Ethnic differences in physiological cardiac adaptation to intense physical exercise in highly trained female athletes

Circulation

Volumn 121, Issue 9, 2010, Pages 1078-1085

  Rawlins, J ^a   Carre, F ^b   Kervio, G ^b   Papadakis, M ^c   Chandra, N ^a   Edwards, C ^a   Whyte, G P ^d   Sharma, S ^a,c  

^a KING S COLLEGE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL LEWISHAM   (United Kingdom)

^d LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Echocardiography; Electrocardiography; Ethnicity; Exercise; Hypertrophy; Women

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATHLETE; CAUCASIAN; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIASTOLE; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE MASS; HEART REPOLARIZATION; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NEGRO; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION; SYSTOLE; T WAVE INVERSION; TWO DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ADULT; AFRICA; AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; ATHLETES; BODY SURFACE AREA; CARIBBEAN REGION; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; EXERCISE; EXERCISE TEST; FEMALE; FRANCE; GREAT BRITAIN; HEART VENTRICLES; HUMANS; HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; MASS SCREENING; SEX FACTORS; VENTRICULAR FUNCTION, LEFT;

EID: 77949406294     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.917211     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Huston TP, Puffer JC, Rodney WM. The athletic heart syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:24-32.
2. Sharma S, Whyte G, Elliott P, Padula M, Kaushal R, Mahon N, McKenna WJ. Electrocardiographic changes in 1000 highly trained junior elite athletes. Br J Sports Med. 1999;33:319-324.
3. Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Culasson F, Di Paolo FM, Spartaro A, Biffi A, Caselli G, Piovano P. Clinical significance of abnormal electrocardio-graphic patterns in trained athletes. Circulation. 2000;102:278-284.
4. Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Spataro A, Proschan MA, Spirito P. The upper limit of physiologic cardiac hypertrophy in highly trained elite athletes. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:295-301.
5. Sharma S, Maron BJ, Whyte G, Firoozi S, Elliott PM, McKenna WJ. Physiological limits of left ventricular hypertrophy in elite junior athletes: relevance to differential diagnosis of athlete's heart and hyper-trophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1431-1436.
6. Pluim BM, Zwinderman AH, van der Laarse A, van der Wall EE. The athlete's heart: a meta-analysis of cardiac structure and function. Circulation. 2000;101:336-344.
7. Sharma S, Elliott PM, Whyte G, Mahon N, Virdee MS, Mist B, McKenna WJ. Utility of metabolic exercise testing in distinguishing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy in athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:864-870.
8. Pelliccia A, Maron BJ, Culasso F, Spataro A, Caselli G. Athlete's heart in women: echocardiographic characterization of highly trained elite female athletes. JAMA. 1996;276:211-215.
9. Whyte GP, George K, Nevil A, Shave R, Sharma S, McKenna WJ. Left ventricular morphology and function in female athletes: a meta-analysis. Int J Sports Med. 2004;25:380-383.
10. Basavarajaiah S, Boraita A, Whyte G, Wilson M, Carby L, Shah A, Sharma S. Ethnic differences in left ventricular remodelling in highly-trained athletes: relevance to differentiating physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:2256-2262.
11. Magalski A, Maron BJ, Main ML, McCoy M, Florez A, Reid KJ, Epps HW, Bates J, Browne JE. Relation of race to electrocardiographic patterns in elite American football players. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51: 2250-2255.
12. Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, Vanhees L, Biffi A, Borjesson M, Panhuyzen-Goedkoop N, Deligiannis A, Solberg E, Dugmore D, Mellwig KP, Assanelli D, Delise P, van Buuren F, Anastasakis A, Heidbuchel H, Hoffmann E, Fagard R, Priori SG, Basso C, Arbustini E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, McKenna WJ, Thiene G. Cardiovascular pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol: consensus statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myo-cardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:516-520.
13. Bille K, Fiquiras D, Schamasch P. Sudden cardiac death in athletes: the Lausanne recommendations. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13: 859-875.
14. Dvorak J, Junge A, Grimm K, Kirkendall D. Medical report from the 2006 FIFA world cup Germany. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:578-581.
15. Friedmann HH. Diagnostic Electrocardiography and Vectorcar-diography. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1971.
16. Bazett HC. An analysis of the time relations of electrocardiograms. Heart. 1920:7;353-367.
17. Sokolow M, Lyon TP. The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. Am Heart J. 1949;37:161-186.
18. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, Picard MH, Roman MJ, Seward J, Shanewise J, Solomon S, Spencer KT, St. John Sutton M, Stewart W. Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2006;7:79-108.
19. Devereux RB. Detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by M-mode echocardiography: anatomic validation, standardization and comparison to other methods. Hypertension. 1987;9:19-26.
20. Otterstad JE, Froeland G, St. John Sutton M, Holme I. Accuracy and reproducibility of biplane two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular dimensions and function. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:507-513.
21. Lewis JF, Spirito P, Pellicia A, Maron BJ. Usefulness of Doppler echo-cardiographic assessment of diastolic filling in distinguishing "athlete's heart" from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J. 1992;68:296-300.
22. Nagueh SF, McFalls J, Meyer D, Hill R, Zoghbi WA, Tam JW, Quiñones MA, Roberts R, Marian AJ. Tissue Doppler imaging predicts the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in subjects with subclinical disease. Circulation. 2003;108:395-398.
23. Bruce RA. Exercise testing of patients with coronary heart disease: principles and normal standards for evaluation. Ann Clin Res. 1971;3: 323-332.
24. Frenneaux MP, Counihan PJ, Caforio AL, Chikamori T, McKenna WJ. Abnormal blood pressure response during exercise in hypertrophic car-diomyopathy. Circulation. 1990;82:1995-2002.
25. Monseratt L, Elliott PM, Gimeno JR, Sharma S, Penas-Lado M, McKenna WJ. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic car-diomyopathy: an independent risk marker of sudden death in young patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:873-879.
26. Grothues F, Smith GC, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Collins P, Klein HU, Pennell DJ. Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two-dimensional echocardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:29-34.
27. Grothues F, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Smith GS, Klein HU, Pennell DJ. Inter-study reproducibility of right ventricular volumes, function, and mass with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am Heart J. 2004;147: 218-223.
28. Klues HG, Roberts WC, Maron BJ. Morphological determinants of echo-cardiographic patterns of mitral valve systolic anterior motion in hyper-trophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1993;87:1570-1579.
29. Leonardi S, Raineri C, De Ferrari GM, Ghio S, Scelsi L, Pasotti M, Tagliani M, Valentini A, Dore R, Raisaro A, Arbustini E. Usefulness of cardiac magnetic resonance in assessing the risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2003-2010.
30. Sen-Chowdhry S, Prasad SK, Syrris P, Wage R, Ward D, Merrifield R, Smith GC, Firmin DN, Pennell DJ, McKenna WJ. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy revisited: comparison with task force criteria and genotype. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:2132-2140.
31. Choo JK, Abernethy WB III, Hutter AM Jr. Electrocardiographic observations in professional football players. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:198-200.
32. Balady GJ, Cadigan JB, Ryan TJ. Electrogram of the athlete: an analysis of 289 professional football players. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53:1339-1343.
33. Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, Kappenberger LJ, Kuhn HJ, Seidman CE, Shah PM, Spencer WH III, Spirito P, Ten Cate FJ, Wigle ED. American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42: 1687-1713.
34. McKenna WJ, Thiene G, Nava A, Fontaliran F, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Fontaine G, Camerini F. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: Task Force of the Working Group on Myo-cardial and Pericardial Disease of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology. Br Heart J. 1994;71:215-218.
35. Maron BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med. 2003;349: 1064-1075.
36. Eckart RE, Scoville SL, Shry EA, Potter RN, Tedrow U. Causes of sudden death in young female military recruits. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97: 1756-1758.
37. Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980-2006. Circulation. 2009;119:1085-1092.
38. Papadakis M, Sharma S. Electrocardiographic screening in athletes: the time is now for universal screening. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43:663-668.
39. Kingwell B, Boutouyrie P. Genetic influences on the arterial wall. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2007;34:652-657.
40. Kalinowski L, Dobrucki IT, Malinski T. Race-specific differences in endothelial function: predisposition of African Americans to vascular diseases. Circulation. 2004;109:2511-2517.
41. Barley J, Blackwood A, Miller M, Markandu ND, Carter ND, Jeffery S, Cappuccio FP, MacGregor GA, Sagnella GA. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism, blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin system in Caucasian and Afro-Caribbean peoples. J Hum Hypertens. 1996;10:31-35.
42. Nguyen QM, Srinivasan SR, Xu JH, Chen W, Berenson GS. Racial (black-white) divergence in the association between adiponectin and arterial stiffness in asymptomatic young adults: the Bogalusa heart study. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21:553-557.
43. Pauliks LB, Cole KE, Mergner WJ. Increased insulin-like growth factor-1 protein in human left ventricular hypertrophy. Exp Mol Pathol. 1999;66: 53-58.
44. DeBosch B, Treskov I, Lupa TS, Weinheimer C, Kovacs A, Courtois M, Muslin AJ. Akt1 is required for physiological cardiac growth. Circulation. 2006:113;2097-2104.
45. Schluter KD, Goldberg Y, Taimor G, Schafer M, Piper HM. Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation in the hypertrophic growth of adult ventricular cardiomyocytes. Cardiovasc Res. 1998;40:174-181.
46. Walker AR, Walker BF. The bearing of race, sex, age and nutritional state on the precordial electrocardiograms of young South African Bantu and Caucasian subjects. Am Heart J. 1969;77:441-459.
47. Seriki O, Smith AJ. The electrocardiogram of young Nigerians. Am Heart J. 1966;72:153-157.
48. Burke A, Creighton W, Mont E, Li L, Hogan S, Kutys R, Fowler D, Virmani R. Role of SCN5A Y1102 polymorphism in sudden cardiac death in blacks. Circulation. 2005;112:798-802.
49. Payne JR, Kotwinski PJ, Montgomery HE. Cardiac effects of anabolic steroids. Heart. 2004;90:473-475.