The evolution of class inequality in higher education: Competition, exclusion, and adaptation

American Sociological Review

Volumn 74, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 731-755

  Alon, Sigal ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLASS; HIGHER EDUCATION; SOCIAL EXCLUSION;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 77949357506     PISSN: 00031224     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/000312240907400503     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Alexander, Karl L., Scott Holupka, and Aaron M. Pallas. 1987. "Social Background and Academic Determinants of Two-Year Versus Four-Year College Attendance: Evidence from Two Cohorts a Decade Apart." American Journal of Education 96:56-80.
2. Alexander, Karl L., Aaron M. Pallas, and Scott Holupka. 1987. "Consistency and Change in Educational Stratif ication: Recent Trends Regarding Social Background and College Access." Research in Social Stratification 6:161-85.
3. Alon, Sigal and Marta Tienda. 2007. "Diversity, Opportunity and the Shifting Meritocracy in Higher Education." American Sociological Review 72(3):487-511.
4. Ashenfelter, Orley. 1978. "Estimating the Effect of Training on Earnings." The Review of Economics and Statistics 60(1):47-57.
5. Ashenfelter, Orley and David Card. 1985. "Using the Longitudinal Structure of Earnings to Estimate the Effect of Training Programs." The Review of Economics and Statistics 67(4):648-60.
6. Baker, Therese L. and William Velez. 1996. "Access to and Opportunity in Postsecondary Education in the United States: A Review." Sociology of Education 69(Extra Issue):82-101.
7. Barron's. 1982, 1992. Profiles of American Colleges. Hauppauge, New York: Barron's Educational Series.
8. Blau, Judith R., Stephanie Moller, and Lyle V. Jones. 2004. "Why Test? Talent Loss and Enrollment Loss." Social Science Research 33:409-34.
9. Bowen, William G. 2006. "Extending Opportunity: What Is To Be Done?" In College Access: Opportunity or Privilege?, edited by S. M. McPherson and M. O. Schapiro. New York: The College Board.
10. Bowen, William G. and Derek Bok. 1998. The Shape of the River: Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admission. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
11. Bowen, William G., Martin A. Kurzweil, and Eugene M. Tobin. 2005. Equity and Excellence in American Higher Education. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.
12. Breland, Hunter, James Maxey, Renee Gernand, Tammie Cumming, and Catherine Trapan. 2002. Trends in College Admission 2000: A Report of a National Survey of Undergraduate Admission Policies, Practices, and Procedures. New York: The College Board.
13. Briggs, Derek C. 2001. "The Effect of Admissions Test Preparation: Evidence from NELS:88." Chance 14:10-22.
14. Brown, Susan K. and Charles Hirschman. 2006. "The End of Affirmative Action in Washington State and Its Effect on the Transition from High School to College." Sociology of Education 79:106-130.
15. Buchmann, Claudia, Vincent J. Roscigno, and Dennis J. Condron. 2006. "The Myth of Meritocracy? SAT Preparation, College Enrollment, Class and Race in the United States." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Montreal, August 2006.
16. Card, David and Alan Krueger. 2005. "Would the Elimination of Affirmative Action Affect Highly Qualified Minority Applicants? Evidence from California and Texas." Industrial & Labor Relations Review 58(3):416-34.
17. Carnahan, Kristen and Chira Coletti. 2003. "SAT Verbal and Math Scores Up Significantly as a Record-Breaking Number of Students Take the Test: Average Math Score at Highest Level in More than 35 Years." Report N0218. New York: The College Board.
18. Carnevale, Anthony P. and Stephen J. Rose. 2004. "Socioeconomic Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Selective College Admissions." Pp. 101-156 in America's Untapped Resources, edited by R. D. Kahlenberg. New York: The Century Foundation Press
19. Clotfelter, Charles T. 1993. "Demand for Undergraduate Education." Pp. 1-139 in Economic Challenges in Higher Education, edited by C. T. Clotfelter, R. G. Ehrenberg, M. Getz, and J. J. Siegfried. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
20. The College Board. 2008. "SAT Scores Stable as Record Numbers Take Test." Press release August 26, 2008. New York: College Board Publications. Retrieved March 2009 (http://www.collegeboard.com/press/releases/197846.html).
21. Collins, Randall. 1971. "Functional and Conflict Theories of Educational Stratification." American Sociological Review 36:1002-1019.
22. Crouse, James and Dale Trusheim. 1988. The Case against the SAT. Chicago, IL and London, UK: The University of Chicago Press.
23. Davies, Scott and Neil Guppy. 1997. "Fields of Study, College Selectivity, and Student Inequalities in Higher Education." Social Forces 75:1417-38.
24. Duffy, Elizabeth A. and Idana Goldberg. 1998. Crafting a Class: College Admissions and Financial Aid, 1955-1994. Ewing, NJ: Princeton University Press.
25. Ellwood, David T. and Thomas J. Kane. 2000. "Who is Getting a College Education? Family Background and the Growing Gaps in Enrollment." Pp. 283-324 in Securing the Future: Investing in Children from Birth to College, edited by S. Danziger and J. Waldfogel. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
26. FairTest. 2009. Test Score Optional List. The National Center for Fair & Open Testing. Retrieved March 2009 (http://www.fairtest.org/university/optional).
27. Fischer, Claude S., Michael Hout, Martin Sanchez Jankowski, Samuel R. Lucas, Ann Swidler, and Kim Voss. 1996. Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
28. Golden, Daniel. 2006. The Price of Admission: How America's Ruling Class Buys Its Way into Elite Colleges-and Who Gets Left Outside the Gates. New York: Crown Publishers.
29. Goldrick-Rab, Sara. 2006. "Following Their Every Move: How Social Class Shapes Postsecondary Pathways." Sociology of Education 79(1):61-79.
30. Hearn, James C. 1984. "The Relative Roles of Academic, Ascribed, and Socioeconomic Characteristics in College Destinations." Sociology of Education 57:22-30.
31. Hearn, James C. 1988. "Attendance at Higher-Cost Colleges: Ascribed, Socioeconomic, and Academic Influences on Student Enrollment Patterns." Economics of Education Review 7(1):65-76.
32. Hearn, James C. 1990. "Pathways to Attendance at the Elite Colleges." Pp. 121-46 in The High Status Track: Studies of Elite Schools and Stratification, edited by P. W. Kingston and L. S. Lewis. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
33. Hearn, James C. 1991. "Academic and Nonacademic Influences on the College Destinations of 1980 High School Graduates." Sociology of Education 64:158-71.
34. Jackson, Gregory. 1988. "Did College Choice Change During the Seventies?" Economics of Education Review 1:15-27.
35. Jencks, Christopher and David Riesman. 1968. The Academic Revolution. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
36. Karabel, Jerome. 1984. "Status-Group Struggle, Organizational Interests, and the Limits of Institutional Autonomy: The Transformation of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, 1918-1940." Theory and Society 13(1):1-40.
37. Karabel, Jerome. 2005. The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
38. Karabel, Jerome and A. W. Astin. 1975. "Social Class, Academic Ability, and College Quality." Social Forces 53(3):381-98.
39. Karen, David. 1990. "Toward a Political-Organizational Model of Gatekeeping: The Case of Elite Colleges." Sociology of Education 63:227-40.
40. Karen, David. 2002. "Changes in Access to Higher Education in the United States: 1980-1992." Sociology of Education 75:191-210.
41. Kerr, Clark, John T. Dunlop, Fredrick H. Harbison, and Charles A. Myers. 1960. Industrialism and Industrial Man. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
42. King, Gary, Michael Tomz, and Jason Wittenberg. 2000. "Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation." American Journal of Political Science 44:347-61.
43. Kingston, Paul W. and Lionel S. Lewis. 1990. Undergraduates at Elite Institutions: The Best, the Brightest, and the Richest. Pp. 105-120 in The High-Status Track, edited by P. W. Kingston and L. S. Lewis. Albany, NY: University of New York Press.
44. Lareau, Annette. 2000. Home Advantage: Social Class and Parental Intervention in Elementary Education. Oxford, UK: Roman and Littlefield.
45. Lareau, Annette and Erin M. Horvat. 1999. "Race, Class and Cultural Capital in Family-School Relationships." Sociology of Education 72:37-53.
46. Lemann, Nicholas. 1999. The Big Test: The Secret History of the American Meritocracy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
47. Long, Bridget Terry. 2004. "How Have College Decisions Changed Over Time? An Application of the Conditional Logistic Choice Model." Journal of Econometrics 121:271-96.
48. Long, J. Scott. 1997. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
49. Long, Mark. 2004. "Race and College Admissions: An Alternative to Affirmative Action." The Review of Economics and Statistics 86:1020-33.
50. Lucas, Samuel R. 1999. Tracking Inequality: Stratification and Mobility in American High Schools. New York: Teachers College Press.
51. Lucas, Samuel R. 2001. "Effectively Maintained Inequality: Education Transitions, Track Mobility, and Social Background Effects." American Journal of Sociology 106(6):1642-90.
52. Mare, Robert D. 1980. "Social Background and School Continuation Decisions." Journal of the American Statistical Association 75:295-305.
53. Mare, Robert D. and Christopher Winship. 1988. "Ethnic and Racial Patterns of Educational Attainment and School Enrollment." Pp. 173-95 in Divided Opportunities: Minorities, Poverty and Social Policy, edited by G. D. Sandefur and M. Tienda. New York: Plenum Press.
54. Massey, Douglas S., Camille Z. Charles, Garvey Lundy, and Mary J. Fischer. 2003. Source of the River: The Social Origin of Freshmen at America's Selective Colleges and Universities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
55. McDonough, Patricia M. 1994. "Buying and Selling Higher Education: The Social Construction of the College Applicant." Journal of Higher Education 65:427-46.
56. McPherson, S. Michael and Morton Owen Schapiro. 2006. "Introduction." In College Access: Opportunity or Privilege?, edited by S. M. McPherson and M. O. Schapiro. New York: The College Board.
57. Morris, Martina and Bruce Western. 1999. "Inequality in Earnings at the Close of the Twentieth Century." Annual Review of Sociology 25:623-57.
58. Murphy, Raymond. 1988. Social Closure: The Theory of Monopolization and Exclusion. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. The National Association for College Admission
59. Counseling (NACAC). 2006. State of College Admission. David A. Hawkins and Melissa Clinedinst, NACAC. Retrieved June 2009 (http://www.nacacnet.org/PublicationsResources/Research/Documents/06StateofAdmission.pdf).
60. Counseling (NACAC). 2009. Preparation for College Admission Exams. An NACAC Discussion Paper by Derek C. Briggs. Retrieved June 2009 (http://www.nacacnet.org/PublicationsResources/Research/Documents/TestPrepDiscussionPaper.pdf).
61. The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). 2008. Digest of Education Statistics, 2007. Tables 179 and 191. Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC. (NCES 2008-022).
62. Parkin, Frank. 1979. Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique. London, UK: Tavistok.
63. Parsons, Talcott. 1970. "Equality and Inequality in Modern Society, or Social Stratification Revisited." Pp. 13-72 in Social Stratification: Research and Theory for the 1970s, edited by E. Laumann. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.
64. Persell, Caroline Hodges, Sophia Catsambis, and Peter W. Cookson Jr. 1992. "Differential Asset Conversion: Class and Gendered Pathways to Selective Colleges." Sociology of Education 65:208-225.
65. Powers, Donald E. 1993. "Coaching for the SAT: A Summary of the Summaries and an Update." Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice 12:24-39.
66. Raftery, A. E. and M. Hout. 1993. "Maximally Maintained Inequality: Expansion, Reform and Opportunity in Irish Education, 1921-1975." Sociology of Education 66:41-62.
67. Report of the President of Harvard College and Reports of Departments 1983-1984. 1985. Official Register of Harvard University. Vol. LXXXII JULY 2, 1985. Retrieved March 2009 (http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/2582287?n=21175&s=4).
68. Report of the President of Harvard College and Reports of Departments 1984-1985. 1986. Official Register of Harvard University. Vol. LXXXI JULY 2, 1986. Retrieved March 2009 (http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/viewtext/2582287?n=21903&s=4).
69. Rothstein, Jesse M. 2004. "College Performance Predictions and the SAT." Journal of Econometrics 121:297-317.
70. Rubin, Donald B. 1987. Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
71. Sacks, Peter. 1999. Standardized Minds: The High Price of America's Testing Culture and What We Can Do to Change It. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books.
72. Sacks, Peter. 2007. Tearing Down the Gates: Confronting the Class Divide in American Education. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
73. Schafer, Joseph L. 1997. Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data. London, UK: Chapman & Hall.
74. Schafer, Joseph L. 1999. NORM: Multiple Imputation of Incomplete Multivariate Data Under a Normal Model,Version 2. Software for windows 95/98/NT.
75. Schneider, Barbara, Sylvia Martinez, and Ann Owens. 2006. "Expanding the Educational Opportunities for Hispanics in the U.S." Pp. 179-227 in Hispanics and the Future of America, edited by M. Tienda and F. Mitchell. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
76. Sewell, William. 1971. "Inequality of Opportunity for Higher Education." American Sociological Review 36:793-806.
77. Tilly, Charles. 1998. Durable Inequality. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
78. Tomz, Michael, Jason Wittenberg, and Gary King. 2003. "Clarify: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results." Retrieved April 22, 2007 (http://gking.harvard.edu/clarify/docs/clarify.html).
79. Treiman, Donald. 1970. "Industrialization and Social Stratification." Pp. 373-94 in Social Stratification: Research and Theory for the 1970s, edited by E. O. Laumann. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill. Trends in College Pricing. 2005. New York: The College Board.
80. Trends in Student Aid. 2005. New York: The College Board.
81. Turley, Ruth N. Lopez, Martin Santos, and Cecilia Ceja. 2007. "Social Origin and College Opportunity Expectations Across Cohorts." Social Science Research 36(3):1200-1208.
82. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. 2004. "National Estimates by Age, Sex, Race: 1900-1979 (PE-11)." Internet release date: October 1, 2004 (http://www.census.gov/popest/archives/pre-1980/PE-11.html).
83. Vigdor, Jacob L. and Charles T. Clotfelter. 2003. "Retaking the SAT." The Journal of Human Resources 38:1-33.