Congenital heart disease and brain development

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1184, Issue , 2010, Pages 68-86

  McQuillen, Patrick S ^a   Miller, Steven P ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cardiopulmonary bypass; Diffusion tensor imaging; Hypoxia; Ischemia; Magnetic resonance imaging; Spectroscopy; Stroke; White matter injury

Indexed keywords

BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN GROWTH; BRAIN INJURY; CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; FETUS CIRCULATION; GREAT VESSELS TRANSPOSITION; HUMAN; HYPOPLASTIC LEFT HEART SYNDROME; LEUKOMALACIA; NEWBORN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PREGNANCY; PREMATURITY; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; REVIEW; STROKE; WHITE MATTER; BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN; BRAIN CIRCULATION; CHILD; CONGENITAL HEART MALFORMATION; FEMALE; FETUS HEART; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HEART; HEART DISEASE; HEART MUSCLE; PATHOLOGY; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT;

BRAIN; BRAIN INJURIES; CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION; CHILD; FEMALE; FETAL HEART; HEART; HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MYOCARDIUM; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW; STROKE;

EID: 77949911466     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05116.x     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Hoffman, J.I. & S. Kaplan. 2002. The incidence of congenital heart disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39:1890-1900.
2. Samanek, M. 2000. Congenital heart malformations: prevalence, severity, survival, and quality of life. Cardiol Young. 10: 179-185.
3. Castaneda, A.R., J.R., J.E. Mayer & F.L. Hanley. 1994. Cardiac Surgery of the Neonate and Infant. W.B. Saunders. Philadelphia.
4. Saigal, S. & L.W. Doyle. 2008. An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood. Lancet 371:261-269.
5. Bellinger, D.C, R.A. Jonas, L.A. Rappaport, et al. 1995. Developmental and neurologic status of children after heart surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest or lowflow cardiopulmonary bypass. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:549555.
6. Jonas, R., J.W Newburger & J.J. Volpe. 1996. Brain Injury and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. Butterworth-Heinimann. Boston.
7. Bellinger, D.C, D. Wypij, A.J. Duplessis, et al. 2003. Neurodevelopmental status at eight years in children with dextro-transposition of the great arteries: the Boston Circulatory Arrest Trial. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 126: 1385-1396.
8. Karl, T.R., S. Hall, G. Ford, et al. 2004. Arterial switch with full-flow cardiopulmonary bypass and limited circulatory arrest: neurodevelopmental outcome. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 127:213-222.
9. Bellinger, D.C. 2008. Are children with congenital cardiac malformations at. increased risk of deficits in social cognition? Cardiol Young. 18: 3-9.
10. Limperopoulos, C., A. Majnemer, M.I. Shevell, et al. 2002. Predictors of developmental disabilities after open heart surgery in young children with congenital heart defects. J. Pediatr. 141: 51-58. (Pubitemid 34774951)
11. Wernovsky, G., K.M. Stiles, K. Gauvreau, et al. 2000. Cognitive development after the Fontan operation. Circulation 102: 883-889.
12. Miller, G., J.R. Tesman, J.C. Ramer, et al 1996. Outcome after open-heart surgery in infants and children. J. Child Neurol. 11:49-53.
13. Rogers, B.T., M.E. Msall, G.M. Buck, et al 1995. Neurodevelopmental outcome of infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J. Pediatr. 126: 496498.
14. Wernovsky, G. 2006. Current insights regarding neurological and developmental abnormalities in children and young adults with complex congenital cardiac disease. Cardiol. Young. 16(Suppl 1): 92-104.
15. Majnemer,A., C. Limperopoulos, M. Shevell, et al. 2008. Developmental and functional outcomes at school entry in children with congenital heart defects. J. Pediatr. 153: 55-60.
16. Grosse, S.D., T.D. Matte, J. Schwartz, et al 2002. Economic gains resulting from the reduction in children's exposure to lead in the United States. Environ. Health Perspect. 110:563-569.
17. Bellinger, D.C., J.W. Newburger, D. Wypij, et al 2009. Behaviour at eight years in children with surgically corrected transposition: The Boston Circulatory Arrest Trial. Cardiol. Young. 19: 86-97.
18. Gaynor, J.W, G. Wernovsky, G.R Jarvik, et al. 2007. Patient characteristics are important determinants of neurodevelopmental outcome at one year of age after neonatal and infant cardiac surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 133: 1344-1353, 1353 el341-1343.
19. Gardiner, H.M. 2001. Fetal echocardiography: 20 years of progress. Heart 86(Suppl 2): II12-II22.
20. Tworetzky, W., D.B.McElhinney, V.M. Reddy, et al. 2001. Improved surgical outcome after fetal diagnosis of hypoplastic left, heart, syndrome. Circulation 103: 12691273. (Pubitemid 32221351)
21. Mahle, W.T., R.R. Clancy, S.R McGaurn, et al 2001. Impact of prenatal diagnosis on survival and early neurologic morbidity in neonates with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatrics 107: 1277-1282.
22. Kumar, R.K., J.W. Newburger, K. Gauvreau, et al. 1999. Comparison of outcome when hypoplastic left heart syndrome and transposition of the great arteries are diagnosed prenatally versus when diagnosis of these two conditions is made only postnatally. Am. J. Cardiol. 83: 1649-1653.
23. Bartlett, J.M., D. Wypij, D.C. Bellinger, et al. 2004. Effect of prenatal diagnosis on outcomes in D-transposition of the great arteries. Pediatrics 113: e335-e340.
24. Oates, R.K., J.M. Simpson, T.B. Cartmill, et al. 1995. Intellectual function and age of repair in cyanotic congenital heart disease. Arch. Dis. Child. 72: 298301.
25. Hovels-Gurich, H.H., M.C Seghaye, R. Schnitker, et al. 2002. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in school-aged children after neonatal arterial switch operation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 124:448-458.
26. Newman, M.F., J.L. Kirchner, B. Phillips-Bute, et al. 2001. Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary- artery bypass surgery. N. Engl J. Med. 344: 395-1102
27. Nollert, G., R.A. Jonas & B. Reichart. 2000. Optimizing cerebral oxygenation during cardiac surgery: a review of experimental and clinical investigations with near infrared spectrophotometry. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 48: 247-253.
28. Andropoulos, D.B., S.A. Stayer, E.D. McKenzie, et al 2003. Novel cerebral physiologic monitoring to guide low-flow cerebral perfusion during neonatal aortic arch reconstruction. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 125: 491499.
29. Limperopoulos, C., A. Majnemer, M.I. Shevell, et al. 1999. Neurologie status of newborns with congenital heart defects before open heart surgery. Pediatrics 103: 402-408. (Pubitemid 29274533)
30. Mahle, W.T., F. Tavani, R.A. Zimmerman, et al 2002. An MRI study of neurological injury before and after congenital heart surgery. Circulation 106:1109-1114.
31. Chau, V., K.J. Poskitt, M.A. Sargent, et al. 2009. Comparison of computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans on the third day of life in term newborns with neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatrics 123: 319-326.
32. Schouman-Claeys, E., M.C Henry-Feugeas, F. Roset, et al 1993. Periventricular leukomalacia: correlation between MR imaging and autopsy findings during the first. 2 months of life. Radiology 189: 59-64.
33. Felderhoff-Mueser, U., M.A. Rutherford, WV. Squier, et al 1999. Relationship between MR imaging and histopathologic findings of the brain in extremely sick preterm infants. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 20: 13491357.
34. Miller, S.R, P.S. McQuillen, S. Hamrick, et al 2007. Abnormal brain development in newborns with congenital heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 357:1928-1938.
35. McQuillen, P.S., A.J. Barkovich, S.E. Hamrick, et al. 2007. Temporal and anatomic risk profile of brain injury with neonatal repair of congenital heart defects. Stroke 38: 736-741.
36. McQuillen, P.S., S.E. Hamrick, M.J. Perez, et al 2006. Balloon atrial, septostomy is associated with preoperative stroke in neonates with transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 113: 280-285.
37. Partridge, S.C., D.B. Vigneron, N.N. Charlton, et al. 2006. Pyramidal tract maturation after brain injury in newborns with heart disease. Ann. Neurol. 59: 640651.
38. Petit, C.J., J.J. Rome, G. Wernovsky, et al. 2009. Preoperative brain injury in transposition of the great arteries is associated with oxygenation and time to surgery, not balloon atrial septostomy. Circulation 119: 709-716.
39. Miller, S.R, P.S. McQuillen, D.B. Vigneron, et al. 2004. Preoperative brain injury in newborns with transposition of the great arteries. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 77: 16981706.
40. Galli, K.K., R.A. Zimmerman, G.P. Jarvik, et al 2004. Periventricular leukomalacia is common after neonatal cardiac surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc Surg. 127: 692704.
41. Dent, C.L., J.R Spaeth, B.V. Jones, et al. 2006. Brain mag- netic resonance imaging abnormalities after the Norwood procedure using regional cerebral perfusion. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 131:190-197.
42. Hoffman, G.M, E.A. Stuth, R.D. Jaquiss, et al 2004. Changes in cerebral and somatic oxygenation during stage 1 palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome using continuous regional cerebral, perfusion. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 127: 223-233.
43. McQuillen, P.S., M.S. Nishimoto, C.L. Bottrell, et al. 2007. Regional and central venous oxygen saturation monitoring following pediatric cardiac surgery: Concordance and association with clinical variables*. Pediatr. Crit. Care Med. 8: 154-160.
44. Hoffman, G.M., K.A. Mussatto, CL. Brosig, et al. 2005. Systemic venous oxygen saturation after the Norwood procedure and childhood neurodevelopmental outcome. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 130:1094-1100.
45. Rappaport, L.A., D. Wypij, D.C Bellinger, et al. 1998. Relation of seizures after cardiac surgery in early infancy to neurodevelopmental outcome. Boston Circulatory Arrest Study Group. Circulation 97: 773-779.
46. Gaynor, J.W, G.R Jarvik, J. Bernbaum, et al. 2006. The relationship of postoperative electrographic seizures to neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year of age after neonatal and infant cardiac surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 131:181-189.
47. Clancy, R.R., S.A. McGaurn, G. Wernovsky, et al. 2003. Risk of seizures in survivors of newborn heart surgery using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Pediatrics 111: 592-601.
48. Miller, S.R, D.M.. Ferriero, C Leonard, et al. 2005. Early brain injury in premature newborns detected with MRI: relationship with, early neurodevelopmental outcome. J. Pediatr. 147: 609-616.
49. Woodward, LJ., P.J. Anderson, N.C. Austin, et al. 2006. Neonatal MRI to predict neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. N. Engl. J. Med. 355: 685694.
50. Banker, B.Q. & J.C. Larroche. 1962. Periventricular leukomalacia of infancy. A form of neonatal, anoxic encephalopathy. Arch Neurol. 7: 386-410.
51. Volpe, J. 2001. Neurology of the Newborn, 4th edn. W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia.
52. Hamrick, S.E., S.R Miller, C Leonard, et al. 2004. Trends in severe brain injury and neurodevelopmental outcome in premature newborn infants: the role of cystic periventricular leukomalacia. J. Pediatr. 145: 593-599.
53. Fujimoto, S., H. Togari, N. Yamaguchi, et al. 1994. Hypocarbia and cystic periventricular leukomalacia in premature infants. Arch. Dis. Child. 71: F107-F110.
54. Counsell, SJ., J.M. Allsop, M.C. Harrison, et al. 2003. Diffusion-weighted imaging of the brain in preterm infants with focal and diffuse white matter abnormality. Pediatrics 112:1-7
55. Volpe, J.J. 2001. Neurobiology of periventricular leukomalacia in the premature infant. Pediatr. Res. 50: 553562.
56. Inder, T.E., S.K.Warfield, H.Wang, et al. 2005. Abnormal cerebral structure is present at term in premature infants. Pediatrics 115:286-294.
57. Boardman,J.P., S.J. Counsell, D. Rueckert, et al. 2006.Abnormal deep grey matter development following preterm birth detected using deformation-based morphometry. Neuroimage 32: 70-78.
58. Miller, S.R, D.B. Vigneron, R.G. Henry, et al. 2002. Serial quantitative diffusion tensor MRI of the premature brain: Development in newborns with and without injury. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 16: 621632.
59. Back, S.A., N.L. Luo, N.S. Borenstein, et al. 2001. Late oligodendrocyte progenitors coincide with the developmental window of vulnerability for human perinatal white matter injury. J. Neurosci. 21: 1302-1312.
60. McQuillen, P.S., R.A. Sheldon, C.J. Shatz, et al. 2003. Selective vulnerability of subplate neurons after early neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. J. Neurosci. 23:3308-3315.
61. McQuillen, P.S. & D.M. Ferriero. 2004. Selective vulnerability in the developing central nervous system. Pediatr. Neurol. 30:227-235. (Pubitemid 38490432)
62. Kostovic, I., V. Judas, M. Rados, et al. 2002. Laminar organization of the human fetal cerebrum revealed by histochemical markers and magnetic resonance imaging. Cereb. Cortex 12: 536-544.
63. Catalano, S.M., C.K. Chang & C.J. Shatz. 1997. Activitydependent regulation of NMDARl immunoreactivity in the developing visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 17: 83768390.
64. Talos, D.M., P.L. Follett, R.D. Folkerth, et al. 2006. Developmental regulation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor subunit expression in forebrain and relationship to regional susceptibility to hypoxic/ischemic injury. II. Human cerebral white matter and cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 497: 61-77.
65. Follett, P.L., P.A. Rosenberg, J.J. Volpe, et al. 2000. NBQX attenuates excitotoxic injury in developing white matter. J. Neurosci. 20: 9235-9241.
66. Back, S.A., B.H. Han, N.L. Luo, et al. 2002. Selective vulnerability of late oligodendrocyte progenitors to hypoxia- ischemia. J. Neurosci. 22:455-463.
67. Manning, S.M., D.M. Talos, C Zhou, et al. 2008. NMDA receptor blockade with memantine attenuates white matter injury in a rat model of periventricular leukomalacia. J. Neurosci. 28: 6670-6678.
68. Riddle, A., N.L. Luo, M. Manese, et al. 2006. Spatial heterogeneity in oligodendrocyte lineage maturation and not cerebral blood, flow predicts fetal ovine periventricular white matter injury. J. Neurosci. 26: 3045-3055.
69. Segovia, K.N., M. McClure, M. Moravec, et al. 2008. Arrested oligodendrocyte lineage maturation in chronic perinatal white matter injury. Ann. Neurol. 63:520-530.
70. Gilles, RH., A. Leviton & J. Jammes. 1973. Agedependent changes in white matter in congenital heart disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 32: 179.
71. Kinney, H.C., A. Panigrahy, J.W. Newburger, et al 2005. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in infants with congenital heart disease dying after cardiac surgery. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 110: 563-578.
72. Miller, G., A.C. Mamourian, J.R. Tesman, et al. 1994. Long-term MRI changes in brain after pediatric open heart surgery. J. Child. Neurol. 9: 390-397.
73. Novotny, E., S. Ashwal & M. Shevell. 1998. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: an emerging technology in pediatric neurology research. Pediatr. Res. 44: 1-10. (Pubitemid 28303437)
74. Kreis, R., L. Hofmann, B. Kuhlmann, et al. 2002. Brain metabolite composition during early human brain development as measured by quantitative in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Med. 48:949-958.
75. Barkovich, A.J., S.R Miller, A. Bartha, et al 2006. MR imaging, MR spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor imaging of sequential studies in neonates with encephalopathy. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 27: 533-547.
76. Miller, S.R, N. Newton, D.M. Ferriero, et al 2002. Predictors of 30-month outcome after perinatal depression: role of proton MRS and socioeconomic factors. Pediatr. Res. 52: 71-77.
77. Shanmugalingam, S., J.S. Thornton, OIwata, et al. 2006. Comparative prognostic utilities of early quantitative magnetic resonance imaging spin-spin relaxometry and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in neonatal, encephalopathy. Pediatrics 118: 1467-1477. (Pubitemid 46393792)
78. Beaulieu, C. 2002. The basis of anisotropic water diffusion in the nervous system-a technical review. NMR Biomed. 15:435-1155 (Pubitemid 36054508)
79. Drobyshevsky, A., S.K. Song, G. Gamkrelidze, et al. 2005. Developmental changes in diffusion anisotropy coincide with immature oligodendrocyte progression and maturation of compound action potential. J. Neurosci. 25: 5988-5997. (Pubitemid 40911430)
80. Deipolyi, A.R., R Mukherjee, K. Gill, et al. 2005. Comparing microstructural and .macrostructural development of the cerebral cortex in premature newborns: Diffusion tensor imaging versus cortical gyration. Neuroimage 27: 579-586.
81. McKinstry, R.C., A. Mathur, J.H. Miller, et al. 2002. Radial organization of developing preterm human cerebral cortex revealed by non-invasive water diffusion anisotropy MRI. Cereb. Cortex 12:1237-1243.
82. McKinstry, R.C., J.H. Miller, A.Z. Snyder, et al. 2002. A prospective, longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study of brain injury in newborns. Neurology 59: 824-833.
83. Hunt, R.W., J.J. Neil, L.X Coleman, et al. 2004. Apparent diffusion coefficient in the posterior limb of the internal capsule predicts outcome after perinatal asphyxia. Pediatrics 114: 999-1003.
84. Vigneron, D.B. 2006. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of human brain development. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 16: 75-85, viii.
85. Rosenthal, G.L. 1.996. Patterns of prenatal growth among infants with cardiovascular malformations: possible fetal hemodynamic effects. Am. J. Epidemiol 143: 505-513.
86. Glauser, T.A., L.B. Rorke, P.M. Weinberg, et al. 1990. Congenital brain anomalies associated with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatrics 85: 984-990.
87. Licht, DJ., D.M. Shera, R.R. Clancy, et al 2009. Brain maturation is delayed in infants with complex congenital heart defects. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 137: 529-536; discussion 536-1527
88. Licht, DJ., J. Wang, D.W. Silvestre, et al. 2004. Preoperative cerebral, blood flow is diminished in neonates with severe congenital heart defects. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 128: 841-849.
89. Donofrio, M.T., Y.A. Bremer, R.M. Schieken, et al. 2003. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in fetuses with congenital heart disease: the brain sparing effect. Pediatr. Cardiol. 24:436-443.
90. Jouannic, J.M., A. Benachi, D. Bonnet, et al 2002. Middle cerebral artery Doppler in fetuses with transposition of the great arteries. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol 20: 122124.
91. Rudolph, A. 2001. Congenital Diseases of the Heart: Clinical- Physiological Considerations, 2nd edn. Futura Publishing Company. Armonk.
92. Groenenberg, I.A., J.W. Wladimiroff & W.C Hop. 1989. Fetal cardiac and peripheral arterial flow velocity waveforms in intrauterine growth retardation. Circulation 80: 1711-1717.
93. Donofrio, M.T, Y.A. Bremer, R.M. Schieken, et al 2003. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in fetuses with congenital heart disease: the brain sparing effect. Pediatr. Cardiol. 24:436-443.
94. Hinton, R.B., G. Andelfinger, R Sekar, et al. 2008. Prenatal, head growth and white matter injury in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatr. Res. 64: 364-369.
95. McQuillen, RS. & D.M. Ferriero. 2005. Perinatal subplate neuron injury: implications for cortical development and plasticity. Brain Pathol 15: 250260.
96. Naeye, R.L. 1966. Transposition of the great arteries and prenatal growth. Arch. Pathol. 82:412-418.
97. Shillingford, A.J., R.F. Ittenbach, B.S. Marino, et al. 2007. Aortic morphometry and microcephaly in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Cardiol Young. 17: 189-195.
98. Clancy, R.R., S.A. McGaurn, J.E. Goin, et al. 2001. Allopurinol neurocardiac protection trial in. infants undergoing heart surgery using deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Pediatrics 108: 61-70.