War as peace, peace as pacification

Radical Philosophy

Volumn , Issue 159, 2010, Pages 8-17

  Neocleous, Mark ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 77749234001     PISSN: 0300211X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (68)

1. Walter Benjamin, 'Peace Commodity' (1926), in Walter Benjamin's Archive, trans. Esther Leslie, Verso, London, 2007, pp. 56-7.
2. Alain Badiou, 'Fragments of a Public Journal on the American War against Iraq', 26 February 2003, in Polemics, trans. Steve Corcoran, Verso, London, 2006, pp. 39-41;
3. Antonio Negri and Éric Alliez, 'Peace and War' (2002), in Antonio Negri, Empire and Beyond, trans. Ed Emery, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2008, pp. 54-6;
4. Slavoj Žižek, Welcome to the Desert of the Real: Five Essays on September 11 and Related Dates, Verso, London, 2002, pp. 93-4.
5. Daniel Ross, Violent Democracy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004, p. 12;
6. Rey Chow, The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory and Comparative Work, Duke University Press, Durham NC, 2006, p. 34;
7. Gopal Balakrishnan, Antagonistics: Capital ism and Power in an Age of War, Verso, London, 2009, p. 104;
8. François Debrix, Tabloid Terror: War, Culture, and Geopolitics, Routledge, London: Routledge, 2008, p. 97.
9. Fritz Grob, The Relativity of War and Peace: A Study in Law, History, and Politics, Yale University Press, New Haven CT, 1949. For the lawyers: Quincy Wright, 'When Does War Exist?, American Journal of International Law 26, 1932, pp. 362-8;
10. Georg Schwarzenberger, 'Jus Pacis Ac Belli? Prolegomena to a Sociology of International Law', American Journal of International Law, vol. 37, no. 3, 1943, pp. 460-79;
11. Philip C. Jessup,'Should International Law Recognize an Intermediate Status between Peace and War?', American Journal of International Law, vol. 48, no. 1, 1954, pp. 98-103.
12. See Tarak Barkawi, Globalization and War, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham MD, 2006.
13. Recent attempts to shift the debate include Randy Martin, An Empire of Indifference: American War and the Financial Logic of Risk Management, Duke University Press, Durham NC, 2007;
14. Michael McKinley, Economic Globalization as Religious War: Tragic Convergence, Routledge, Abingdon, 2007;
15. Peter Alexander Meyer, Civic War and the Corruption of the Citizen, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2008;
16. Nelson Maldonado-Torres, Against War: Views from the Underside of Mo dernity, Duke University Press, Durham NC, 2008;
17. Tarik Kochi, The Other's War: Recognition and the Violence of Ethics, Birkbeck Law Press, London, 2009. Also important is Étienne Balibar's unpublished lecture 'Politics as War, War as Politics: Post-Clausewitzian Variations', Alice Berline Kaplan Center for the Humanities, 8 May 2006. I am grateful to John Kraniauskas and Philip Derbyshire for bringing Balibar's lecture to my attention.
18. Hans Kelsen, Law and Peace in International Relations, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1942, pp. 1, 11-12.
19. Wilhelm G. Grewe, The Epochs of International Law (1984), trans. Michael Byers, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2000.
20. Julius Stone, Human Law and Human Justice, Maitland Publications, Sydney, 1965, p. 62;
21. James Leslie Brierly, The Law of Nations, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1955, p. 26.
22. Francisco de Vitoria, 'On Civil Power' (c. 1528), in Vitoria, Political Writings, ed. Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrence, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991, p. 40.
23. James Brown Scott, The Spanish Origin of International Law: Francisco de Vitoria and his Law of Nations, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1934, pp. xvi, 280.
24. Francisco de Vitoria, 'Letter to Miguel de Arcos', 8 November, 1534, Political Writings, pp. 331, 332.
25. Francisco de Vitoria, De Indis, in Political Writings, pp. 246, 250-51.
26. Francisco de Vitoria Vitoria, 'Letter to Miguel de Arcos', p. 333;
27. De Indis, p. 251.
28. Anthony Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005, pp. 15-22, 36-7.
29. Vitoria, De Indis, pp. 278-80.
30. Robert A. Williams, The American Indian in Western Legal Thought, Oxford University Press, New York, 1990, p. 102.
31. Vitoria, De Indis, pp. 282-3.
32. Vitoria, De Indis Relectio Posterior, in Political Writings, p. 318.
33. Ibid., p. 321.
34. Arthur Nussbaum, A Concise History of the Law of Na tions, Methuen, New York, 1961, pp. 74, 83, 296-306.
35. J.G.A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1975.
36. Mikael Hornqvist, Machiavelli and Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004, pp. 61, 72, 74.
37. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince (1532), in The Chief Works and Others, Vol. 1, trans. Allan Gilbert, Duke University Press, Durham NC, 1989, p. 55.
38. Vitoria, De Indis, p. 283; De Indis Relectio Posterior, p. 319.
39. Vitoria, De Indis Relectio Posterior, p. 298.
40. Charles Tilly, 'Reflections on the History of European State-Making', in Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Europe, Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1975, p. 42.
41. Frances A. Yates, Astraea: The Imperial Theme in the Sixteenth Century, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1975, pp. 133-4, 210;
42. Ralph Bauer, The Cultural Geog raphy of Colonial American Literature: Empire, Travel, Modernity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003, p. 44.
43. James Hutton, Themes of Peace in Renaissance Poetry, Cornell University Press, Ithaca NY, 1984, p. 19.
44. Ben Lowe, Imagining Peace: A History of Early English Pacifist Ideas, Pennsylvania State University Press, Pennsylvania, 1997.
45. Sir Henry Sumner Maine, International Law: A Series of Lectures Delivered before the University of Cambridge, 1887, John Murray, London, 1888, p. 8. 32.
46. José A. Fernández, 'Erasmus on the Just War', Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 34, no. 2, 1973, pp. 209-26.
47. Erasmus, 'Letter to Martin Bucer', 11 November 1527, in J. Huizinga, Erasmus and the Age of Reformation (1924), Phoenix Press, London, 2002, pp. 288-92;
48. Niccolò Machiavelli, Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livius (1513-17), in Chief Works, pp. 224, 399.
49. Note too his comment on Ancus, a man 'so gifted ... that he could both enjoy peace and carry on war' (p. 245).
50. Ali Parchami, Hegemonic Peace and Empire: The Pax Romana, Britannica, and Americana, Routledge, London, 2009, pp. 15-17,42, 62, 92-3.
51. Michel Foucault, 'Society Must Be Defended': Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76, trans. David Macey, Allen Lane, London, 2003, pp. 15-16, 46-8, 50-51.
52. Cited in Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America, HarperPerennial, New York, 1984, p. 173.
53. Ibid., p. 174.
54. During the war in Vietnam one 'unofficial' Pentagon spokesman, Hanson W. Baldwin, let slip the mystification: writing in the New York Times of the 'ink blot' or 'oil stain' theory of pacification, in which like ink blots or oil stains the operations from one base overlap those from another, he commented that 'gradually the area pacified or conquered covered the country'. Cited in Joseph Hansen, 'The Case Against "Pacification"', International Socialist Review, vol. 27, no. 4, 1966, pp. 131-6, www.marxists.org/archive/ hansen/1966/xx/pacification.htm.
55. 'want to have a war to build as well as to destroy', said Johnson to his advisers about 'the other war', as he called pacification; cited in Frank L. Jones, 'Blowtorch: Robert Komer and the Making of Vietnam Pacification Policy', Parameters: US Army War College Quarterly, vol. 35, no. 3, 2005, 103-18, p. 104. 'Pacification had to be productive', notes William Gibson, who in outlining the 'Eleven Criteria and Ninety-Eight Works for Pacification' in Vietnam comments that 'the list sounds like a program for the construction of a liberal welfare state';
56. The Perfect War: Technowar in Vietnam, Grove Books, New York, 1986, pp. 281, 291.
57. Foucault, 'Society', p. 50.
58. 'If God grants me life ... the last thing that I would like to study would be the problem of war ... There again I would have to cross into the problem of law'. Interview with André Bertin, 1983, published as 'What Our Present Is', in Foucault Live, ed. Sylvère Lotringer, Semiotext(e), New York, 1996, p. 415.
59. Walter Benjamin, 'Critique of Violence' (1920-21), trans. Edmund Jephcott, in Selected Writings, Vol. 1: 1913-1926, ed. Marcus Bullock and Michael W. Jennings, Belknap/Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1996, pp. 248-9.
60. Foucault, 'Society', pp. 17, 97.
61. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975), trans. Alan Sheridan, Penguin, London, 1977, p. 26.
62. Thomas Hobbes, De Cive (1642), in Hobbes, Man and Citizen, ed. Bernard Gert, Hackett, Indianapolis, 1991, pp. 103-4, 177-8;
63. Leviathan (1651), ed. Richard Tuck, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991, p. 219.
64. John Locke, Two Treatises, ed. Peter Laslett, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988, I, sect. 130, 131; II, sects. 10, 19, 24
65. General William C. Westmoreland reporting his experience in Vietnam, in A Soldier Reports, Doubleday, New York, 1976, p. 68.
66. Robert McNamara likewise described Vietnam as a 'pacification security job'; cited in Gibson, Perfect War, p. 275.
67. Roland Barthes, 'African Grammar', in The Eiffel Tower and Other Mythologies (1979), trans. Richard Howard, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1997, p. 105.
68. Retort, Afflicted Powers: Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War, Verso, London, 2005, p. 94.