Interventions for dysphagia in oesophageal cancer

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 4, 2009, Pages

  Sreedharan, Aravamuthan ^a   Harris, Keith ^b   Crellin, Adrian ^c   Forman, David ^d   Everett, Simon M ^b  

^a LINCOLN COUNTY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b LEEDS GENERAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

^c ST JAMES S UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Brachytherapy methods ; Deglutition disorders *therapy ; Esophageal neoplasms *complications ; Gastroesophageal reflux therapy ; Humans; Palliative care *methods ; Quality of life; Randomized controlled trials as topic; Stents

Indexed keywords

BRACHYTHERAPY; BYPASS SURGERY; CATHETER ABLATION; CINAHL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COCHRANE LIBRARY; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DYSPHAGIA; EMBASE; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; ESOPHAGUS CARCINOMA; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SELF EXPANDING METALLIC STENT; STENT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 77950161376     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005048.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. References to studies included in this review Adam 1997 {published data only} Adam A, Ellul J, Watkinson AF, Tan BS, Morgan RA, Saunders MP, et al.Palliation of inoperable esophageal carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial of laser therapy and stent placement. Radiology 1997;202(2):344-8.
2. Alderson 1990 {published data only} Alderson D, Wright PD. Laser recanalization versus endoscopic intubation in the palliation of malignant dysphagia. British Journal of Surgery 1990;77(10):1151- 3.
3. Angelini 1991 {published data only} Angelini G, Pasini AF, Ederle A, Castanini A, Talamini G, Bulighin G. Nd:YAG laser versus polidocanol injection for palliation of esophageal malignancy: a prospective, randomized study. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1991;37(6):607-10.
4. Anghorn 1983 {published data only} Anghorn IB, Hafejee AA. Pulsion intubation v. retrosternal gastric bypass for palliation of unresectable carcinoma of the upper thoracic oesophagus. British Journal of Surgery 1983;70(6):335-8.
5. Barr 1990 {published data only} Barr H, Krasner N, Raouf A, Walker RJ. Prospective randomised trial of laser therapy only and laser therapy followed by endoscopic intubation for the palliation of malignant dysphagia. Gut 1990;31(3):252-8.
6. Bergquist 2005 {published data only} Bergquist H, Wenger U, Johnsson E, Nyman J, Ejnell H, Hammerlid E, et al.Stent insertion or endoluminal brachytherapy as palliation of patients with advanced cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Diseases of the Esophagus 2005;18(3):131-9.
7. Canto 2002 {unpublished data only} Canto MI, Smith C, McClelland L, Kantsevoy S, Heath E, Zahurak M, et al.Randomized trial of PDT vs stent for palliation of malignant dysphagia: cost effectiveness and quality of life. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2002; Vol. 55 Suppl:AB 100.
8. Carrazone 1999 {published data only} Carrazzone A, Bonavina L, Segalin A, Ceriani C, Peracchia A. Endoscopic palliation of oesophageal cancer: results of a prospective comparision of ND:YAG laser and ethanol injection. European Journal of Surgery 1999;165(4):351-6.
9. Carter 1992 {published data only} Carter R, Smith JS, Anderson JR. Laser recanalization versus endoscopic intubation in the palliation of malignant dysphagia: a randomized prospective study. British Journal of Surgery 1992;79(11):1167-70.
10. Dallal 2001 {published data only} Dallal HJ, Smith GD, Grieve DC, Ghosh S, Penman ID, Palmer KR. A randomized trial of thermal ablative therapy versus expandable metal stents in the palliative treatment of patients with esophageal carcinoma. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2001;54(5):549-57.
11. De Palma 1996 {published data only} De Palma GD, di Matteo E, Romano G, Fimmano A, Rondinone G, Catanzano C. Plastic prosthesis versus expandable metal stents for palliation of inoperable esophageal thoracic carcinoma; a controlled prospective study. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1996;43(5):478-82.
12. Fu 2004 {published data only} Fu JH, Rong TH, Li XD, Yu H, Ma GW, Min HQ. Treatment of unresectable esophageal carcinoma by stenting with or without radiochemotherapy. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Oncology] 2004;26(2):109-11.
13. Fuchs 1991 {published data only} Fuchs KH, Freys SM, Schaube H, Eckstein AK, Selch A, Hamelmann H. Randomized comparison of endoscopic palliation of malignant esophageal stenoses. Surgical Endoscopy 1991;5(2):63-7.
14. Heier 1995 {published data only} Heier SK, Rothman KA, Heier LM, Rosenthal WS. Photodynamic therapy for obstructing esophageal cancer: light dosimetry and randomized comparison with ND:YAG laser therapy. Gastroenterology 1995;109(1):63-72.
15. Homs 2004a {published data only} Homs MYV, Steyerberg EW, Eijkenboom WMH, Tilanus HW, Stolpers LJA, Bartelsman JWM, et al.Single dose brachytherapy versus metal stent placement for the palliation of dysphagia from oesophageal cancer: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2004;364:1497-504.
16. Homs 2004b {published data only} Homs MY, Essink-Bot ML, Borsboom GJJM, Steyerberg EW, Siersema PD. A prospective comparison between stent placement and single dose brachytherapy. European Journal of Cancer 2004;40(12):1862-71.
17. Homs 2004c {published data only} Homs MYV, Wahab PJ, Kuipers EJ, Steyerberg ES, Grool TA, Haringsma J, et al.Esophageal stents with antireflux valve for tumours of the distal esophagus and gastric cardia: a randomized trial. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2004;60(5):695-702.
18. Horneaux 2001 {published data only} Hourneaux G, de Moura E, Sakai P, Cecconello I, Ishioka S. Palliative treatment of advanced esophageal cancer. Comparative study: auto-expandable metal stent and isoperistaltic esophagogastric bypass. Acta Gastroenterologica Latinoamericana [Spanish] 2001;31(1):13-22.
19. Knyrim 1993 {published data only} Knyrim K, Wagner HJ, Bethge N, Keymling M, Vakil N. A controlled trial of an expansile metal stent for palliation of esophageal obstruction due to inoperable cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;329(18):1302-7.
20. Konigsrainer 2000 {published data only} Konigsrainer A, Reidmann B, De Vries A, Ofner D, Spechtenhauser B, Aigner F, et al.Expandable metal stents versus laser combined with radiotherapy for palliation of unresectable esophageal cancer: a prospective randomized trial. Hepato-Gastroenterology 2000;47(33):724-7.
21. Lightdale 1995 {published data only} Lightdale CJ, Heier SK, Marcon NE, McCaughan JS Jr, Gerdes H, Overholt BF, et al.Photodynamic therapy with porfimer sodium versus thermal ablation therapy with Nd:YAG laser for palliation of esophageal cancer: a multicenter randomized trial. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1995;42(6):507-12.
22. Low 1992 {published data only} Low DE, Pagliero KM. Prospective randomized clinical trial comparing brachytherapy and laser photoablation for palliation of esophageal cancer. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1992;104(1):173-8.
23. Mannell 1986 {published data only} Mannell A, Becker PJ, Melissas J, Diamantes T. Intubation v dilatation plus bleomycin in the treatment of advanced oesophageal cancer. The results of a prospective randomzed trial. South African Journal of Surgery 1986;24(1):15-9.
24. O'Donnell 2002 {published data only} O'Donnell CA, Fullarton GM, Watt E, Lennon K, Murray GD, Moss JG. Randomized clinical trial comparing self-expanding metallic stents with plastic endoprosthesis in the palliation of oesophageal cancer. British Journal of Surgery 2002;89(8):985-92.
25. Reed 1991 {published data only} Reed CE, Marsh WH, Carlson LS, Seymore CH, Kratz JM. Prospective randomized trial of palliative treatment of unresectable cancer of the esophagus. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1991;51(4):552-5.
26. Ries 1989 {published data only} Ries G, Topfer M, Hagenmuller F, Sander C, Sander R. Palliative treatment of malignant disease of the esophagus and cardia; laser therapy versus laser plus high dose rate iridium 192 afterloading therapy. A prospective randomized study. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie [German] 1989;165(8):584-6.
27. Roseveare 1998 {published data only} Roseveare CD, Patel P, Simmonds N, Goggin PM, Kimble J, Shepherd HA. Metal stents improve dysphagia, nutrition and survival in malignant oesophageal stenosis: a randomized controlled trial comparing modified Gianturco Z-stents with plastic Atkinson tubes. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 1998;10(8):653-7.
28. Sabharwal 2003 {published data only} Sabharwal T, Hamady MS, Chui S, Atkinson S, Mason R, Adam A. A randomised prospective comparison of the Flamingo Wallstent and Ultraflex stent for palliation of dysphagia associated with lower third oesophageal carcinoma. Gut 2003;52(7):922-6.
29. Sander 1991 {published data only} Sander R, Hagenmueller F, Sander C, Riess G, Classen M. Laser versus laser plus afterloading with iridium-192 in the palliative treatment of malignant stenosis of the esophagus: a prospective, randomized and controlled study. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1991;37(4):433-40.
30. Sanyika 1999 {published data only} Sanyika C, Corr P, Haffejee A. Palliative treatment of oesophageal carcinoma-efficacy of plastic versus self-expandable stents. South African Medical Journal 1999;89(6):640-3.
31. Sargeant 1997 {published data only} Sargeant IR, Tobias JS, Blackman G, Thorpe S, Glover JR, Bown SG. Radiotherapy enhances laser palliation of malignant dysphagia: a randomised study. Gut 1997;40(3):362-9.
32. Shenfine 2005 {published data only} Shenfine J, McNamee P, Steen N, Bond J, Griffin SM. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of the cost-effectiveness of palliative therapies for patients with inoperable oesophageal cancer. Health Technology Assessment, Winchester, England 2005; Vol. 9, issue 5: 1-121.
33. Shim 2005 {published data only} Shim CS, Jung IS, Cheon YK, Ryu CB, Hong SJ, Kim JO, et al.Management of malignant stricture of the esophagogastric junction with a newly designed self-expanding metal stent with an antireflux mechanism. Endoscopy 2005;37(4):335-9.
34. Siersema 1998 {published data only} Siersema PD, Hop WC, Dees J, Tilanus HW, van Blackenstein M. Coated self-expanding metal stents versus latex prosthesis for esophagogastric cancer with special reference to prior radiation and chemotherapy: a controlled prospective study. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1998;47(2):113-20.
35. Siersema 2001 {published data only} Siersema PD, Hop WC, van Blackenstein M, van Tilburg AJ, Bac DJ, Homs MY, et al.A comparison of 3 types of covered metal stents for the palliation of patients with dysphagia caused by esophagogastric carcinoma: a prospective randomized study. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2001;54(2):145-53.
36. Spencer 2002 {published data only} Spencer GM, Thorpe SM, Blackman GM, Solano H, Tobias HS, Lovat LB, et al.Laser augmented by brachytherapy versus laser alone in the palliation of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and cardia: a randomised study. Gut 2002;50(2):224-7.
37. Sur 2004 {published data only} Sur RK, Donde B, Falkson C, Ahmed SN, Levin V, Nag S, et al.Randomized prospective study comparing high-dose-rate intralumkinal brachytherapy (HDRILBT) alone with HDRILBT and external beam radiotherapy in the palliation of advanced esophageal cancer. Brachytherapy 2004;3:191-5.
38. Tan 1998 {published data only} Tan CC, Freeman JG, Holmes GK, Benghiat A. Laser therapy combine with brachytherapy for the palliation of malignant dysphagia. Singapore Medical Journal 1998;39(5):202-7.
39. Turrisi 2002 {unpublished data only} Turrisi AT, Hawes RH, Palesch Y, Redmond C, Williams T, Reed C, et al.The SORTIE Trial: palliation with stent (s) or radiation therapy (RT) 20 Gy in 5 fractions intervention for esophageal cancer dysphagia: a multicenter trial for T-4, M with or without squamous or adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. A randomized trial relief from dysphagia and quality of life (QOL) analysis. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2002; Vol. 54, issue 2 Suppl:132.
40. Vakil 2001 {published data only} Vakil N, Morris AI, Marcon N, Segalin A, Peracchia A, Bethge N, et al.A prospective randomized controlled trial of covered expandable metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction at the gastroesophageal junction. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2001;96(6):1791.
41. Wenger 2006 {published data only} Wenger U, Johnsson E, Arnelo U, Lundell L, Lagergren J. An antireflux stent versus conventional stents for palliation of distal esophageal or cardia cancer: a randomized clinical study. Surgical Endoscopy 2006;20:1675-80.
42. References to studies excluded from this review Airoldi 2003 {published data only} Airoldi M, Cortesina G, Giordano C, Pedani F, Bumma C, Gabriele P. Docetaxel and vinorelbine: an effective regimen in recurrent squamous cell esophageal carcinoma. Medical Oncology 2003;20(1):19-24.
43. Alberts 1984 {published data only} Alberts S, Anderson JD, Goedhals L, Cronje JD, Doman MJ. Palliative radiation schedules with and without chemotherapy in advanced carcinoma of the esophagus. South African Medical Journal [Africaans] 1984;66(8):289-91.
44. Alfke 1996 {published data only} Alfke H, Wagner HJ, Knyrim K, Bethge N, Keymling M. Palliative therapy of dysphagia due to malignant esophageal stenoses and quality of life. Medizinizche Welt [German] 1996;47(2):62-9.
45. Anand 1998 {published data only} Anand BS, Saeed ZA, Michaletz PA, Winchester CB, Doherty MA, Liem JH, et al.A randomized comparison of dilatation alone versus dilatation plus laser in patients receiving chemotherapy and external beam radiation for esophageal carcinoma. Digestive Diseases & Sciences 1998;43(10):2255-60.
46. Anderson 1984 {published data only} Anderson AP, Berdal P, Edsmyr S, Hatlevoll R, Nygaard K, Ottosen P, et al.Irradiation, chemotherapy and surgery in esophageal cancer: a randomized clinical study. Radiotherapy and Oncology 1984;2:179-88.
47. Aoki 2001 {published data only} Aoki T, Osaka Y, Takagi Y, Okada R, Shinohara M, Tsuchida A, et al.Comparative study of self-expandable metallic stent and bypass surgery for inoperable esophageal caner. Diseases of the Esophagus 2001;14(3-4):208-11.
48. Barone 1993 {published data only} Barone D, Coccia G, Marziano C, Tricerri R, Bonelli L, Tomassini E, et al.Intraluminal high dose rate brachytherapy combined with external radiotherapy in the treatment of oesophageal cancer. Panminerva Medica 1993;35(2):86-92.
49. Bethge 1997 {published data only} Bethge N, Sommer A, Vakil N. A prospective trial of self-expanding metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal strictures near the upper oesophageal sphincter. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1997;45(3):300-3.
50. Boudet 1994 {published data only} Boudet MJ, Pouliquen X, Hay JM, Levard H, Langloois-Zantain O, Dubois G, et al.Chemotherapy with 5 flurouracil and cisplatin in the palliative treatment esophageal cancer. A controlled multicenter study of 156 patients. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique [French] 1994; Vol. 18, issue 2:A9.
51. Cwikiel 1996 {published data only} Cwikiel M, Cwikiel W, Albertsson M. Palliation of dysphagia in patients with malignant esophageal strictrures. Comparison of results of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and esophageal stent treatment. Acta Oncologica 1996;35(1):75-9.
52. Dimofte 2004 {published data only} Dimofte G, Crumpei F, Triffina L, Nicolescu S, Leanca D. Cost effectiveness of endoscopically placed stents in the palliation of locally advanced esophageal carcinoma. Romanian Journal of Gastroenterology 2004;13(1):17-22.
53. Ellis 1977 {published data only} Ellis FH Jr, Salzman FA. Carcinoma of the esophagus surgery versus radiotherapy. Postgraduate Medicine 1977;61(2):167-74.
54. Fritz 2003 {published data only} Fritz P, Stoll P, Wannenmacher M, Zierhut D. Concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy for unresectable locally advanced carcinoma of the esophagus. Phase II study and clinical review on literature. Strhlentherapie and Onkologie 2003;179(5):328-36.
55. Han 2004 {published data only} Han YT, Peng L, Fang Q, Li Q. Value of radiotherapy and chemotherapy after SEMS implantation operation in patients with malignant esophageal stricture. Aizheng [Chinese] 2004;23(6):682-4.
56. Hatlevoll 1992 {published data only} Hatlevoll R, Hagen S, Hansen HS, Hultborn R, Jakobsen A, Mantyla M, et al.Bleomycin/cisplatin as neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radical radiotherapy in localized, inoperable carcinoma of the esophagus. Radiotherapy and Oncology 1992;24:114-6.
57. Hishikawa 1991 {published data only} Hishikawa Y, Miura T, Yoshimura H, Ono K, Takahashi M, Nakajima T, et al.A randomized prospective study of adjuvant chemotherapy after radiotherapy in unresectable esophageal carcinoma. Diseases of the Esophagus 1991;4(2):85-90.
58. Homs 2004d {published data only} Homs MYV, Steyerberg EW, Kuipers EJ, van der Gaast A, Haringsma J, van Bnalkenstein M, et al.Causes and treatment of recurrent dysphagia after self expanding metal stent placement for palliation of esophageal carcinoma. Endoscopy 2004;36(10):880-6.
59. Jensen 1988 {published data only} Jensen DM, Machicado G, Randall G, Tung LA, English-Zych S. Comparison of low-power YAG laser and BICAP tumor probe for palliation of esophageal caner strictures. Gastroenterology 1988;94(6):1263-70.
60. Kharadi 1997 {published data only} Kharadi MY, Qadir A, Khan FA, Khuroo MS. Comparative evaluation of therapeutic approaches in stage III and IV squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus with conventional radiotherapy and endoscopic treatment in combination and endoscopic treatment alone: a randomized prospective trial. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 1997;39(2):309-20.
61. Kolaric 1976 {published data only} Kolaric K, Maricic Z, Dujmovic I, Roth A. Therapy of advanced esophageal cancer with bleomycin, irradiation and combination of bleomycin with irradiation. Tumori 1976;62(3):255-62.
62. Kolaric 1980 {published data only} Kolaric K, Maricic Z, Roth A, Dujmovic I. Combination of bleomycin and adriamycin with and without radiation in the treatment of inoperable esophageal cancer: a randomized study. Cancer 1980;28:27-30.
63. Kostopoulos 2003 {published data only} Kostopoulos PP, Zissis MI, Polydrou AA, Premchand PP, Hendickse MT, Shorrock CJ, et al.Are metal stents effective for palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistulas?. Digestive & Liver Disease 2003;35(4):275-82.
64. Kozarek 1995 {published data only} Kozarek RA, Ritz S, Brugge WR, Schapiro RH, Waxman I, Boyce WH, et al.Prospective multi center trial of esophageal z-stent placement for malignant dysphagia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1996;44:562-7.
65. Laasch 2002 {published data only} Laasch HU, Marriott A, Wilbraham L, Tunnah S, England RE, Martin DF. Effectiveness of open versus antireflux stents for palliation of distal esophageal carcinoma and prevention of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux. Radiology 2002;225(2):359- 65.
66. Loizou 1991 {published data only} Loizou LA, Grigg D, Arkinson M, Robertson C, Bown SG. A prospective comparison of laser therapy and intubation in endoscopic palliation for malignant dysphagia. Gastroenterology 1991;100(5 pt 1):1303-10.
67. Loizou 1992 {published data only} Loizou LA, Rampton D, Atkinson M, Robertson C, Bown SG. A prospective assessment of quality of life after endoscopic intubation and laser therapy for malignant dysphagia. Cancer 1992;70(2):386-91.
68. Manomaipiboon 2001 {published data only} Manamaipiboon A, Wattanasirichaigoon S, Srisaovajate S, Thanapongsathorn W, Nggitphaiboon W, Sanpayup Y. Palliative esophageal stent or surgery in advanced esophageal malignancy. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2001;84(10):1443-8.
69. May 1996 {published data only} May A, Hahn EG, Ell C. Self-expanding metal stents for palliation of malignant obstruction in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Comparative assessment of three stent types implemented in 96 cases. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 1996;22(4):261- 6.
70. Naveau 1989 {published data only} Naveau S, Poynard T, Zourabichivilli O, Poitrine A, Chaput JC. A randomised study of a coaxial fiber versus a naked fiber for endoscopic Nd:YAG laser therapy of esophageal and rectal tumours. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1989;35(3):201-6.
71. O'Rourke 1992 {published data only} O'Rourke IC, McNeil RJ, Walker PJ, Bull CA. Objective evaluation of the quality of palliation in patients with oesophageal cancer comparing surgery, radiotherapy and intubation. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Surgery 1992;62(12):922- 30.
72. Osugi 2002 {published data only} Osugi H, Lee S, Higahino M, Tokuhara T, Kaseno S, Takada N, et al.Usefulness of self-expandable metallic stent with an anti-reflux mechanism as a palliation for malignant strictures at the gastroesophageal junction. Surgical Endoscopy 2002;16(10): 1478-82.
73. Paolucci 1990 {published data only} Paolucci V, Henne T, Schmidt-Matthiesen A. Endoscopic palliative tube and laser therapy in advanced cancer of the oesophagus and cardia. Chirurg [German] 1990;61(1):43-8.
74. Radford 1989 {published data only} Radford CM, Ahlquist DA, Gostout CJ, Viggiano TR, Balm RK, Zinmeister AR. Prospective comparison of contact with non contact Nd:YAG laser therapy for palliation of esophageal carcinoma. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1989;35(5):394-7.
75. Resbeut 1985 {published data only} Resbeut M, Le Prise-Fleury E, Ben-Hassel M, Goudier MJ, Morice-Rouxel MF, Douillard JY, et al.Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Treatment by combined vincristine-methotrexate plus folinic acid rescue and cisplatin before radiotherapy. Cancer 1985;56(6):1246-50.
76. Rolachon 1998 {published data only} Rolachon A, Papillon E, Leroy V, Gueddah N, Fournet J. Are self-expanding metallic esophageal prostheses an effective treatment for malignant stenosis of the esophagus? A prospective study of 32 cases. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique [French] 1998;22(1):19-24.
77. Roussel 1989 {published data only} Roussel A, Bleiberg H, Dalesio O, Jacob JH, Haegele P, Jung GM, et al.Palliative therapy of inoperable oesophageal carcinoma with radiotherapy and methotrexate: final results of a controlled clinical trial. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 1989;16(1):67-72.
78. Rupinski 2000 {unpublished data only} Rupinski M, Regula J, Fijuth J, Polkowski M, Wronska E, Butruk E. Argon plasma coagulation plus photodynamic therapy vs argon plasma coagulation plus brachytherapy in palliation of malignant dysphagia: a prospective and randomized study. Gastroenterology. 2000; Vol. 118 (4 part 2):P288.4911.
79. Schmassmann 1997 {published data only} Schmassmann A, Meyenberger C, Knuchel J, Binek J, Lammer F, Kleiner B, et al.Self-expanding metal stents in malignant esophageal obstruction: a comparison between two stent types. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1997;92(3):400-6.
80. Schmid 1993 {published data only} Schmid EU, Alberts AS, Greff F, Terblanche AP, Scholeman L, Burger W, et al.The value of radiotherapy or chemotherapy after intubation for advanced esophageal carcinoma - a prospective randomized trial. Radiotherapy & Oncology 1993;28(1):27-30.
81. Schumacher 1998 {published data only} Schumacher B, Lubke H, Frieling T, Haussinger D, Niederau C. Palliative treatment of malignant esophageal stenosis: experience with plastic versus metal stents. Hepato-Gastroenterology 1998;45(21):755-60.
82. Sculpher 1995 {published data only} Sculpher MH, Sargeant IR, Loizou LA, Thorpe SM, Spencer GM, Bown SG. A cost analysis of ND:YAG laser ablation versus endoscopic intubation for the palliation of malignant dysphagia. European Journal of Cancer 1995;31(10):1640-6.
83. Shin 2005 {published data only} Shin JH, Song HY, Kim JK, Kim SB, Lee GH, Park SI, et al.Comparison of temporary and permanent stent placement with concurrent radiation therapy in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2005;16(1):67-74.
84. Siersema 2000 {published data only} Siersema PD, Hop WC, van Blankenstein M, Dees J. A new design metal stent (Flamingo stent) for palliation of malignant dysphagia: a prospective study. The Rotterdam Esophageal Tumour Study Group. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2000;51(2):139-45.
85. Sur 1998 {published data only} Sur RK, Donde B, Levin VC, Mannell A. Fractionated high dose rate intraluminal brachytherapy in palliation of advanced esophageal cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 1998;40(2):447-53.
86. Sur 1999 {published data only} Sur RK, Donde B, Levin V, Mannell A, Merwe DV. Chemosensitization and brachytherapy in palliation of advanced esophageal cancer. Journal of Brachytherapy International 1999;15(3-4):177-87.
87. Sur 2002 {published data only} Sur RK, Levin CV, Donde B, Sharma V, Miszczyk L, Nag S. Prospective randomized trial of HDR brachytherapy as a sole modality in palliation of advanced esophageal carcinoma - an International Atomic Energy Agency study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 2002;53(1):127-33.
88. Teubbutt 2002 {published data only} Tebbutt NC, Norman A, Cunningham D, Iveson T, Seymour M, Hickish T, et al.A multicentre randomised phase III trial comparing protracted venous infusion (PVI) 5-flurouracil (5-FU) with PVI 5-FU plus mitomycin C in patients with inoperable oesophagogastric cancer. Annals of Oncology 2002;13(10):1568-75.
89. Tranberg 1995 {published data only} Tranberg KG, Stael von Holstein C, Ivancev K, Cwikiel W, Lunderquist A. The YAG laser and wallstent endoprosthesis for palliation of cancer in the esophagus or gastric cardia. Hepatogastroenterology 1995;42(2):139-44.
90. Wenger 2005 {published data only} Wenger U, Johnsson E, Bergquist H, Nyman J, Ejnell H, Lagergren J, et al.Health economic evaluation of stent or endoluminal brachytherapy as a palliative strategy in patients with incurable cancer of the oesophagus or gastro-oesophageal junction: results of a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2005;17(12):1369-77.
91. Additional references Aaronson 1993 Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, Bullinger M, Cull A, Duez NJ, et al.The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30; a quality of life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1993;85(5):365-76.
92. Alberts 1992 Alberts AS, Burger W, Greeff F, Schoeman L, Friediger D, Nel J. Severe complications of 5 FU and cisplatin with concomitant radiotherapy in inoperable non metastatic squamous cell oesophagus cancer after intubation: early termination of a prospective randomized trial. European Journal of Cancer 1992;28:106-7.
93. Albertsson 1989 Albertsson M, Ewers SB, Widmark H, Hambraeus G, Lillo-Gil R, Ranstam J. Evaluation of the palliative effect of radiotherapy for esophageal carcinoma. Acta Oncologica 1989;28(2):267-70.
94. Allum 2002 Allum WH, Griffin SM, Watson A, Colin-Jones D. Guidelines for management of oesophageal and gastric cancer. Gut 2002;50(Suppl:5):v1-23.
95. Bethge 1996 Bethge N, Sommer A, von Kleist, Vakil N. A prospective trial of self-expanding metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction after failure of primary curative therapy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1996;44:283-6.
96. Blazeby 1996 Blazeby JM, Alderson D, Winstone K, Steyn R, Hammerlid E, Arraras J, et al.Development of an EORTC questionnaire module to be used in quality of life assessment for patients with esophageal cancer. The EORTC quality of life study group. European Journal of Cancer 1996;32A(11):1912-17.
97. Blazeby 2003 Blazeby JM, Conroy T, Hammerlid E, Fayers P, Sezer O, Koller M, et al.Clinical and psychometric validation of a EORTC questionnaire module, the EORTC QLQ-OES 18 to assess quality of life in patients with esophageal cancer. European Journal of Cancer 2003;39(10):1384-94.
98. Bown 1987 Bown SG, Hawes R, Matthewson K, Swain CP, Barr H, Boulos PB, et al.Endoscopic laser palliation for advanced malignant dysphagia. Gut 1987;28(7):799-807.
99. Bown 1991 Bown SG. Palliation of malignant dysphagia: surgery, radiotherapy, laser, intubation alone or in combination?. Gut 1991;32:841-4.
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