Nutrition-Phosphorus, Sulphur, Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium and Micronutrients-Liming and Nutrient Deficiencies

Sugar Beet

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 185-220

  Christenson, Donald R ^a   Draycott, A Philip ^b  

^a Ashfield Green Farm ^*  (United States)

^b Ashfield Green Farm   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Micronutrients; Nutrient needs; Phosphorus; Sulphur; USA

Indexed keywords

EID: 77949340555     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470751114.ch9     Document Type: Chapter

References (209)

1. Adams, S.N. (1961a) The effect of sodium and potassium fertilizer on the mineral composition of the sugar beet. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 56, 383-388.
2. Adams, S.N. (1961b) The effect of time of application of phosphate and potash on sugar beet. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 56, 127-130.
3. Adams, F. & Evans, C.E. (1962) A rapid method for measuring lime requirement of red-yellow podzolic soils. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings. 26, pp. 355-357.
4. Adriano, D.C. (2001) Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments-Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability, and Risks of Metals. Springer-Verlag, New York.
5. Allison, M.F. (1996) Micronutrient needs of sugar beet. British Sugar Beet Review 64 (4), 26-29.
6. Allison, M.F. & Chapman, J. (1995) Role of phosphate in beet crop nutrition. British Sugar Beet Review 63 (4), 12-14.
7. Allison, M.F., Jaggard, K.W. & Armstrong, M.J. (1994) Time of application and chemical form of potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and sodium fertilizers and effects on the growth, yield and quality of sugar beet. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 123, 61-70.
8. Allison, M.F., Last, P.J. & Bean, K.M.R. (1996) Response by sugar beet to foliar sprays of copper. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 72, 219-225.
9. Alloway, B.J. & Tills, A.R. (1984) Copper deficiency in world crops. Outlook on Agriculture 13, 32-34.
10. Analogides, D.A. (1987a) Seasonal uptake of P, K and Na by irrigated sugar beet as related to growth and soil nutrient supply. Proceedings of the IIRB Congress. pp. 305-324.
11. Analogides, D.A. (1987b) Estimating response by irrigated sugar beet to P and K fertilization in relation to soil fertility variables. Proceedings of the IIRB Congress. pp. 325-340.
12. Anon. (2001) Glossary of Soil Science Terms. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI
13. Archer, F.C. & Hodgson, I.H. (1987) Total and extractable trace element contents of soils in England and Wales. Journal of Soil Science 38, 421-431.
14. Armstrong, M.J. (1985) Sulphur nutrition. Rothamsted Experimental Station Report for 1984, p. 47.
15. Armstrong, M.J., Milford, G.F.J. & Hollies, J. (1999) Potassium requirement of sugar beet. British Sugar Beet Review 67 (3), 4-6.
16. Arnon, D.E. & Whatley, F.R. (1949) Is chloride a coenzyme of photosynthesis? Science 110, 554-556.
17. Bakhsh Kelarestaghi, K., Khalili, A. & Ahmadi, G. (2002) Effect of micro nutrients on sugar beet in Djovain area of Iran. Proceedings of the IIRB Congress. pp. 389-395.
18. Berger, K.C. & Truog, E.C. (1939) Boron determination in soils and plants. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edition 11, 540-545.
19. Beringer, H. (1987) Recent data about P, K and Na fertilizer application to sugar beet in Central Europe. Proceedings of the IIRB Congress. pp. 103-133.
20. Berrow, M.L. & Burridge, J.C. (1980) Trace element levels in soils: effects of sewage sludge. In: Inorganic Pollution and Agriculture MAFF Reference Book 326. HMSO, London, pp. 159-183.
21. Berry, W.L. & Ulrich, A. (1968) Cation absorption from culture solution by sugar beets. Soil Science 106, 303-308.
22. Berry, W.L. & Ulrich, A. (1970) Calcium nutrition of sugar beets as affected by potassium. Soil Science 110, 389-394.
23. Binford, G.G., Hergert, G.W. & Blumenthal, J.M. (2000) Sugar beets. In: Ferguson, R.B. (ed.) Nutrient Management for Agronomic Crops in Nebraska. University of Nebraska Extension Circular EC 155, Lincoln, NB, pp. 127-130.
24. Blaylock, A.D., Belden, K. & Hough, H.W. (1996) Guide to Wyoming fertilizer recommendations. University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension Service Bulletin B-1045, Laramie, WY.
25. Blumenthal, J.M. (2001) Fertilizing sugarbeet. In: Wilson, R.G., Smith, J.A. & Miller, S.D. (eds) Sugarbeet Production Guide. University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension EC01-156, Lincoln, NB, pp. 75-80.
26. Boawn, L.C. & Viets Jr, F.G. (1956) Zinc fertilizer tests on sugar beets in Washington. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 9, 212-216.
27. Boawn, L.C., Viets Jr, F.G., Crawford, C.L. & Nelson, J.L. (1960) Effect of nitrogen carrier, nitrogen rate, zinc rate and induced soil changes on zinc uptake by sorghum, pota-toes and sugar beets. Soil Science 90, 329-337.
28. Boawn, L.C., Viets Jr, F.G., Nelson, C.E. & Crawford, C.L. (1961) Yield and zinc content of sugar beets as affected by nitrogen source, rate of nitrogen and zinc application. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 11, 279-286.
29. Bolton, J. & Penny, A. (1968) The effects of potassium and magnesium fertilizers on yield and composition of successive crops of ryegrass, clover, sugar beet, potatoes, kale and barley on sandy soil at Woburn. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 70, 303-311.
30. Brady, N.C. & Weil, A.R. (1999) The Nature and Properties of Soils, 12th edn. Prentice Hall, NJ.
31. Brandenburg, E. (1931) Die Herz-und Trockenfäule der Rüben als Bormangelerscheinung. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 3, 499-517.
32. Bravo, S., Lee, G.S. & Schmehl, W.R. (1989) The effect of planting date, nitrogen fertilizer rate and harvest date on seasonal concentration and total content of six macronutrients in sugar beet. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 26, 34-49.
33. Bravo, S., Lee, G.S. & Schmehl, W.R. (1992) Effect of planting date, nitrogen fertilizer and harvest date on seasonal concentrations and total content of five micronutrients in sugar beet. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 29, 45-57.
34. Bray, R.H. & Kurtz, L.T. (1945) Determination of total, organic, and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Science 59, 39-45.
35. Brown, J.R. (1998) Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures for the North Central Region. North Central Research Publication No. 221. University of Missouri, Columbia.
36. Brown, A.L., Hills, F.J. & Krantz, B.A. (1968) Lime, P, K and Mn interactions in sugar beets and sweet corn. Agronomy Journal 60, 427-429.
37. Broyer, T.C., Carlton, A.B., Johnson, C.M. & Stout, P.R. (1954) Chlorine-a micronutrient element for higher plants. Plant Physiology 29, 526-532.
38. Bush, D.S. (1995) Calcium regulation in plant cells and its role in signaling. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 46, 95-122.
39. Cattanach, A. (1991) Boron fertilization of sugarbeets in the Red River Valley. 1990 Sugarbeet Research and Extension Reports 21, North Dakota State University, Fargo.
40. Chabannes, J. (1959) Long-term effects of repeated additions of borates. Belgian Industrial Chemistry, Supplement No. 2, 697-698.
41. Christenson, D.R., Bricker, C., Reisen, J., Voth, R., Mertz, M., Mezoghi, M., Almustafa, W., Oaks, J. & Kestner, R. (1975) Soil fertility and management for the production of sugar beets, navy beans and corn. In: Saginaw Valley Bean and Beet Research Farm Report. Michigan State University, East Lansing, pp. 3-28.
42. Christenson, D.R., Warncke, D.D. & Leep, R. (1988) Lime for Michigan Soils. Cooperative Extension Service Extension Bulletin E-471, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
43. Christenson, D.R., Bricker, C.E. & Hubbell, L. (1991) Yield and quality of sugar beets as affected by applied boron. Michigan State University Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report 51, East Lansing.
44. Christenson, D.R., Warncke, D.D., Vitosh, M.L., Jacobs, L.W. & Dahl, J.G. (1992) Fertilizer recommendations for field crops in Michigan. Cooperative Extension Service Extension Bulletin E-550A, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
45. Christenson, D.R., Brimhall, P.B., Hubbell, L. & Bricker, C.E. (2000) Yield of sugar beet, soybean, corn, field bean and wheat as affected by lime application on alkaline soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 31, 1145-1154.
46. Clarkson, D.T., Sanderson, J. & Russell, R.S. (1968) Ion uptake and root age. Nature 220, 805-806.
47. Clarkson, D.T., Robards, A.W. & Sanderson, J. (1971) The tertiary endodermis in barley roots: fine structure in relation to radial transport of ions and water. Planta 96, 292-305.
48. Connors, G. (2000) Kieserite-the superior magnesium and sulphur fertilizer. Kali und salz. Brochure for Potash Limited, Hertford, England, pp. 1-14.
49. Cook, R.L. & Millar, C.E. (1953) Plant nutrient deficiencies diagnosed by plant symptoms, tissue tests, soil tests. Michigan State College Agricultural Experiment Station Special Bulletin 353, East Lansing.
50. Cooke, G.W. (1967) The Control of Soil Fertility. Crosby Lockwood & Son Ltd, London.
51. Davis, J.F., Nichol, G. & Thurlow, D. (1961) The effect of phosphorus fertilization and time of application on chemical composition and on yield, sucrose content and percent purity of sugar beet roots. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 11, 406-412.
52. Davis, J.F., Nichol, G. & Thurlow, D. (1962) The interaction of rates of phosphate application with fertilizer placement and fertilizer applied at planting time on the chemical composition of sugar beet tissue, yield, percent sucrose and apparent purity of sugar beet roots. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 12, 259-267.
53. Draycott, A.P. (1969) The effect of farm yard manure on the fertilizer requirement of sugar beet. Journal of Agriculture Science, Cambridge 73, 119-124.
54. Draycott, A.P. (1972) Sugar Beet Nutrition. Applied Science Publishers Limited, London.
55. Draycott, A.P. (1993) Nutrition. In: Cooke, D.A. & Scott, R.K. (eds) The Sugar Beet Crop-Science into Practice. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 239-278.
56. Draycott, A.P. & Allison, M.F. (1998) Magnesium fertilizers in soil and plants: comparisons and usage. Proceedings of Fertilizer Society, London. No. 412, pp. 1-28.
57. Draycott, A.P. & Bugg, S.M. (1982) Response by sugar beet to various amounts and times of application of sodium chloride fertilizer in relation to soil type. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 98, 579-592.
58. Draycott, A.P. & Christenson, D.R. (2003) Nutrients for Sugar Beet Production: Soil Plant Relationships. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
59. Draycott, A.P. & Durrant, M.J. (1969a) The effects of magnesium fertilizers on the yield and chemical composition of sugar beet. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 72, 319-324.
60. Draycott, A.P. & Durrant, M.J. (1969b) Magnesium fertilizers for sugar beet (Part I). British Sugar Beet Review 37, 175-179.
61. Draycott, A.P. & Durrant, M.J. (1970a) The relationship between exchangeable soil magnesium and response by sugar beet to magnesium sulphate. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 75, 137-143.
62. Draycott, A.P. & Durrant, M.J. (1970b) Magnesium fertilizers for sugar beet (Part II). British Sugar Beet Review 38, 175-180.
63. Draycott, A.P. & Durrant, M.J. (1972a) Comparisons of kieserite and calcined magnesite for sugar beet grown on sandy soils. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 79, 455-461.
64. Draycott, A.P. & Durrant, M.J. (1972b) The immediate and long-term value of some magnesium fertilizers for sugar beet. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 79, 463-471.
65. Draycott, A.P. & Durrant, M.J. (1976) Response by sugar beet to superphosphate, particularly in relation to soils containing little available phosphorus. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 86, 181-187.
66. Draycott, A.P. & Farley, R.F. (1971) The effect of sodium and magnesium fertilizers, and irrigation on growth, composition and yield of sugar beet. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 22, 559-563.
67. Draycott, A.P. & Farley, R.F. (1973) Response by sugar beet to soil dressings and foliar sprays of manganese. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 24, 675-685.
68. Draycott, A.P. & Messem, A.B. (1979) Soil acidity. The need for a systematic approach to liming. British Sugar Beet Review 47 (2), 21-23.
69. Draycott, A.P., Marsh, J.A.P. & Tinker, P.B.H. (1970) Sodium and potassium relationships in sugar beet. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 74, 568-573.
70. Draycott, A.P., Durrant, M.J. & Boyd, D.A. (1971) The relationship between soil phosphorus and response by sugar beet to phosphate fertilizer on mineral soils. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 77, 117-121.
71. Draycott, A.P., Durrant, M.J. & Webb, D.J. (1972) Long term effects of fertilizers at Broom's Barn 1965-70. Rothamsted Experimental Station Report for 1971, Part 2, 155-164.
72. Draycott, A.P., Durrant, M.J., Davies, D.B. & Vaidyanathan, L.V. (1976) Sodium and potassium fertilizers in relation to soil physical properties and sugar beet yield. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 87, 633-642.
73. Dunham, R.J. (1991a) Effect of starter fertilizers close to seeds. Proceedings of the IIRB Congress. pp. 369-384.
74. Dunham, R.J. (1991b) Fertilizer placement. British Sugar Beet Review 59 (2), 21-25.
75. Durrant, M.J. & Draycott, A.P. (1971) Uptake of magnesium and other fertilizer elements by sugar beet grown on sandy soils. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 77, 61-68.
76. Durrant, M.J., Draycott, A.P. & Boyd, D.A. (1974a) The response of sugar beet to potassium and sodium fertilizers. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 83, 427-434.
77. Durrant, M.J., Draycott, A.P. & Payne, P.A. (1974b) Some effects of sodium chloride on germination and seedling growth of sugar beet. Annals of Botany 38, 1045-1051.
78. Durrant, M.J., Draycott, A.P. & Milford, G.F.J. (1978) Effect of sodium fertilizer on water status and yield of sugar beet. Annals of Applied Biology 88, 321-328.
79. Engelstad, O.P. & Terman, G.L. (1980) Agronomic effectiveness of phosphate fertilizers. In: Khasawneh, F.E., Sample, E.C. & Kamprath, E.J. (eds) The Role of Phosphorus in Agriculture. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, pp. 311-332.
80. Farley, R.F. (1980) Manganous oxide as a seed pellet additive for controlling manganese deficiency in sugar beet seedlings. Plant and Soil 54, 451-459.
81. Farley, R.F. & Draycott, A.P. (1973) Manganese deficiency of sugar beet in organic soils. Plant and Soil 38, 235-244.
82. Farley, R.F. & Draycott, A.P. (1974) Growth and yield of sugar beet in relation to potassium and sodium supply. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 26, 385-392.
83. Farley, R.F. & Draycott, A.P. (1978) Manganese deficiency in sugar beet and the incorporation of manganese in the coating of pelleted seed. Plant and Soil 49, 71-83.
84. Findenegg, G.R., Nelemans, J.A. & Arnozis, P.A. (1989) Effect of external pH and Cl-on the accumulation of NH4 + ions in the leaves of sugar beet. Journal of Plant Nutrition 12, 593-601.
85. Finkner, R.E., Ogden, D.B., Hanzas, P.C. & Olson, R.F. (1958) The effect of fertilizer treatment on the calcium, sodium, potassium, raffinose, galactinol, nine amino acids, and total amino acid content of three varieties of sugar beets grown in the Red River Valley of Minnesota. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 10, 272-280.
86. Fixen, P.E. (1993) Crop responses to chloride. Advances in Agronomy 50, 107-150.
87. Foy, C.D. (1984) Effects of aluminium on plant growth. In:Carson, E.W. (ed.) The Plant Root and its Environment. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, pp. 601-642.
88. Frankinet, M., Raimond, Y., Destain, J.P. & Rixhon, L. (1987) Influence of organic manures and incorporation of harvest residues on mineral PK fertilization in large scale cropping. Proceedings of the IIRB Congress. pp. 163-176.
89. Franzen, D.W. & Cihacek, L.J. (1996) North Dakota fertilizer recommendation: tables and equations. Extension Service SF-882, North Dakota State University, Fargo.
90. Fürstenfeld, F. & Bürcky, K. (2000) Current results concerning boron supplies for sugar beet in Southern Germany. Proceedings of the IIRB Congress. pp. 415-417.
91. Germida, J.J., Karamanos, R.E. & Stewart, J.W.B. (1985) A simple microbial bioassay for plant available manganese. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49, 1411-1415.
92. Giles, J.F., Cattanach, A.W. & Cattanach, N.R. (1991) Effect of boron and Triggrr on sugarbeet yield and quality. 1990 Sugarbeet Research and Extension Reports 21, North Dakota State University, Fargo, pp. 119-121.
93. Graham, R.D. & Webb, M.J. (1991) Micronutrients and disease resistance and tolerance in plants. In: Mortvedt, J.J., Cox, F.R., Shuman, L.M. & Welch, R.M. (eds) Micronutrients in Agriculture. 2nd edn. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp. 329-370.
94. Gupta, U.C. (1979) Boron nutrition of crops. Advances in Agronomy 31, 273-307.
95. Haddock, J.L. (1952) The influence of soil moisture condition on the uptake of phosphorus from calcareous soils by sugar beets. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings. 16, pp. 235-238.
96. Hale, J.B., Watson, M.A. & Hull, R. (1946) Some causes of chlorosis and necrosis of sugar beet foliage. Annals of Applied Biology 33, 13-28.
97. Hamence, J.H. & Oram, P.A. (1964) Effects of soil and foliar applications of sodium borate to sugar beet. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 15, 565-579.
98. Hanson, B., Grattan, S.R. & Fulton, A. (1999) Agricultural Salinity and Drainage. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3375, University of California, Davis.
99. Hawker, J.S., Marschner, H. & Downton, W.J.S. (1974) Effect of sodium and potassium on starch synthesis in leaves. Austrian Journal Plant Physiology 1, 491-501.
100. Henkens, C.H. & Jongman, E. (1965) The movement of manganese in the plant and the practical consequences. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 13, 392-407.
101. Henkens, C.H. & Smilde, K.W. (1966) Evaluation of glassy frits as micronutrient fertilizers. I. Copper and molybdenum frits. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 14, 165-177.
102. Hills, F.J., Sailsbery, R. & Ulrich, A. (1982) Sugarbeet fertilization. University of California Cooperative Extension Bulletin 1891, Davis.
103. Hocking, T. (1995) The role of sulphur in sugar beet. British Sugar Beet Review 63 (1), 10-13.
104. Hodgson, J.F., Gerring, H.R. & Norvell W.A. (1965) Micronutrient cation complexing in soil solution: I. Partitioning between complexed forms by solvent extraction. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings. 29, pp. 665-669.
105. Hodgson, J.F., Lindsay, W.L. & Trierweiler, J.F. (1966) Micronutrient cation complexing in soil solution: II. Complexing zinc and copper in displaced solution from calcareous soils. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings. 30, pp. 723-726.
106. Hollies, J. (2000) Phosphate and potash removal by crops. Potash Development Association, Revision Leaflet 10/00, 1-4.
107. Hollies, J., Draycott, A.P. & Chambers, B.J. (2001) Beet nutrition. The Agronomist 1, 5-6.
108. Jansson, S.L. (1987) Optimum supply of P, K and Na to sugar beet in North West Europe. Proceedings of the IIRB Congress. pp. 85-101.
109. Jarvis, P. & Bee, P. (1996) Influence of potassium and sodium fertilizer on beet yields and quality. British Sugar Beet Review 64 (3), 25-27.
110. Jourdan, O., Bourrié, B. & Etourneaud, F. (1992) Elaboration of curves of absorption of mineral elements. 'La betterave'. Ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche, Aspach-le-Bas, France, pp. 1-8.
111. Judy, W., Melton, J., Lessman, G., Ellis, B. & Davis, J. (1964) Zinc fertilization of pea beans, corn and sugar beets in 1964. Michigan State University Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report 33, East Lansing.
112. Kauss, H. (1987) Some aspects of calcium dependent regulation in plant metabolism. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 38, 47-72.
113. Kirkby, E.A., Armstrong, M.J. & Milford, G.F.J. (1987) Absorption and physiological roles of P and K in the sugar beet plant with reference to the functions of Na and Mg. Proceedings of the IIRB Congress. pp. 1-23.
114. Krügel, C., Dreyspring, C. & Kittganner, R. (1938) Leaching experiments with borates. Superphosphate 8 and 9, 141-150, 161-166.
115. Lachowski, J. (1961) The effect of boron, manganese and copper on the production value of sugar beet in Poland. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych 84A, 63-88.
116. Lachowski, J. & Wesolowski, F. (1964) The influence of iron sulphate on yield of sugar beets in Poland. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych 89A, 547-564.
117. Lamb, J.A. (1989) Sulfur for sugarbeet in Minnesota and North Dakota. Sugarbeet Research and Extension Report 19, North Dakota State University, Fargo, pp. 98-99.
118. Lamb, J.A. & Cattanach, A.W. (1990) Zinc application on sugarbeet. 1989 Sugarbeet Research and Extension Reports 20, North Dakota State University, Fargo, pp. 84-86.
119. Lamb, J.A., Sims, A.L., Smith, L.J. & Rehm, G.W. (2001) Fertilizing Sugar Beet in Minnesota and North Dakota. University of Minnesota Extension Service FO-07715-C. St Paul.
120. Larson, W.E. (1954) Response of sugar beets to potassium fertilization in relation to soil physical and moisture conditions. Soil Science Society of American Proceedings. 18, pp. 313-317.
121. Last, P.J. & Bean, K. (1990) Manganese deficiency and the adjuvant connection. British Sugar Beet Review 58 (3), 15-16.
122. Last, P.J. & Bean, K.M.R. (1991) Controlling manganese defi-ciency in sugar beet with foliar sprays. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 116, 351-358.
123. Läuchli, A. & Pflüger, R. (1978) Potassium transport through plant cell membranes and metabolic role of potassium in plants. Proceedings 11th Congress International Potash Institute. Bern, pp. 111-163.
124. Lawton, K., Erickson, A.E. & Robertson, L.S. (1954) Utilization of phosphorus by sugar beets as affected by fertilizer placement. Agronomy Journal 46, 262-264.
125. Lichthardt, J.J. & Jacobsen, J.S. (1992) Fertilizer Guidelines for Montana, Montana State University Extension Service EB 104, Bozeman.
126. Lindsay, W.L. (1972) Inorganic phase equilibria of micronutrients in soils. In: Mortvedt, J.J., Giordano, P.M. & Lindsay, W.L. (eds) Micronutrients in Agriculture. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp. 41-57.
127. Lucas, R.E. & Knezek, B.D. (1972) Climatic and soil conditions promoting micronutrient deficiencies in plants. In:Mortvedt, J.J., Giordano, P.M. & Lindsay, W.L. (eds) Micronutrients in Agriculture. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp. 265-288.
128. MAFF (1976) Trace element deficiencies in crops. Advisory Paper 17, 1-34.
129. MAFF (2000) Fertilizer recommendations for agricultural and horticultural crops. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food UK RB209, 1-175.
130. Marschner, H. (1995) Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd edn. Academic Press, London.
131. Marschner, H., Kylin, A. & Kuiper, P.J.C. (1981) Genotypic differences in response of sugar beet plants to replacement of potassium by sodium. Physiology Plant 51, 239-244.
132. McEnroe, P. & Coulter, B. (1964) Effect of soil pH on sugar content and yield of sugar beet. Ireland Journal of Agriculture Research 3, 63-69.
133. McGrath, S.P. (2000) Practical field test for sulphur deficiency. Arable Farming, 8th July, p. 6.
134. McGrath, S.P. & Loveland, P.J. (1992) The Soil Geochemical Atlas of England and Wales. Blackie, Glasgow.
135. McLean, E.O, Hartwig, R.C., Eckert, D.J. & Triplett, G.B. (1983) Basic cation saturation ratios as a basis for fertilizing and liming agronomic crops. II. Field studies. Agronomy Journal 75, 635-639.
136. Mehlich, A. (1957) Aluminum, iron and pH in relation to lime induced manganese deficiencies. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings. 21, pp. 625-628.
137. Mengel, K. & Kirkby, E.A. (1978) Principles of Plant Nutrition. International Potash Institute, Worblaufen-Bern, Switzerland.
138. Milford, G.F.J., Armstrong, M.J., Jarvis, P.J., Houghton, B.J., Bellett-Travers, D.M., Jones, J. & Leigh, R.A. (2000) Effect of potassium fertilizer on the yield, quality and potassium offtake of sugar beet crops grown on soils of different potassium status. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 135, 1-10.
139. Millar, C.E., Cook, R.L. & Davis, J.F. (1938) The effect of fertilizer placement on the yield and stand of sugar beets at the Michigan Experiment Station in 1938. Proceedings of Annual Meeting National Joint Committee on Fertilizer Application. 14, pp. 129-131.
140. Millar, C.E., Cook, R.L. & Davis, J.F. (1940) The effect of fertilizer placement on the yield and stand of sugar beets at the Michigan Experiment Station. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting National Joint Committee on Fertilizer Application. 16, pp. 115-116.
141. Millar, C.E., Cook, R.L., Rood, P.J. & Robertson, L.S. (1945) A comparison of methods of applying fertilizer plough under versus deep planting time placement for corn and plough under versus row application for corn, sugar beets and potatoes. Proceedings of Annual Meeting National Joint Committee on Fertilizer Application. 21, pp. 99-104.
142. Moraghan, J.T. & Ananth, S. (1985) Return of sugar beet tops and the accumulation of certain chemical constituents in soil. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 23, 72-79.
143. Moraghan, J.T. & Etchevers. J.D. (1981) Method of phosphorus fertilization for sugar beets in the Red River Valley. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 21, 103-111.
144. Morley Davies, W. (1939) Acidity and manganese deficiency problems in connexion with sugar beet growing. Annals of Applied Biology 26, 285-392.
145. Mortvedt, J.J., Westfall, D.G. & Croissant, R.L. (1996) Fertilizing sugar beets. Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Bulletin No. 0542, Fort Collins.
146. Mostafa, M.A.E. & Ulrich, A. (1976) Interaction of calcium and magnesium in nutrition of intact sugarbeets. Soil Science 121, 16-20.
147. Murphy, L.S. (1979) MAP, DAP, poly and rock. North Central Extension-Industry Soil Fertility Workshop. Potash and Phosphate Institute, Norcross, GA, p. 35.
148. Murphy, L.S. & Walsh, L.M. (1972) Correction of micronutrient deficiencies with fertilizers. In: Mortvedt, J.J., Giordano, P.M. & Lindsay, W.L. (eds) Micronutrients in Agriculture. Soil Science Society of America. Madison, WI, pp. 347-388.
149. Nagarajah, S. & Ulrich, A. (1966) Iron nutrition of the sugar beet plant in relation to growth, mineral balance, and riboflavin formation. Soil Science 102, 399-407.
150. Narayan, D., Chandel, A.S. & Singh, G.R. (1989) Effect of boron fertilization on yield and quality of sugar beet. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 32, 164-168.
151. Nowicki, A. (1969) The effect of molybdenum upon yield, health and processing quality of sugar beet. Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych 95, 55-74.
152. Ødelein, M. (1963) Long-term field experiments with small applications of boron. Soil Science 95, 60-62.
153. Offiah, O. & Axley, J.H. (1988) Improvement of boron soil test. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 19, 1527-1542.
154. Olsen, S.R., Gardner, R., Schmehl, W.R., Watanabe, F.S. & Scott, C.O. (1950) Utilization of phosphorus from various fertilizer materials by sugar beets in Colorado. Proceedings of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists. 6, pp. 317-331.
155. Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S. & Dean, L.A. (1954) Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular 939, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
156. Papanicolaou, E.P., Analogides, D.A., Apostolakis, C.G., Skarlou, V. & Nobeli, C. (1982) Effectiveness of P fertilizer placement methods and N fertilizer sources on fertilizer utilization and yield characteristics of sugarbeets. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 21, 247-259.
157. Paull, J.G., Rathjen, A.J. & Cartwright, B. (1988) Genetic control of tolerance to high concentrations of soil boron in wheat. Proceedings of 7th International Wheat Genetics Symposium. Cambridge, pp. 871-877.
158. Pizer, N.H., Caldwell, T.H., Burgess, G.R. & Jones J.L.O. (1966) Investigations into copper deficiency in crops in East Anglia. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 66, 303-314.
159. Reisenauer, H.M. (1988) Determination of plant available soil manganese. In: Manganese in Soils and Plants, Proceedings of an International Symposium. University of Adelaide, August 1988, pp. 87-98.
160. Robertson, L.S. & Lucas, R.E. (1981) Essential micronutrients:manganese. Michigan State University Cooperative Extension Service Extension Bulletin E-1031, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
161. Robertson, L.S., Knezek, B.D. & Belo, J.O. (1975) A survey of Michigan soils as related to possible boron toxicities. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 6, 359-373.
162. Robertson, L.S., Cook, R.L. & Davis, J.F. (1976a) The Ferden Farm Report: Part II, Soil management for sugar beets 1940-1970. Michigan State University Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report 324, East Lansing.
163. Robertson, L.S., Christenson, D.R. & Warncke D.D. (1976b) Essential secondary elements: calcium. Cooperative Extension Service Extension Bulletin E-996, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
164. Robertson, L.S., Christenson, D.R. & Warncke D.D. (1979) Essential secondary elements: magnesium. Cooperative Extension Service Extension Bulletin E-994, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
165. Rodriguez, J. & Tomic, Y.M.T. (1984) Micronutrient avail-ability in andisols and ultisols of Los Lagos region. Ciencia e Investigacion Agrararia 11, 169-178.
166. Romsdal, S.D. & Schmehl, W.R. (1963) The effect of method and rate of phosphate application on yield and quality of sugar beets. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 12, 603-607.
167. Rowe, E.A. (1936) A study of heart-rot of young sugar beet plants grown in culture solutions. Annals of Botany 50, 735-746.
168. Rozema, J., De Bruin, J. & Brockman, R.A. (1992) Effect of boron on the growth and mineral economy of some halophytes and non halophytes. New Phytologist 121, 249-256.
169. Salcedo, I.H., Ellis, B.G. & Lucas, R.E. (1979) Studies in soil manganese: II. Extractable manganese and plant uptake. Soil Science Society of America Journal 43, 138-141.
170. Sanz Saez, A. (1985) Fertilizer trial results with phosphorus and potassium in Central and Northern Spain. Proceedings of the IIRB Congress. pp. 341-355.
171. Scherer, H.W. (2001) Sulphur in crop production. European Journal of Agronomy 14, 81-111.
172. Schmehl, W.R., Olsen, S.R. & Gardner, R. (1952) Effect of type of phosphate material and method of application on phosphate uptake and yield of sugar beets. Proceedings of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists. 7, pp. 153-158.
173. Schmehl, W.R., Olsen, S.R. & Gardner, R. (1954) Effect of method of application on the availability of phosphate for sugar beets. Proceedings of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists. 8, No. 2, pp. 363-369.
174. Sexton, J.J. (1996) Sulphur survey of the sugar beet crop in England 1995. British Sugar Beet Review 64 (2), 50-53.
175. Shoemaker, H.E., McLean, E.O. & Pratt, P.F. (1961) Buffer methods of determining lime requirement of soils with appreciable amounts of extractable aluminium. Soil Science of America Proceedings. 25, pp. 274-277.
176. Siegenthaler, A. (1987) Influence of phosphorus fertilizer on yield and sugar content of sugar beet in field experiments. Proceedings of the IIRB Congress. pp. 271-279.
177. Sims, A.L. & Smith, L.J. (2001) Early growth response of sugar beet to fertilizer phosphorus in phosphorus deficient soils of the Red River Valley. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 38, 1-17.
178. Sims, A.L. & Smith, L.J. (2003) Broadcast applications of phosphorus fertilizer in low P testing soils. Proceedings of the 1st Joint IIRB-ASSBT Congress. San Antonio.
179. Sipitanos, K.M. & Ulrich, A. (1969) Phosphorus nutrition of sugarbeet seedlings. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 15, 332-346.
180. Smilde, K.W. (1970) Soil analysis as a basis for boron fertilisation of sugar beets. Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenernachrunk Enähr und Bodenkunde 125, 130-143.
181. Stoker, G.L. & Tolman, B. (1941) Boron deficiency relations in sugar beets grown for seed in Oregon. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 33, 657-665.
182. Subbarao, G.V., Wheeler, R.M., Stutte, G.W. & Levine, L.H. (1999) How far can sodium substitute for potassium in red beet? Journal of Plant Nutrition 22 (11), 1745-1761.
183. Syers, J.K., Skinner, R.J. & Curtin, D. (1987) Soil and fertilizer sulphur in UK agriculture. Fertilizer Society Proceedings. No. 264, pp. 1-43.
184. Tandon, P.K. (1979) Relative susceptibility of four varieties of sugar beet to boron deficiency. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 13, 55-56.
185. Terry, N. (1977) Photosynthesis, growth and the role of chloride. Plant Physiology 60, 69-75.
186. Terry, N. & Ulrich, A. (1973) Effects of phosphorus deficiency on the photosynthesis and respiration of leaves in sugar beet. Plant Physiology 51, 43-47.
187. Terry, N., Evans, P.S. & Thomas, D.E. (1975) Manganese toxicity effects on leaf cell multiplication and expansion and on dry matter in sugar beets. Crop Science 15, 205-208.
188. Tills, A.R. & Alloway, B.J. (1981) Subclinical copper defi-ciency in crops on the Breckland in East Anglia. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 97, 473-476.
189. Tinker, P.B.H. (1967) The relationship of sodium in the soil to uptake of sodium by sugar beet in the greenhouse and to yield responses in the field. Proceedings of International Soil Science Society. pp. 223-231.
190. Tinker, P.B., Jones, M.D. & Durall, D.M. (1992) A functional comparison of ecto-and endomycorrhizas. In: Read, D.J., Lewis, D.H., Fitter, A.H. & Alexander, I.J. (eds) Mycorrhizas in Ecosystems. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 303-310.
191. Ulrich, A. & Hills, F.J. (1969) Sugar beet nutrient deficiency symptoms-a color atlas and chemical guide. Division of Agriculture Sciences, University of California, Davis.
192. Ulrich, A. & Mostafa, M.A.E. (1976) Calcium nutrition of the sugarbeet. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 7, 483-495.
193. Ulrich, A. & Ohki, K. (1956a) Hydrogen ion effects on early growth of sugar beet plants in culture solution. Journal of American Society of Sugar Beet Technologists 9, 265-274.
194. Ulrich, A. & Ohki, K. (1956b) Chlorine, bromine and sodium as nutrients for sugar beet plants. Plant Physiology 31, 181-191.
195. Van Luit, B. & Smilde, K.W. (1969) Boron fertilisation of sugar beets based on soil analysis. Rapport Insituut voor Bodemvruchtbaarheed Haren 9, 1-48.
196. Van Schreven, D.A. (1936) Copper deficiency in sugar beets. Phytopathology 26, 1106-1117.
197. Vanstallen, R. & Vandergeten, J.P. (1987) Quantitative and qualitative study of nutrient elements in crop residues in the course of long term trials. Proceedings of the IIRB Congress. pp. 25-41.
198. Viets Jr, F.G. & Robertson, L.S. (1971) Secondary nutrients and micronutrients. In: Johnson, R.T., Alexander, J.T., Rush, G.E. & Hawkes, G.R. (eds) Advances in Sugar Beet Production: Principles and Practices. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, pp. 171-187.
199. Vitosh, M.L., Warncke, D.D. & Lucas, R.E. (1998) Secondary-and micro-nutrients. Michigan State University Extension Service Bulletin E-486, East Lansing.
200. Voth, R.D & Christenson, D.R. (1980) Effect of fertilizer reaction and placement on availability of manganese. Agronomy Journal 72, 769-773.
201. Voth, R.D., Reisen, J. & Christenson, D.R. (1979) Effect of applied boron on yield of sugarbeets. Michigan State University Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report 376, East Lansing.
202. Wadsworth, G.A & Webber, J. (1980) Deposition of minerals and trace elements in rainfall. In: Inorganic Pollution and Agriculture. MAFF Reference Book 326, HMSO, London, pp. 47-55.
203. Wallace, T. (1945) Some aspects of mineral deficiencies in farm crops. Agricultural Progress 20, 20-25.
204. Warburg, O & Lüttgens, W. (1946) Photochemiche Reduction des Chinons in grünen Zellen und Granual. Biochemia 11, 321-322.
205. Warren, R.G & Johnston, A.E. (1962) Barnfield. Rothamsted Experimental Station Report for 1961, pp. 58-59.
206. Watson, M.E & Brown J.R. (1998) pH and lime requirement. In: Brown, J.R. (ed.) Recommended chemical soil test procedures for the North Central Region. Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station SB 1001, University of Missouri, Columbia.
207. Whitehead, D.C. (2000) Nutrient Elements in Grassland. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
208. Winder, T.L & Nishio, J.N. (1995) Early iron deficiency stress response in leaves of sugar beet. Plant Physiology 108, 1487-1494.
209. Yerokun, O.A & Christenson, D.R. (1989) Use of urea and ammonium phosphates as starter fertilizers. Journal of Fertilizer Issues 6, 12-16.