Delirium in children and adolescents: A systematic review of the literature

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

Volumn 68, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 337-344

  Hatherill, Sean ^a   Flisher, Alan J ^a  

^a RED CROSS WAR MEMORIAL CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Consultation liaison; Delirium

Indexed keywords

ARIPIPRAZOLE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BIPERIDEN; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DROPERIDOL; HALOPERIDOL; METHYLPHENIDATE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; ZIPRASIDONE;

ADOLESCENT; AGE; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CHILD; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DELIRIUM; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DYSTONIA; EEG ABNORMALITY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; HYPERPYREXIA; LOADING DRUG DOSE; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDLINE; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PHENOMENOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; PSYCINFO; RATING SCALE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

EID: 77949656674     PISSN: 00223999     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.10.011     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Bleuler E. Lehrbuch der psychiatrie 1920, 155. Julius Springer, Berlin.
2. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 1980, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 3rd ed.
3. Prugh D., Wagonfield S., Metcalf D., Jordan K. A clinical study of delirium in children and adolescents. Psychosom Med 1980, 42:177-195.
4. Martini D.R. Delirium in the paediatric emergency department. Clin Peadiatr Emerg Med 2004, 5:173-180.
5. Grace J., Holmes J. The management of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms in delirium. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006, 7:555-561.
6. Williams D. Delirium and catatonia. Lewis's child and adolescent psychiatry-a comprehensive textbook 2007, 647-650. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia (PA). 4th ed. A. Martin, F. Volkmar (Eds.).
7. Trzepacz P., Meagher D., Wise G. Neuropsychiatric aspects of delirium. Essentials of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences 2004, 141-187. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC. S. Yudofsky, R. Hales (Eds.).
8. Smith M., Breitbart W., Platt M. A critique of instruments and methods to detect, diagnose, and rate delirium. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995, 10:35-77.
9. Turkel S., Tavare C. Delirium in children and adolescents. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003, 15:431-435.
10. Jones S., Fiser D., Livingston R. Behavioural changes in paediatric intensive care units. Am J Dis Child 1992, 146:375-379.
11. Schieveld J., Leroy P., van Os J., Nicolai J., Vos G., Leentjens A. Paediatric delirium in critical illness: phenomenology, clinical correlates and treatment response in 40 cases in the paediatric intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 2007, 33:1033-1040.
12. Scharko A., Baker E., Kothari P., Khattak H., Lancaster D. Delirium in an adolescent girl with human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006, 45:104-108.
13. Hatherill S., Flisher A. Delirium in children with HIV/AIDS. J Child Neurol 2009, 24:879-883.
14. Van Waarde J., Van der Mast R. Delirium in learning disability: case series and literature review. Br J Learn Disabil 2004, 32:123-127.
15. Kain Z., Caldwell-Andrews A., Maranets I., McClain B., Gaal D., Mayer L., et al. Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and post-operative maladaptive behaviours. Anesth Analg 2004, 99:1648-1654.
16. Vlajkovic G., Sindjelic R. Emergence delirium in children: too many questions, few answers. Anesth Analg 2007, 104:84-91.
17. De Carvalho W., Fonseca M. Paediatric delirium: a new diagnostic challenge of which to be aware. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:1986-1987.
18. Schieveld J., Lousberg R., Berghmans E., Smeets I., Leroy P., Vos G., et al. Paediatric illness severity measures predict delirium in a paediatric intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2008, 36:1933-1938.
19. Kain Z., Caldwell-Andrews A., Mayes L., Weinberg M., Wang S., Maclaren J., et al. Family-centred preparation for surgery improves perioperative outcomes in children. Anaesthesiology 2007, 106:65-74.
20. Takahashi H., Sato Y., Tada H., Takahashi K., Ohtsuka C. An investigation on febrile delirium in childhood. Brain Dev 1988, 10:334-335.
21. Aono J., Ueda W., Mamiya K., Takimoto E., Manabe M. Greater incidence of delirium during recovery from sevoflurane anaesthesia in pre-school boys. Anaesthesiology 1997, 87:1298-1300.
22. Moos D. Sevoflurane and emergence behavioural changes in paediatrics. J Perianesth Nurs 2005, 20:13-18.
23. Przybylo H., Martini D., Mazurek A., Bracey E., Johnson L., Coté C. Assessing behaviour in children emerging from anaesthesia: can we apply psychiatric diagnostic techniques?. Paediatr Anaesth 2003, 13:609-616.
24. Voepel-Lewis T., Malviya S., Tait A. A prospective cohort study of emergence agitation in the paediatric post-anaesthesia care unit. Anesth Analg 2003, 96:1625-1630.
25. Mohnot D., Snead O., Benton J. Burn encephalopathy in children. Ann Neurol 1982, 12:42-47.
26. Ratcliffe S., Meyer W., Cuervo L., Villarreal C., Thomas C., Herndon D. The use of haloperidol and associated complications in the agitated, acutely ill paediatric burn patient. J Burn Care Rehabil 2004, 25:472-478.
27. Brown R., Henke A., Greenhalgh D., Warden G. The use of haloperidol in the agitated, critically ill pediatric patient with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 1996, 17:34-38.
28. Okumura A., Uemura N., Suzuki M., Itomi K., Watanabe K. Unconsciousness and delirious behaviour in children with febrile seizures. Pediatr Neurol 2004, 30:316-319.
29. Okumura A., Nakano T., Fukumoto Y., Higuchi K., Kamiya H., Watanabe K., et al. Delirious behaviour in children with influenza: its clinical features and EEG findings. Brain Dev 2005, 27:271-274.
30. Okumura A., Fukumoto Y., Hayakawa F., Nakano T., Higuchi K., Kamiya H., et al. Antipyretics and delirious behaviour during febrile illness. Pediatr Int 2006, 48:40-43.
31. Onoe S., Nishigaki T. EEG spectral analysis in children with febrile delirium. Brain Dev 2004, 26:513-518.
32. Schieveld J. On paediatric delirium in critical illness: a clinical multidisciplinary study in child neuropsychiatry at the PICU 2008, Maastricht, Universitaire Pers Maastricht.
33. DiMario F., Packer R. Acute mental status changes in children with systemic cancer. Pediatrics 1990, 85:353-360.
34. Stein-Wexler R., Wootton-Gorges S., Greco C., Brunberg J. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis in a teenage girl with an immature ovarian teratoma. Pediatr Radiol 2005, 35:694-697.
35. Lee A., Ou Y., Lee W., Wong Y. Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis masquerading as chronic behavioural disturbance in an adolescent girl. Acta Paediatr 2003, 92:506-508.
36. Grin J., DiMario F. Absence status epilepticus causing a prolonged acute confusional state. Clin Pediatr 1998, 37:37-40.
37. Shaabat A. Confusional migraine in childhood. Pediatr Neurol 1996, 15:23-25.
38. Bechtel K. Acute mental status change due to acute confusional migraine. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004, 20:238-241.
39. O'Neill F., D'Cruz M., Walsh D. Acute confusional migraine: case series and review of literature. Wis Med J 1992, 91:130-131.
40. Nezu A., Kimura S., Ohtsuki N., Tanaka M., Takebashi S. Acute confusional migraine and migrainous infarction in childhood. Brain Dev 1997, 19:148-151.
41. Turkel S., Miller J., Reiff A. Case series: neuropsychiatric symptoms with paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001, 40:482-485.
42. Garza M., Osterhoudt K., Rutstein R. Central anticholinergic syndrome from orphenadrine in a 3 year old. Pediatr Emerg Care 2000, 16:97-98.
43. Baysal Z., Cengiz M., Oguz H., Ganidagli S. Central anticholinergic syndrome induced by cyclopentolate eye drops in a 4 year old child. Internet J Emerg Intensive Care Med 2006, 9.
44. Elmalem J., Garnier R., Nguyen Huu Chieu R., Bismuth C., Efthymiou L. Acute poisoning by orphenadrine. Ann Med Interne 1985, 136:640-645. (French).
45. Livingston R., Zucker D., Isenberg K., Wetzel R. Tricyclic antidepressants and delirium. J Clin Psychiatry 1983, 44:173-176.
46. Armstrong S., Schweitzer S. Delirium associated with paroxetine and benztropine combination. Am J Psychiatry 1997, 154:581-582.
47. Lipowski Z. Delirium: acute brain failure in man 1980, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield (Ill).
48. Joshi P., Capazzoli J., Coyle J. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: life-threatening complication of neuroleptic treatment in adolescents with affective disorder. Pediatrics 1991, 87:235-239.
49. Leibold J., Patel V., Hasan R. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with ziprasidone in an adolescent. Clin Ther 2004, 26:1105-1108.
50. Hammerman S., Lam C., Caroff S. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and aripiprazole. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006, 45:639-641.
51. Oner O., Aysev A., Kaplan I. Possible acute confusional state after risperidone in a pediatric patient. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2004, 14:339-341.
52. Sury M., Billingham I., Russell G., Hopkins C., Thornington R., Vivori E. Acute benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome after midazolam infusions in children. Crit Care Med 1989, 17:301-302.
53. Mott S., Packer R., Soldin S. Neurologic manifestations of cocaine exposure in childhood. Pediatrics 1994, 93:557-560.
54. Osterhoudt K. A Cadillac ride to the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 2005, 21:877-879.
55. Manaboriboon B., Chomchai C. Dextromethorphan abuse in Thai adolescents: a report of two cases and review of the literature. J Med Assoc Thai 2005, 88:242-245.
56. Kurzbaum A., Simsolo C., Kvasha L., Blum A. Toxic delirium due to Datura stramonium. Isr Med Assoc J 2001, 3:538-539.
57. Beno S., Osterhoudt K., Meaney P. An exceedingly agitated patient. Pediatr Emerg Care 2004, 20:845-848.
58. Pruett J., Rizvi S. A 16-year-old girl with excited catatonia treated with low-dose oral lorazepam. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2005, 15:1005-1010.
59. Turkel S., Trzepacz P., Tavare C. Comparing symptoms of delirium in adults and children. Psychosomatics 2006, 47:320-324.
60. Leentjens A., Schieveld J., Leonard M., Lousberg R., Verhey F., Meagher D. A comparison of paediatric, adult and geriatric delirium. J Psychosom Res 2008, 64:219-223.
61. Schieveld J., Leentjens A. Delirium in severely ill young children in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005, 44:392-394.
62. Sikich N., Lerman J. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium scale. Anesthesiology 2004, 100:1138-1145.
63. Jackson J., Gordon S., Hart R., Hopkins R., Ely E. The association between delirium and cognitive decline: a review of the empirical literature. Neuropsychol Rev 2004, 14:87-98.
64. Hopkins R., Jackson J. Assessing neurocognitive outcomes after critical illness: are delirium and long-term cognitive impairments related?. Curr Opin Crit Care 2006, 12:388-394.
65. Inouye S. Delirium in older persons. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:1157-1165.
66. Young J., Inouye S. Delirium in older people. BMJ 2007, 334:842-846.
67. Colville G., Kerry S., Pierce C. Children's factual and delusional memories of intensive care. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 177:976-982.
68. Ouimet S., Kavanagh B., Gottfried S., Skrobik Y. Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium. Intensive Care Med 2007, 33:66-73.
69. Inouye S., Rushing J., Foreman M., Palmer R., Pompei P. Does delirium contribute to poor hospital outcomes? A three-site epidemiologic study. J Gen Intern Med 1998, 13:234-242.
70. Stoddard F., Usher C., Abrams A. Psychopharmacology in paediatric critical care. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2006, 15:611-655.
71. Karnik N., Joshi S., Paterno C., Shaw R. Subtypes of pediatric delirium: a treatment algorithm. Psychosomatics 2007, 48:253-257.
72. Harrison A., Lugo R., Lee W., Appachi E., Bourdakos D., Davis S., et al. The use of haloperidol in agitated critically ill children. Clin Pediatr 2002, 41:51-54.
73. Ruha A., Yarema M. Pharmacologic treatment of acute paediatric methamphetamine toxicity. Pediatr Emerg Care 2006, 22:782-785.
74. Sorrento A. Chemical restraints for the agitated, violent, or psychotic paediatric patient in the emergency department: controversies and recommendations. Curr Opin Pediatr 2004, 16:201-205.
75. Meagher D. Delirium: optimising management. BMJ 2001, 322:144-149.
76. Chase P., Biros M. A retrospective review of the use and safety of droperidol in a large, high-risk, inner-city emergency department population. Acad Emerg Med 2002, 9:1402-1410.
77. Kao L., Kirk M., Evers S., Rosenfeld S. Droperidol, QT prolongation, and sudden death: what is the evidence?. Ann Emerg Med 2003, 41:546-558.
78. Morita T., Otani H., Tsunoda J., Inoue S., Chihara S. Successful palliation of hypoactive delirium due to multi-organ failure by oral methylphenidate. Support Care Cancer 2000, 8:134-137.
79. Keen J., Brown D. Psychostimulants and delirium in patients receiving palliative care. Palliat Support Care 2004, 2:199-202.
80. Gagnon B., Low G., Schreier G. Methylphenidate hydrochloride improves cognitive function in patients with advanced cancer and hypoactive delirium: a prospective clinical study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2005, 30:100-107.