into the 1917 Code of Canon Law. See NOONAN, supra note 13, at 255-56; Baade, supra note 229, at 19-24, 36-38.
298. See Baade, supra note 229, at 5-19.
299. See id. at 20-22.
300. See id. at 57.
301. See id. at 6-9.
302. See, e.g., 1 JOHN BOUVIER, INSTITUTES OF AMERICAN LAW 101 (1851); 1 JAMES SCHOULER, A TREATISE ON THE LAW OF MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, SEPARATION, AND DOMESTIC RELATIONS 19 (6th ed. 1921).
303. See, e.g., 1 JOHN BOUVIER, INSTITUTES OF AMERICAN LAW 101 (1851); 1 JAMES SCHOULER, A TREATISE ON THE LAW OF MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, SEPARATION, AND DOMESTIC RELATIONS 19 (6th ed. 1921).
304. This introduced an escalating divorce rate in a number of new states that were former Spanish colonies. See, e.g., ROBERT L. GRISWOLD, FAMILY AND DIVORCE IN CALIFORNIA 1850-1890 (1982) (documenting the "divorce crisis" of later nineteenth-century California); Lawrence M. Friedman & Robert V. Percival, Who Sues for Divorce: From Fault through Fiction to Freedom, 5 J. LEGAL STUD. 61, 62-63 (1975); see also 2 GEORGE ELIOT HOWARD, A HISTORY OF MATRIMONIAL INSTITUTIONS 408-97 (1904); 3 id. at 31-160 (discussing details of nineteenth-century laws of marriage and divorce).
305. This introduced an escalating divorce rate in a number of new states that were former Spanish colonies. See, e.g., ROBERT L. GRISWOLD, FAMILY AND DIVORCE IN CALIFORNIA 1850-1890 (1982) (documenting the "divorce crisis" of later nineteenth-century California); Lawrence M. Friedman & Robert V. Percival, Who Sues for Divorce: From Fault through Fiction to Freedom, 5 J. LEGAL STUD. 61, 62-63 (1975); see also 2 GEORGE ELIOT HOWARD, A HISTORY OF MATRIMONIAL INSTITUTIONS 408-97 (1904); 3 id. at 31-160 (discussing details of nineteenth-century laws of marriage and divorce).
306. This introduced an escalating divorce rate in a number of new states that were former Spanish colonies. See, e.g., ROBERT L. GRISWOLD, FAMILY AND DIVORCE IN CALIFORNIA 1850-1890 (1982) (documenting the "divorce crisis" of later nineteenth-century California); Lawrence M. Friedman & Robert V. Percival, Who Sues for Divorce: From Fault through Fiction to Freedom, 5 J. LEGAL STUD. 61, 62-63 (1975); see also 2 GEORGE ELIOT HOWARD, A HISTORY OF MATRIMONIAL INSTITUTIONS 408-97 (1904); 3 id. at 31-160 (discussing details of nineteenth-century laws of marriage and divorce).
307. See Baade, supra note 229, at 61-83.
308. See BRUNDAGE, supra note 17, at 608-17; NOONAN, supra note 13, at 302-40.
309. See, e.g., PASTORAL LETTERS OF THE AMERICAN HIERARCHY, 1792-1970 (Hugh J. Nolan ed., 1971) (containing the statements of various American bishops and their views on the goods of marriage); see also Christine Firer Hinze, Catholic: Family Unity and Diversity within the Body of Christ, in FAITH TRADITIONS AND THE FAMILY 53 (Phyllis D. Airhart & Margaret Lambert Bendroth eds., 1996) (discussing the shifting (American) Catholic views of marriage).
310. See, e.g., PASTORAL LETTERS OF THE AMERICAN HIERARCHY, 1792-1970 (Hugh J. Nolan ed., 1971) (containing the statements of various American bishops and their views on the goods of marriage); see also Christine Firer Hinze, Catholic: Family Unity and Diversity within the Body of Christ, in FAITH TRADITIONS AND THE FAMILY 53 (Phyllis D. Airhart & Margaret Lambert Bendroth eds., 1996) (discussing the shifting (American) Catholic views of marriage).
311. LENTEN PASTORAL OF RIGHT REV. A. VEROT, BISHOP OF SAVANNAH 4 (Savannah, F.H. Singer 1863).
312. Id.
313. Id. at 4-5.
314. Id. at 9.
315. Id.; see also James Cardinal Gibbons, Pastoral Letter (1919), in PASTORAL LETTERS OF THE AMERICAN HIERARCHY, 1792-1970, supra note 242, at 212, 241-44; PASTORAL LETTER OF REV. MICUAEL JOSEPH O'FARRELL, ON CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE 4-7 (New York, Benzinger Bros. 1883); Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, Pastoral Letter (1884), in PASTORAL LETTERS OF THE AMERICAN HIERARCHY, 1792-1970, supra note 242, at 162, 175-76. These views were elaborated in various Catholic household manuals and catechetical texts. See, e.g., BERNARD O'REILLY, THE MIRROR OF TRUE WOMANHOOD 7 (1878) (providing a 466 page spiritual "Dr. Spock" for women premised on the assumption that the household is "a little Eden").
316. Id.; see also James Cardinal Gibbons, Pastoral Letter (1919), in PASTORAL LETTERS OF THE AMERICAN HIERARCHY, 1792-1970, supra note 242, at 212, 241-44; PASTORAL LETTER OF REV. MICUAEL JOSEPH O'FARRELL, ON CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE 4-7 (New York, Benzinger Bros. 1883); Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, Pastoral Letter (1884), in PASTORAL LETTERS OF THE AMERICAN HIERARCHY, 1792-1970, supra note 242, at 162, 175-76. These views were elaborated in various Catholic household manuals and catechetical texts. See, e.g., BERNARD O'REILLY, THE MIRROR OF TRUE WOMANHOOD 7 (1878) (providing a 466 page spiritual "Dr. Spock" for women premised on the assumption that the household is "a little Eden").
317. Id.; see also James Cardinal Gibbons, Pastoral Letter (1919), in PASTORAL LETTERS OF THE AMERICAN HIERARCHY, 1792-1970, supra note 242, at 212, 241-44; PASTORAL LETTER OF REV. MICUAEL JOSEPH O'FARRELL, ON CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE 4-7 (New York, Benzinger Bros. 1883); Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, Pastoral Letter (1884), in PASTORAL LETTERS OF THE AMERICAN HIERARCHY, 1792-1970, supra note 242, at 162, 175-76. These views were elaborated in various Catholic household manuals and catechetical texts. See, e.g., BERNARD O'REILLY, THE MIRROR OF TRUE WOMANHOOD 7 (1878) (providing a 466 page spiritual "Dr. Spock" for women premised on the assumption that the household is "a little Eden").
318. Id.; see also James Cardinal Gibbons, Pastoral Letter (1919), in PASTORAL LETTERS OF THE AMERICAN HIERARCHY, 1792-1970, supra note 242, at 212, 241-44; PASTORAL LETTER OF REV. MICUAEL JOSEPH O'FARRELL, ON CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE 4-7 (New York, Benzinger Bros. 1883); Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, Pastoral Letter (1884), in PASTORAL LETTERS OF THE AMERICAN HIERARCHY, 1792-1970, supra note 242, at 162, 175-76. These views were elaborated in various Catholic household manuals and catechetical texts. See, e.g., BERNARD O'REILLY, THE MIRROR OF TRUE WOMANHOOD 7 (1878) (providing a 466 page spiritual "Dr. Spock" for women premised on the assumption that the household is "a little Eden").
319. See EDWIN S. GAUSTAD, HISTORICAL ATLAS OF RELIGION IN AMERICA 1-55, 110-13 (rev. ed. 1976).
320. The most important difference among these colonies and early American states was over whether marriages could be contracted before a civil official only, as New England Puritans allowed, or required church consecration, as Anglican communities required. Among numerous recent studies, see PETER W. BARDAGLIO, RECONSTRUCTING THE HOUSEHOLD: FAMILIES, SEX, AND THE LAW IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOUTH (1995); RICHARD H. CHUSED, PRIVATE ACTS IN PUBLIC PLACES: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF DIVORCE IN THE FORMATIVE ERA OF AMERICAN FAMILY LAW (1994); STEPHEN M. FRANK, LIFE WITH FATHER: PARENTHOOD AND MASCULINITY IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN NORTH (1998); JAN LEWIS, THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS: FAMILY AND VALUES IN JEFFERSON'S VIRGINIA (1983); STEPHANIE MCCURRY, MASTERS OF SMALL WORLDS: YEOMAN HOUSEHOLDS, GENDER RELATIONS, AND THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH CAROLINA Low COUNTRY 171-207 (1995); DANIEL BLAKE SMITH, INSIDE THE GREAT HOUSE: PLANTER FAMILY LIFE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY 126-74 (1980); MERRIL D. SMITH, BREAKING THE BONDS: MARITAL DISCORD IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1730-1830, at 10-44 (1991).
321. The most important difference among these colonies and early American states was over whether marriages could be contracted before a civil official only, as New England Puritans allowed, or required church consecration, as Anglican communities required. Among numerous recent studies, see PETER W. BARDAGLIO, RECONSTRUCTING THE HOUSEHOLD: FAMILIES, SEX, AND THE LAW IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOUTH (1995); RICHARD H. CHUSED, PRIVATE ACTS IN PUBLIC PLACES: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF DIVORCE IN THE FORMATIVE ERA OF AMERICAN FAMILY LAW (1994); STEPHEN M. FRANK, LIFE WITH FATHER: PARENTHOOD AND MASCULINITY IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN NORTH (1998); JAN LEWIS, THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS: FAMILY AND VALUES IN JEFFERSON'S VIRGINIA (1983); STEPHANIE MCCURRY, MASTERS OF SMALL WORLDS: YEOMAN HOUSEHOLDS, GENDER RELATIONS, AND THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH CAROLINA Low COUNTRY 171-207 (1995); DANIEL BLAKE SMITH, INSIDE THE GREAT HOUSE: PLANTER FAMILY LIFE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY 126-74 (1980); MERRIL D. SMITH, BREAKING THE BONDS: MARITAL DISCORD IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1730-1830, at 10-44 (1991).
322. The most important difference among these colonies and early American states was over whether marriages could be contracted before a civil official only, as New England Puritans allowed, or required church consecration, as Anglican communities required. Among numerous recent studies, see PETER W. BARDAGLIO, RECONSTRUCTING THE HOUSEHOLD: FAMILIES, SEX, AND THE LAW IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOUTH (1995); RICHARD H. CHUSED, PRIVATE ACTS IN PUBLIC PLACES: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF DIVORCE IN THE FORMATIVE ERA OF AMERICAN FAMILY LAW (1994); STEPHEN M. FRANK, LIFE WITH FATHER: PARENTHOOD AND MASCULINITY IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN NORTH (1998); JAN LEWIS, THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS: FAMILY AND VALUES IN JEFFERSON'S VIRGINIA (1983); STEPHANIE MCCURRY, MASTERS OF SMALL WORLDS: YEOMAN HOUSEHOLDS, GENDER RELATIONS, AND THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH CAROLINA Low COUNTRY 171-207 (1995); DANIEL BLAKE SMITH, INSIDE THE GREAT HOUSE: PLANTER FAMILY LIFE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY 126-74 (1980); MERRIL D. SMITH, BREAKING THE BONDS: MARITAL DISCORD IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1730-1830, at 10-44 (1991).
323. The most important difference among these colonies and early American states was over whether marriages could be contracted before a civil official only, as New England Puritans allowed, or required church consecration, as Anglican communities required. Among numerous recent studies, see PETER W. BARDAGLIO, RECONSTRUCTING THE HOUSEHOLD: FAMILIES, SEX, AND THE LAW IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOUTH (1995); RICHARD H. CHUSED, PRIVATE ACTS IN PUBLIC PLACES: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF DIVORCE IN THE FORMATIVE ERA OF AMERICAN FAMILY LAW (1994); STEPHEN M. FRANK, LIFE WITH FATHER: PARENTHOOD AND MASCULINITY IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN NORTH (1998); JAN LEWIS, THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS: FAMILY AND VALUES IN JEFFERSON'S VIRGINIA (1983); STEPHANIE MCCURRY, MASTERS OF SMALL WORLDS: YEOMAN HOUSEHOLDS, GENDER RELATIONS, AND THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH CAROLINA Low COUNTRY 171-207 (1995); DANIEL BLAKE SMITH, INSIDE THE GREAT HOUSE: PLANTER FAMILY LIFE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY 126-74 (1980); MERRIL D. SMITH, BREAKING THE BONDS: MARITAL DISCORD IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1730-1830, at 10-44 (1991).
324. The most important difference among these colonies and early American states was over whether marriages could be contracted before a civil official only, as New England Puritans allowed, or required church consecration, as Anglican communities required. Among numerous recent studies, see PETER W. BARDAGLIO, RECONSTRUCTING THE HOUSEHOLD: FAMILIES, SEX, AND THE LAW IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOUTH (1995); RICHARD H. CHUSED, PRIVATE ACTS IN PUBLIC PLACES: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF DIVORCE IN THE FORMATIVE ERA OF AMERICAN FAMILY LAW (1994); STEPHEN M. FRANK, LIFE WITH FATHER: PARENTHOOD AND MASCULINITY IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN NORTH (1998); JAN LEWIS, THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS: FAMILY AND VALUES IN JEFFERSON'S VIRGINIA (1983); STEPHANIE MCCURRY, MASTERS OF SMALL WORLDS: YEOMAN HOUSEHOLDS, GENDER RELATIONS, AND THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH CAROLINA Low COUNTRY 171-207 (1995); DANIEL BLAKE SMITH, INSIDE THE GREAT HOUSE: PLANTER FAMILY LIFE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY 126-74 (1980); MERRIL D. SMITH, BREAKING THE BONDS: MARITAL DISCORD IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1730-1830, at 10-44 (1991).
325. The most important difference among these colonies and early American states was over whether marriages could be contracted before a civil official only, as New England Puritans allowed, or required church consecration, as Anglican communities required. Among numerous recent studies, see PETER W. BARDAGLIO, RECONSTRUCTING THE HOUSEHOLD: FAMILIES, SEX, AND THE LAW IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOUTH (1995); RICHARD H. CHUSED, PRIVATE ACTS IN PUBLIC PLACES: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF DIVORCE IN THE FORMATIVE ERA OF AMERICAN FAMILY LAW (1994); STEPHEN M. FRANK, LIFE WITH FATHER: PARENTHOOD AND MASCULINITY IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN NORTH (1998); JAN LEWIS, THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS: FAMILY AND VALUES IN JEFFERSON'S VIRGINIA (1983); STEPHANIE MCCURRY, MASTERS OF SMALL WORLDS: YEOMAN HOUSEHOLDS, GENDER RELATIONS, AND THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH CAROLINA Low COUNTRY 171-207 (1995); DANIEL BLAKE SMITH, INSIDE THE GREAT HOUSE: PLANTER FAMILY LIFE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY 126-74 (1980); MERRIL D. SMITH, BREAKING THE BONDS: MARITAL DISCORD IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1730-1830, at 10-44 (1991).
326. The most important difference among these colonies and early American states was over whether marriages could be contracted before a civil official only, as New England Puritans allowed, or required church consecration, as Anglican communities required. Among numerous recent studies, see PETER W. BARDAGLIO, RECONSTRUCTING THE HOUSEHOLD: FAMILIES, SEX, AND THE LAW IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOUTH (1995); RICHARD H. CHUSED, PRIVATE ACTS IN PUBLIC PLACES: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF DIVORCE IN THE FORMATIVE ERA OF AMERICAN FAMILY LAW (1994); STEPHEN M. FRANK, LIFE WITH FATHER: PARENTHOOD AND MASCULINITY IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAN NORTH (1998); JAN LEWIS, THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS: FAMILY AND VALUES IN JEFFERSON'S VIRGINIA (1983); STEPHANIE MCCURRY, MASTERS OF SMALL WORLDS: YEOMAN HOUSEHOLDS, GENDER RELATIONS, AND THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH CAROLINA Low COUNTRY 171-207 (1995); DANIEL BLAKE SMITH, INSIDE THE GREAT HOUSE: PLANTER FAMILY LIFE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHESAPEAKE SOCIETY 126-74 (1980); MERRIL D. SMITH, BREAKING THE BONDS: MARITAL DISCORD IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1730-1830, at 10-44 (1991).
327. See CHUSED, supra note 249, at 83-94; FRANK, supra note 249, at 85-92.
328. See BARDAGLIO, supra note 249, at 42-43.
329. See id. at 137, 165-73; see also CHUSED, supra note 249, at 85-94.
330. BARDAGLIO, supra note 249, at 34; CHUSED, supra note 249, at 109-61.
331. CHUSED, supra note 249, at 132-52; FRANK, supra note 249, at 91.
332. See, e.g., GEORGE BOURNE, MARRIAGE INDISSOLUBLE AND DIVORCE UNSCRIPTURAL 9-14, 23-35 (Harrisonburg, Davidson & Bourne 1813); see BUFFORD W. COE, JOHN WESLEYAND MARRIAGE 52-53 (1996).
333. See, e.g., GEORGE BOURNE, MARRIAGE INDISSOLUBLE AND DIVORCE UNSCRIPTURAL 9-14, 23-35 (Harrisonburg, Davidson & Bourne 1813); see BUFFORD W. COE, JOHN WESLEYAND MARRIAGE 52-53 (1996).
334. See, e.g., HOWARD MALCOM, THE CHRISTIAN RULE OF MARRIAGE 48-75 (Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott & Co. 1834).
335. JOHN BAYLEY, MARRIAGE AS IT IS, AND AS IT SHOULD BE 13 (New York, M.W. Dodd 1857).
336. See id. at 9-29.
337. Id. at 26 (quoting Jeremy Taylor).
338. Id. at 112-47.
339. BOURNE, supra note 255, at 12.
340. Id. at 113; see id. at 18 ("Early marriages combine advantages so numerous, personal sanctity, relative comfort, social utility, and national stability.").
341. See PHILIP GREVEN, THE PROTESTANT TEMPERAMENT: PATTERNS OF CHILD-REARING, RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE, AND THE SELF IN EARLYAMERICA 127-29 (1977) (sermon on the role of women in marriage); id. at 178-217 (discussing the love and duties between family members).
342. 2 JAMES KENT, COMMENTARIES ON AMERICAN LAW 104 (John M. Gould ed., Boston, Little, Brown & Co. 14th ed. 1896).
343. W.C. RODGERS, A TREATISE ON THE LAW OF DOMESTIC RELATIONS § 2 (Chicago, T.H. Flood & Co. 1899).
344. Id.
345. 2 JOEL BISHOP, NEW COMMENTARIES ON MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, AND SEPARATION § 480 (Chicago, T.H. Flood & Co. 1891).
346. JOSEPH STORY, COMMENTARIES ON THE CONFLICT OF LAWS § 109 (Morton J. Horowitz & Stanley N. Katz eds., 1972).
347. 1 CHESTER VERNIER, AMERICAN FAMILY LAWS 45 (1931); see also 1 BISHOP, supra note 267, §§ 4-15; SCHOULER, supra note 238, at 17-19 (discussing the importance of marriage).
348. Maynard v. Hill, 125 U.S. 190, 210-11 (1888).
349. Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 165 (1879); see also Davis v. Beason, 133 U.S. 333, 341-42 (1890) (citing Reynolds in its admonishment of bigamy and polygamy); Murphy v. Ramsey, 114 U.S. 15, 45 (1885) (same).
350. Murphy, 114 U.S. at 45.
351. 125 U.S. 190 (1888).
352. U.S. CONST, art. I, § 10, cl. 1.
353. Maynard, 125 U.S. at 210-11.
354. See supra notes 1-9 and accompanying text.
355. See supra Part I.A.
356. See supra notes 59-63 and accompanying text.
357. See supra note 121 and accompanying text.
358. See supra notes 123-24 and accompanying text.
359. See supra notes 193-94 and accompanying text.
360. See supra note 199 and accompanying text.
361. See supra text accompanying note 200.
362. Id.
363. Id.
364. See supra note 260 and accompanying text.
365. See supra note 57.
366. See supra notes 126, 260 and accompanying text.
367. See supra notes 217-20 and accompanying text.
368. See supra Part IV.