Candidemia on presentation to the hospital: Development and validation of a risk score

Critical Care

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 2009, Pages

  Shorr, Andrew F ^a   Tabak, Ying P ^b   Johannes, Richard S ^b,c   Sun, Xiaowu ^b   Spalding, James ^d   Kollef, Marin H ^e  

^a WASHINGTON HOSPITAL CENTER   (United States)

^b MedMined Services   (United States)

^c BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d ASTELLAS PHARMA GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT   (United States)

^e WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; BLOODSTREAM INFECTION; CACHEXIA; CALIBRATION; CANDIDEMIA; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA BASE; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH; NONHUMAN; PATIENT CARE; PHASE PARTITIONING; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL MODEL; TEMPERATURE; UNITED STATES; VALIDATION PROCESS; CANDIDIASIS; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; RISK ASSESSMENT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STATISTICS; VALIDATION STUDY;

CANDIDIASIS; EMERGENCY SERVICE, HOSPITAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT ADMISSION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 77949896505     PISSN: 13648535     EISSN: 1466609X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/cc8110     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Messer SA, Edmond MB, Wenzel RP. National surveillance of nosocomial blood stream infection due to Candida albicans: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility in the SCOPE Program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998, 31:327-332. 10.1016/S0732-8893(97)00240-X, 9597393.
2. Richards MJ, Edwards JR, Culver DH, Gaynes RP. Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000, 21:510-515. 10.1086/501795, 10968716.
3. Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 2004, 39:309-317. 10.1086/421946, 15306996.
4. Gagne JJ, Breitbart RE, Maio V, Horn DL, Hartmann CW, Swanson R, Goldfarb NI. Costs associated with candidemia in a hospital setting. P&T 2006, 31:586-619.
5. Morgan J, Meltzer MI, Plikaytis BD, Sofair AN, Huie-White S, Wilcox S, Harrison LH, Seaberg EC, Hajjeh RA, Teutsch SM. Excess mortality, hospital stay, and cost due to candidemia: a case-control study using data from population-based candidemia surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005, 26:540-547. 10.1086/502581, 16018429.
6. Rentz AM, Halpern MT, Bowden R. The impact of candidemia on length of hospital stay, outcome, and overall cost of illness. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 27:781-788. 10.1086/514955, 9798034.
7. Puzniak L, Teutsch S, Powderly W, Polish L. Has the epidemiology of nosocomial candidemia changed?. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004, 25:628-633. 10.1086/502452, 15357152.
8. Shorr AF, Gupta V, Johannes RS, Sun X, Spalding J, Tabak YP. Burden of early-onset candidemia: analysis of culture-positive bloodstream infections from a large US database. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:2519-26. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a0f95d, 19623050.
9. Falagas ME, Apostolou KE, Pappas VD. Attributable mortality of candidemia: a systematic review of matched cohort and case-control studies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006, 25:419-425. 10.1007/s10096-006-0159-2, 16773391.
10. Gudlaugsson O, Gillespie S, Lee K, Berg J, Hu J, Messer S, Herwaldt L, Pfaller M, Diekema D. Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37:1172-1177. 10.1086/378745, 14557960.
11. Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying the empiric treatment of Candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005, 49:3640-3645. 1195428, 16127033, 10.1128/AAC.49.9.3640-3645.2005.
12. Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, Mingo DE, Suda KJ, Turpin RS, Bearden DT. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis 2006, 43:25-31. 10.1086/504810, 16758414.
13. Kollef MH, Napolitano LM, Solomkin JS, Wunderink RG, Bae IG, Fowler VG, Balk RA, Stevens DL, Rahal JJ, Shorr AF, Linden PK, Micek ST. Health care-associated infection (HAI): a critical appraisal of the emerging threat-proceedings of the HAI Summit. Clin Infect Dis 2008, 47(Suppl 2):S55-99. quiz S100-101., 10.1086/590937, 18778223.
14. Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, Gupta V, Liu LZ, Johannes RS. Epidemiology and outcomes of health-care-associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia. Chest 2005, 128:3854-3862. 10.1378/chest.128.6.3854, 16354854.
15. Shorr AF, Tabak YP, Killian AD, Gupta V, Liu LZ, Kollef MH. Healthcare-associated bloodstream infection: A distinct entity? Insights from a large U.S. database. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:2588-2595. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000239121.09533.09, 16915117.
16. Pappas PG. Invasive candidiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2006, 20:485-506. 10.1016/j.idc.2006.07.004, 16984866.
17. Ke{ogonek}dzierska A, Kochan P, Pietrzyk A, Ke{ogonek}dzierska J. Current status of fungal cell wall components in the immunodiagnostics of invasive fungal infections in humans: galactomannan, mannan and (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan antigens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007, 26:755-766. 10.1007/s10096-007-0373-6, 17671803.
18. Iezzoni LI, Moskowitz MA. A clinical assessment of MedisGroups. JAMA 1988, 260:3159-3163. 10.1001/jama.260.21.3159, 3184394.
19. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, Hanusa BH, Weissfeld LA, Singer DE, Coley CM, Marrie TJ, Kapoor WN. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:243-250. 10.1056/NEJM199701233360402, 8995086.
20. Shorr AF, Tabak YP, Gupta V, Johannes RS, Liu LZ, Kollef MH. Morbidity and cost burden of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 2006, 10:R97. 1550967, 16808853, 10.1186/cc4946.
21. Silber JH, Rosenbaum PR, Schwartz JS, Ross RN, Williams SV. Evaluation of the complication rate as a measure of quality of care in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA 1995, 274:317-323. 10.1001/jama.274.4.317, 7609261.
22. Tabak YP, Johannes RS, Silber JH. Using automated clinical data for risk adjustment: development and validation of six disease-specific mortality predictive models for pay-for-performance. Med Care 2007, 45:789-805. 10.1097/MLR.0b013e31803d3b41, 17667314.
23. Therneau TM, Atkinson EJ. An introduction to recursive partitioning using the RPART routines. Technical Report 61. Mayo Clinic, Section of Statistics 1997, 61. Accessed December 31, 2008:1-52.., http://www.mayo.edu/hsr/techrpt/61.pdf
24. Breiman L, Friedman JH, Olshen RA, Stone CJ. Classification and regression trees. 1984, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth International Group.
25. Goldman L, Cook EF, Johnson PA, Brand DA, Rouan GW, Lee TH. Prediction of the need for intensive care in patients who come to the emergency departments with acute chest pain. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:1498-1504. 10.1056/NEJM199606063342303, 8618604.
26. Fonarow GC, Adams KF, Abraham WT, Yancy CW, Boscardin WJ. Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis. JAMA 2005, 293:572-580. 10.1001/jama.293.5.572, 15687312.
27. Aujesky D, Obrosky DS, Stone RA, Auble TE, Perrier A, Cornuz J, Roy PM, Fine MJ. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166:169-175. 10.1001/archinte.166.2.169, 16432084.
28. Takahashi O, Cook EF, Nakamura T, Saito J, Ikawa F, Fukui T. Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: a Classification and Regression Tree analysis. Qjm 2006, 99:743-750. 10.1093/qjmed/hcl107, 17030527.
29. Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research. Volume I - The analysis of case-control studies. IARC Sci Publ 1980, 5-338.
30. León C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, Almirante B, Nolla-Salas J, Alvarez-Lerma F, Garnacho-Montero J, León MA. A bedside scoring system ("Candida score") for early antifungal treatment in nonneutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med 2006, 34:730-737. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000202208.37364.7D, 16505659.
31. Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Sable C, Sobel J, Alexander BD, Donowitz G, Kan V, Kauffman CA, Kett D, Larsen RA, Morrison V, Nucci M, Pappas PG, Bradley ME, Major S, Zimmer L, Wallace D, Dismukes WE, Rex JH. Multicenter retrospective development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for nosocomial invasive candidiasis in the intensive care setting. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007, 26:271-276. 10.1007/s10096-007-0270-z, 17333081.
32. Michalopoulos AS, Geroulanos S, Mentzelopoulos SD. Determinants of candidemia and candidemia-related death in cardiothoracic ICU patients. Chest 2003, 124:2244-2255. 10.1378/chest.124.6.2244, 14665507.
33. Amrutkar PP, Rege MD, Chen H, LaRocco MT, Gentry LO, Garey KW. Comparison of risk factors for candidemia versus bacteremia in hospitalized patients. Infection 2006, 34:322-327. 10.1007/s15010-006-5677-4, 17180586.
34. Labelle AJ, Micek ST, Roubinian N, Kollef MH. Treatment-related risk factors for hospital mortality in Candida bloodstream infections. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:2967-2972. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818b3477, 18824910.
35. Blumberg HM, Jarvis WR, Soucie JM, Edwards JE, Patterson JE, Pfaller MA, Rangel-Frausto MS, Rinaldi MG, Saiman L, Wiblin RT, Wenzel RP. Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: the NEMIS prospective multicenter study. The National Epidemiology of Mycosis Survey. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 33:177-186. 10.1086/321811, 11418877.