Life cycle assessment and grid electricity: What do we know and what can we know?

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 44, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1895-1901

  Weber, Christopher L ^a   Jaramillo, Paulina ^a   Marriott, Joe ^b   Samaras, Constantine ^a,c  

^a CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b University of Pittsburgh   (United States)

^c RAND CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRICAL GRIDS; EMISSIONS FACTORS; ENVIRONMENTAL EMISSIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASE; FOOTPRINTING; GRID ELECTRICITY; GRID EMISSIONS; LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENTS; POLICY ANALYSIS; UNCERTAIN INFORMATIONS;

AIR QUALITY; PARTICULATE EMISSIONS; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

LIFE CYCLE;

CARBON; CARBON DIOXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE;

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON EMISSION; LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS; NITROGEN DIOXIDE; SULFUR DIOXIDE; TOXIN;

ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; ELECTRICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASE; LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT; POLICY;

AIR POLLUTION; CARBON FOOTPRINT; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ELECTRICITY; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; POWER PLANTS; UNITED STATES;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 77949400684     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/es9017909     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. WBCSD/WRI. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol; World Business Council for Sustainable Development and World Resources Institute: Geneva, 2007; pp 1-116.
2. Matthews, H. S.; Hendrickson, C. T.; Weber, C. L. The Importance of Carbon Footprint Estimation Boundaries. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 5839-5842.
3. EPA. Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2006; Office of Global Warming: Washington, DC, 2008.
4. Peters, G.; Hertwich, E. The Importance of Imports for Household Environmental Impacts. J. Ind. Ecol. 2006, 10 (3), 89-109.
5. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14044-Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and Framework, ISO: Geneva, 2006.
6. Reap, J.; Roman, F.; Duncan, S.; Bras, B. A Survey of Unresolved Problems in Life Cycle Assessment: Part 1: Goal and Scope and Inventory Analysis. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2008, 13, 290-300.
7. BSI PAS. 2050:2008 Specification for the Assessment of the Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Goods and Services; British Standards Institute: London, 2008.
8. Holland, M.; Mansur, E. Is Real-Time Pricing Green? The Environmental Impacts of Electricity Demand Variance, National Bureau of Economic Research: Washington, DC, 2004.
9. Marnay, C.; Fisher, S.; Murtishaw, S.; Phadke, A.; Price, L.; Sathaye, J. Estimating Carbon Dioxide Emissions Factors for the California Electric Power Sector, Berkeley, CA, 2002.
10. EIA Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program; http://www.eia.doe. gov/oiaf/1605/emission-factors.html#epa.
11. 2 Accounts for Open Economies: Producer or Consumer Responsibility. Energy Policy 2001, 29, 327-334.
12. Frischknecht, R.; Rebitzer, G. The ecoinvent database system: a comprehensive web-based LCA database. J. Cleaner Prod 2005, 13 (13-14), 1337-1343.
13. Weber, C. L.; Peters, G. Climate Change Policy and International Trade: Policy Considerations in the United States. Energy Policy 2009, 37 (2), 432-1140
14. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID 2007); http://www. epa.gov/cleanenergy/egrid/index. htm
15. U.S. DOE. Annual Energy Outlook - Early Release, Washington, DC, 2009.
16. Kirschen, D.; Allan, R.; Strbac, G. Contributions of individual generators to loads and flows. Power Syst., IEEE Trans. 1997, 12 (1), 52-60.
17. Bialek, J. Tracing the flow of electricity. Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proc. 1996, 143 (4), 313-320.
18. Caviou, M. C.; Dunnet, R. M.; Plumptre, P. H. Charging for the Use of Transmission System Using Marginal Cost Methods; 11th Power Systems Computation Conference, Avignon, France, 1993; Avignon, France, 1993.
19. Kattuman, P. A.; Green, R. J.; Bialek, J. W. Allocating electricity transmission costs through tracing: a game-theoretic rationale. Operations Res. Lett. 2004, 32 (2), 114-120.
20. Zolezzi, J. M.; Rudnick, H. Consumers coordination and cooperation In transmission cost allocation; Power Technology Conference, Bologna, 2003; IEEE: Bologna, 2003; p 7, Vol 3.
21. Danitz, F.; Rudnick, H.; Zolezzi, J.; Watts, D. Use based allocation methods for payment of electricity transmission systems. International Conference on Power System Technology 2002, 2, 907-911.
22. Kirschen, D.; Strbac, G. Tracing active and reactive power between generators and loads using real and Imaginary currents. Power Syst., IEEE Trans. 1999, 14 (4), 1312-1319.
23. Hai-Xia, W.; Rao, L.; Wei-Dong, L. Transmission Loss Allocation Based on Circuit Theories and Orthogonal Projection. Power Syst., IEEE Trans. 2009, 24 (2), 868-877.
24. Abdelkader, S. Determining generators' contribution to loads and line flows & losses considering loop flows. Int. J. Electrical Power Energy Syst. 2008, 30 (6-7), 368-375.
25. Morgan, M. G.; Henrion, M., Uncertainty. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1990.
26. NREL. U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database; National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2008.
27. U.S. EPA. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, 1990-2005; US Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, 2007.
28. IPCC. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis .Report; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Valencia, Spain, 2007; pp 1-24.
29. 2 Emissions from Purchased Electricity, Version 3.0., December 2007 ed.; WRI, 2007.
30. Blumsack, S. Measuring the Benefits and Costs of Regional Electric Grid Integration. Energy Law J. 2008, 28, 147-184.
31. Newcomer, A.; Blumsack, S.; Apt, J.; Lave, L.; Morgan, G. Short Run Effects of a Price on Carbon Dioxide Emissions from U.S. Electric Generators. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42 (9), 31393144.
32. EIA. Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Program; U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC, 2009.
33. Marriott, J.; Matthews, H. S. Environmental Effects of Interstate Power Trading on Electricity Consumption Mixes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (22), 8584-8590.
34. EPA Climate Leaders Program; http://www.epa.gov/climateleaders/(February 7, 2009),
35. U.S. EPA Proposed Mandatory Greenhouse Gas Reporting Rule; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, 2009.
36. Funtowicz, S. O.; Ravetz, J. R. Uncertainty, Complexity, and Post-normal Science. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1994, 13 (12), 1881-1885.
37. van der Sluijs, J.; von Krauss, K. Uncertainty as a Monster in the Science-Policy Interface: Four Coping Strategies. Water Sci. Technol. 2005, 52 (6), 87-92.