A review of New Zealand kauri (Agathis Australis (D.Don) Lindl.): Its ecology, history, growth and potential for management for timber

New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science

Volumn 40, Issue , 2010, Pages 33-59

  Steward, Gregory A ^a   Beveridge, Anthony E ^b  

^a SCION   (New Zealand)

^b NONE   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Agathis australis; Distribution; Ecology; Growth; History; Management

Indexed keywords

DECAY (ORGANIC); ECONOMICS; GROWTH (MATERIALS); HISTORY; LAND USE; MANAGEMENT; PLANTS (BOTANY); REFORESTATION; SITE SELECTION; TEXTURES; TIMBER; TROPICS;

AGATHIS AUSTRALIS; BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC; DECAY RESISTANCE; DISTRIBUTION; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; MEAN ANNUAL INCREMENTS; MOIST CONDITIONS; SECONDARY FORESTS;

ECOLOGY;

BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ENDEMIC SPECIES; EVERGREEN TREE; FOREST CLEARANCE; FOREST MANAGEMENT; FORESTRY PRODUCTION; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; LOGGING (TIMBER); SECONDARY FOREST; SILVICULTURE; STAND DYNAMICS;

AGRICULTURE; DECAY; DIMENSIONAL STABILITY; DISTRIBUTION; ECOLOGY; ECONOMICS; FORESTS; GROWTH; HISTORY; MANAGEMENT; METEOROLOGY; REFORESTATION; SEEDS; TROPICS;

NEW ZEALAND; NORTH ISLAND;

AGATHIS (CONIFER); AGATHIS AUSTRALIS; ARAUCARIACEAE; MAGNOLIOPHYTA;

EID: 77649325459     PISSN: 00480134     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. Ahmed, M., & Ogden, J. (1987). Population dynamics of the emergent conifer (Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl. (kauri) in New Zealand. 1. Population structures and tree growth rates in mature stands. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 25, 217-29.
2. Allan, H. H. (1961). Flora of New Zealand, Volume I. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
3. Anon. (1868). Essay on the botany, geographic and economic, of the North Island of the New Zealand Group. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 1868-1961, 1, 1-54.
4. Anon. (1974). Kauri thinning and fertiliser trials. In I. L. Barton, (Ed.), Kauri: Its place in forest management. New Zealand: Auckland Regional Authority, New Zealand Institute of Foresters - Auckland Section.
5. Auckland Botanical Society. (2007). Natural history of Rangitoto Island. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland Botanical Society.
6. Barlow, P. W. (1888). Kaipara: or experiences of a settler in North New Zealand. London, UK: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington.
7. Barton, I. L. (1975). The management of kauri forests: a historical review of government policy and a proposal for the future. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 20(1), 89-106.
8. Barton, I. L. (1982). An investigation of aspects of the physiology and ecology of kauri (Agathis australis Salisb.). Unpublished Master of Philosophy thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
9. Barton, I. L. (1983). Growth and regeneration of kauri. In K. Thompson, A. P. Hodder, A. S. Edmonds, (Eds.), Lowland forests of New Zealand. Proceedings of a symposium 27-28 May 1980 (pp. 122-134). Hamilton, New Zealand: Centre for Continuing Education and Environmental Studies Unit, University of Waikato.
10. Barton, I. L. (1985). Winter frost and its effect on kauri (Agathis australis) seedlings. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 30(1), 94-101.
11. Barton, I. L. (2000). The management of kauri for timber production. In W. Silvester, & R. McGowan (Eds.), Native trees for the future. Proceedings of a forum held at the University of Waikato, Hamilton, 8-10 October 1999. Hamilton, New Zealand: The University of Waikato.
12. Barton, I. L. (2007). The legacy of Rudolf Hohneck: 'A lover of trees: A forester unique'. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 52(2), 41-46.
13. Barton, I. L., & Horgan, G. P. (1980). Kauri forestry in New Zealand: a protagonist's view. New Zealand Forestry, 25(2), 199-216.
14. Barton, I. L., & Madgwick, H. A. I. (1987). Response of a kauri stand to fertiliser addition and thinning. New Zealand Forestry, 32(2), 19-21.
15. Beddie, A. D. (1941). Natural root grafts in New Zealand trees. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 71, 199-203.
16. Beever, R. E., Waipara, N. W., Ramsfield, T. D., Dick, M. A., & Horner, I. J. (2007). Kauri (Agathis australis) under threat from Phytophthora? In Proceedings of 4th IUFRO Phytophthoras in Forests and Natural Ecosystems, August, 2007. Monterey, California, USA.
17. Bergin, D. O., & Steward, G. A. (2004). Kauri: ecology, establishment, growth, and management. New Zealand Tree Bulletin No. 2, Rotorua, New Zealand: New Zealand Forest Research Institute.
18. Best, E. (1924). The Maori - Volume 1. Wellington, New Zealand: H.H. Tombs Ltd.
19. Best, E. (1925). The Maori canoe. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
20. Best, E. (1941). The Maori - Volume 2. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
21. Beveridge, A. E. (1975). Kauri forests in the New Hebrides. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London B., 272, 369-383.
22. Beveridge, A. E., Steward, G. A., & Bergin, D. O. (2009). New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl.): an outline of its history, ecology and management. In R. L. Bieleski. & M. D. Wilcox. (Eds.), Araucariaceae: Proceedings of the 2002 Araucariaceae Symposium, Araucaria-Agathis-Wollemia (pp. 401-413). Dunedin, New Zealand: International Dendrology Society.
23. Bieleski, R. L. (1959). Factors affecting growth and distribution of kauri (Agathis australis Salisb.). III. The effect of temperature and soil conditions. Australian Journal of Botany, 7, 279-94.
24. Bokyo, H. (1947). On the role of plants as quantitative climate indicators and the geological law of distribution. Journal of Ecology, 35(1-2), 138-139.
25. Boswijk, G., Fowler, A., Lorrey, A., Palmer, J., & Ogden, J. (2006). Extension of the New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) chronology to 1724BC. The Holocene, 16(2), 188-199.
26. Brien, R. M., & Dingley, J. M. (1959). Fourth supplement to 'A revised list of plant diseases recorded in New Zealand' 1957-58. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, 11, 504-506.
27. Burns, B. R. (2000). Regeneration in an old-growth kauri (Agathis australis) forest. Paper presented at Southern Connection Congress III, 16-22 January 2000. University of Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand.
28. Burns, B. R., & Leathwick, J. R. (1992). Vegetation map of the Waipoua Forest Sanctuary and environs, Northland, New Zealand. (FRI Bulletin No. 143). Rotorua, New Zealand: Ministry of Forestry.
29. Burns, B. R., & Leathwick, J. R. (1996). Vegetationenvironment relationships at Waipoua Forest, Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 34, 79-92.
30. Burns, B. R., & Smale, M. C. (1990). Changes in structure and composition over fifteen years in a secondary kauri (Agathis australis) - tanekaha (Phyllocladus trichomanoides) forest, Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 28, 141-58.
31. Burstall, S. W., & Sale, E. V. (1984). Great trees of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: A. H. and A. W. Reed.
32. Cameron, R. J. (1959). The management potential of the native forests of North Auckland, New Zealand. Journal of Forestry, 81(1), 46-56.
33. Campbell, J. L. (1891). Note to accompany a specimen of kauri timber taken from a cottage erected more than fifty years ago. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 1868-1961, 24, 706-707.
34. Campbell, R. D. (1955). The kauri stumpages over the years, Permanent Record 191: New Zealand National Forestry Library Heritage Collection,. Rotorua, New Zealand: New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd (Scion).
35. Campbell, J., & Atkinson, I. A. (1999). Effects of kiore (Rattus exulans Peale) on recruitment of indigenous coastal trees on northern offshore islands of New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 29(4), 265-290.
36. Cathersides, P. (1972). A geographical appraisal of the geoecological distribution of Agathis australis, Beilschmiedia tawa, and Dacrydium cupressinum communities in selected areas of the North Island, New Zealand. Unpublished Master of Arts in Geography thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
37. Cheeseman, T. F. (1906). Manual of the New Zealand Flora. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
38. Cheeseman, T. F. (1913). The age and growth of the kauri pine. Paper presented to the Eighth Meeting of the Auckland Institute, 3rd December 1913. The Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 46, 9-19.
39. Cheeseman, T. F. (1914). Illustrations of the New Zealand Flora, Vol. II. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
40. Chikumbo, O., & Steward, G. A. (2007). A stand basal area model for plantation grown New Zealand kauri. Ecological Modelling, 209, 367-376.
41. Clifton, N. C. (1990). New Zealand timbers. The complete guide to exotic and indigenous woods. Wellington, New Zealand: GP Publications Ltd.
42. Cockayne, L. (1908). Report on a botanical survey of the Waipoua kauri forests. (Appendix to the Journal of the House of Representatives of New Zealand. C-14). Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
43. Cockayne, L. (1921). Die Vegetation der Erde XIV. Vegetation of New Zealand. Leipzig, Germany: Wilhelm Engelman.
44. Cockayne, L. (1928). The vegetation of New Zealand. (2nd ed.). Leipzig, Germany: Wilhelm Engelman.
45. Collins, L., & Burns, B. R. (2001). The dynamics of Agathis australis-Nothofagus truncata forest in the Hapuakohe Ecological District, Waikato Region, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 2001, 39, 423-433.
46. Conway, M. J. (1959). Hurricane damage in Northland, New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 8, 151-152.
47. Cowan, J. (1955). The New Zealand Wars: A history of the Māori campaigns and the pioneering period: Volume I (1845-64). Wellington, New Zealand: R. E. Owen, Government Printer.
48. Cowan, P. E. (1990). The Brushtail Possum. In C. M. King, (Ed.), The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals (pp. 68-98). Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press.
49. Cranwell, L. M., & Moore, L. B. (1936). The occurrence of kauri in montane forest on Te Moehau. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, 18, 531-43.
50. Cranwell, L. M. (1940). Pollen grains of the New Zealand conifers. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, 22(1), 1-17.
51. Cunningham, A. (1838). Florae Insularem Novae Zelandiae precursor; or a specimen of the botany of the islands of New Zealand. Annals of Natural History, 1, 376-381.
52. Cyclopedia Company Limited, (1897). The Cyclopedia of New Zealand. (Vol. 1: Wellington Provincial District). Wellington, New Zealand: The Cyclopedia Company Limited.
53. Cyclopedia Company Limited, (1902). The Cyclopedia of New Zealand (Auckland Provincial District). Christchurch, New Zealand: The Cyclopedia Company Limited.
54. Darwin, C. (1839). The voyage of HMS Beagle. London, UK: H. Colburn.
55. Davis, C. O. (1876). The life and times of Patuone: The celebrated Ngapuhi chief. Christchurch, New Zealand: J. H. Field.
56. Dieffenbach, E. (1843). Travels in New Zealand, Vol. II. London, UK: William Clowes and Sons.
57. Donaldson, L. A. (1983). Anatomy of root wood in Araucariaceae and some Podocarpaceae indigenous to New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 21, 221-227.
58. Eagle, M. K. (2009). Fossil Agathis (Plantae: Araucariaceae) in New Zealand. In R. L. Bieleski, & M. D. Wilcox. (Eds.), Araucariaceae: Proceedings of the 2002 Araucariaceae Symposium, Araucaria-Agathis-Wollemia (pp. 401-413). Dunedin, New Zealand: International Dendrology Society.
59. Ecroyd, C. E. (1982). Biological flora of New Zealand 8. Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl. Araucariaceae). Kauri. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 20, 17-36.
60. Ecroyd, C., Herbert, J., Miller, J., & Horgan, G. (1993, August). Kauri... potential for plantation forestry. Growing Today, 20-23.
61. Ellis, J. C. (1979). Tree volume equations for the major indigenous species in New Zealand. New Zealand Forest Service Technical Paper No. 67. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Forest Service.
62. Enright, N. J. (1999). Litterfall dynamics in a mixed conifer-angiosperm forest in northern New Zealand. Journal of Biogeography, 26(1), 149-159.
63. Enright, N. J. (2001). Nutrient accessions in mixed conifer-angiosperm forest in northern New Zealand. Australian Ecology, 26, 618-629.
64. Enright, N. J., Bartlett, R. M., & De Freitas, C. B. (1993). Patterns of species composition, recruitment and growth within canopy gaps in the New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) forests. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 31, 361-73.
65. Enright, N. J., & Hill, R. S. (1995). Ecology of the southern conifers. Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press.
66. Enright, N. J., & Ogden, J. (1995). The southern conifers - a synthesis. In N. J. Enright & R. S. Hill (Eds.), Ecology of southern conifers. Pp 271-287. Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press.
67. Enright, N. J., Ogden, J., & Rigg, L. S. (1999). Dynamics of forests with Araucariaceae in the Western Pacific. Journal of Vegetation Science, 10, 793-804.
68. Evans, W. P. (1937). Note on the flora which yielded the tertiary lignites of Canterbury, Otago, and Southland. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, 19(3), 188-193.
69. Farjon, A. (2001). World checklist and bibliography of conifers. Second edition. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
70. Ferguson, L. F. (1997). Observations on the climate-growth response of kauri (Agathis australis). Unpublished Master of Arts and Honours in Geography thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
71. Firth, J. C. (1874). On forest culture. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 1868-1961 (7), 181-195.
72. Fleming, G. A. (1979). The geological history of New Zealand and its life. New Zealand: Auckland University Press.
73. Forbes, A. C. (1932). Some problems connected with the natural reproduction and survival of New Zealand conifers. In F. J. Chittenden, (Ed.), Conifers in cultivation: The report of the Conifer Conference held by the Royal Horticultural Society, November 10-12, 1931. London, UK: The Royal Horticultural Society.
74. Fowler, A., Boswijk, G., & Ogden, J. (2004). Tree ring studies on Agathis australis (kauri): a synthesis of development work on late Holocene chronologies. Tree-Ring Research, 60(1), 15-29.
75. Franco, J. do Amaral (1949). Notas sobre a nomenclatura de algumas coniferas. Portugaliae Acta Biológica (B) Special Volume, 19-35.
76. Gadgil, P. D. (1974). Phytophthora heveae, a pathogen of kauri. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 4(1), 59-63.
77. Gadgil, P. D. (2005). Fungi in trees and shrubs in New Zealand. Fungi of New Zealand, Vol. 4, Fungal Diversity Research Series, 16, 340.
78. Gibbs, H. S., Cowie, J. D., & Pullar, W. A. (1968). Soils of north Auckland. In Soils of New Zealand, New Zealand Soil Bureau Bulletin, 26, 48-52.
79. Halkett, J. C. (1979). Second crop kauri, selection management proposals, helicopter extraction. Kauri Management Unit, Auckland Conservancy, New Zealand Forest Service.
80. Halkett, J. C. (1980). Helicopter logging trial in second crop kauri forest. Logging Industry Research Association Technical Release, 2(2).
81. Halkett, J. C. (1983a). Kauri forest management review. Auckland, New Zealand: New Zealand Forest Service, Auckland Conservancy-Kauri Management Unit.
82. Halkett, J. C. (1983b). A basis for the management of New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl.) forest. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 28(1), 15-23.
83. Halkett, J. C., & Sale, E. V. (1986). The world of the kauri. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Methuen.
84. Harding, R. C. (1892). On unwritten literature. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand (1868-1961), 25.
85. Herbert, J., Glass, B., & Kimberley, M. (1996). A preliminary stand productivity and economic case study of plantation growth kauri. In An alternative approach to forestry - time to review! Proceedings of New Zealand Institute of Forestry Conference, 29 April - 1 May. Invercargill, pp 83-91.
86. Hillary, J. (1944). The vegetation of the Waitakere Ranges. Bulletin of the Wellington Botanical Society, 9, 7-8.
87. Hinds, H. V., & Reid, J. S. (1957). Forest trees and timbers of New Zealand. New Zealand Forest Service Bulletin 12. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Forest Service.
88. Hochstetter, F. Von. (1867). New Zealand, its physical geography, geology, and natural history. J Stuttgart, Germany: G. Cotta.
89. Hooker, J. D. (1853). Botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. Discovery ships 'Erebus' and 'Terror' in the years 1831-1843. London, UK: Reeve and Co.
90. Hooker, J. D. (1867). Handbook of the New Zealand Flora. London, UK: Reeve and Co.
91. Hursthouse, C. (1857). New Zealand, Britain of the South. London, UK: Edward Stanford.
92. Hutchins, D. E. (1916). Scientific national forestry for New Zealand. The New Zealand Forestry League. Wellington, New Zealand: Watkins, Tyler and Tolan Ltd.
93. Hutchins, D. E. (1918). Waipoua kauri forest, its demarcation and management. Department of Lands and Survey. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
94. Hutchins, D. E. (1919). New Zealand Forestry Part 1. Kauri forests and forests of the North and forest management. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
95. Johnston, P. R., Horner, I. J., & Beever, R. (2003). Phytophthora cinnamomi in New Zealand's indigenous forests. In J. A. McComb, G. E. St. J. Hardy, & I. C. Tommerup (Eds.), Phytophthora in Forests and Natural Ecosystems. 2nd International IUFRO Working Party 7.02.09 Meeting, Albany, W. Australia 30 Sept.-5 Oct. 2001, (pp. 41-48). Perth, Australia: Murdoch University Print.
96. Jones, W. G., Hill, K. D., & Allen, J. M. (1995). Wollemia nobilis, a new living Australian genus and species in the Araucariaceae. Telopea, 6, 173-176.
97. Jongkind, A. G., Velthorst, E., & Buurman, P. (2007). Soil chemical properties under kauri (Agathis australis) in the Waitakere Ranges, New Zealand. Geoderma, 141(1-3), 320-331.
98. Jourdain, W. R. (1925). History of land legislation and settlement in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
99. Kershaw, A. P., & McGlone, M. S. (1995). The quaternary history of the southern conifers. In N. J. Enright, & R. S. Hill (Eds.), Ecology of the southern conifers (pp. 30-63). Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press.
100. Kirk, T. (1874). Durability of New Zealand Timbers. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
101. Kirk, T. (1889). The forest flora of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
102. Laing, R. M., & Blackwell, E. W. (1907). Plants of New Zealand. Christchurch, New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd.
103. Lambert, A. B. (1824). A description of the genus Pinus, (2nd ed). London, UK: White.
104. Laslett, T. (1875). Timber and timber trees. London, UK: MacMillan and Co.
105. Licitis-Lindbergs, R. (1956). Branch abscission and disintegration of the female cones of Agathis australis. Phytomorphology, 6(2), 151-167.
106. Lloyd, R. C. (1960). Growth study of regenerated kauri and podocarps in Russell Forest. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 8(2), 355-361.
107. Lloyd, R. C. (1963). Indigenous tree rings. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 8(5), 824-825.
108. Lloyd, R. C. (1978). Kauri Volumes. Kauri Management Unit, Auckland Conservancy, New Zealand Forest Service.
109. Lloyd, R. C. (1979). Great Barrier Island State Forest 1955: an historical account. Kauri Management Unit, Auckland Conservancy, New Zealand Forest Service.
110. Loose, M. (1997). An investigation of various aspects of the woods of Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl. (kauri) and Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (A.Rich) de Laub. (kahikatea). Unpublished Master of Science in Botany thesis, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
111. Loudon, J. C. (1838). Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, Vol 4. London, UK: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans.
112. Madgwick, H. A., Oliver, G., & Holten-Andersen, P. (1982). Above ground biomass, nutrient and energy content of trees in a second-growth stand of Agathis australis. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 12(1), 3-6.
113. Mair, S. A. R. (1905). Notes upon a find of kauri-gum in Rangitikei, Wellington Province. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 1868-1961(38), 499-501.
114. Maning, F. E. (1863). Old New Zealand: Being Incidents of Native Customs and Character in the Old Times by a Pakeha Māori. London, UK: Smith, Elder and Co.
115. Masters, S. E., Holloway, J. T., & McKelvey, P. J. (1955). The national forest survey of New Zealand, 1955. Volume 1. The indigenous forest resources of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
116. Matthews, H. J. (1905). Tree-culture in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
117. McKenzie, E. H. C., Buchanan, P. K., & Johnston, P. R. (2002). Checklist of fungi on kauri (Agathis australis) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 40, 269-296.
118. McKinnon, A. D. (1937a). Collection and germination of kauri (Agathis australis) seed. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 4(2) 129.
119. McKinnon, A. D. (1937b). On the regeneration of kauri (Agathis australis). New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 4(2), 128.
120. McKinnon, A. D. (1940). On kauri growth and yield. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 4(5), 293-295.
121. McKinnon, A. D. (1945). Natural regeneration of kauri. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 5(2), 133-137.
122. McKinnon, A. D. (1946a). A comparison of methods of determining the cubic volume of standing kauri. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 5(3), 225-229.
123. McKinnon, A. D. (1946b). Increment of kauri. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 5(3), 230.
124. Miller, D. (1984). Common Insects in New Zealand, revised edition. Wellington, New Zealand: Reed.
125. Mirams, R. V. (1957). Aspects of natural regeneration of the kauri (Agathis australis Salisb.). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 48, 661-80.
126. Mitchell, N. D. (1991). The derivation of climatic surfaces for New Zealand and their application to the bioclimatic analysis of the distribution of kauri (Agathis australis). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 21, 13-24.
127. Morrison, F. T. (1950). Flowering of Agathis australis. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 6(2), 149-150.
128. Morrison, F. T. (1955). Nursery propagation of kauri at Waipoua Forest. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 7(2), 42-52.
129. Morrison, F. T., & Lloyd, R. C. (1972). Artificial establishment of New Zealand kauri at Waipoua. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 17(2), 264-273.
130. Mueller, F. Von. (1881). Select extra-tropical plants. Sydney, Australia: Government Printer.
131. Mueller, F. Von. (1888). Select extra-tropical plants. Melbourne, Australia: Government Printer.
132. Newhook, F. J. (1959). The association of Phytophthora spp. with mortality of Pinus radiata and other conifers. I. Symptoms and epidemiology in shelterbelts. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 2, 808-843.
133. New Zealand Forest Service. (1964). New Zealand Forestry. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
134. New Zealand Forest Service. (1975). Great Barrier Forest. New Zealand Forest Service, Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
135. Nestor, M. S. (1935). The kauri gum industry. The New Zealand Railway Magazine, 10(7), October 1.
136. Nicholls, J. L. (1976). A revised classification of the forests of the North Island indigenous forests. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 21(1), 105-32.
137. Niinemets, U., Sparrow, A., & Cescatti, A. (2005). Light capture efficiency decreases with increasing tree age and size in the southern hemisphere gymnosperm Agathis australis. Trees, 19, 177-190.
138. Nikles, D. G. (2009). Aspects of the biology and plantation establishment of kauri pine (Agathis robusta (F.Muell.) F. M. Bail.) in Queensland. In R. L. Bieleski. & M. D. Wilcox (Eds.), Araucariceae: Proceedings of the 2002 Araucariaceae Symposium, Araucaria-Agathis-Wollemia (pp. 323-332). Dunedin: The International Dendrology Society.
139. Ogden, J., & Ahmed, M. (1989). Climate response function analysis of kauri (Agathis australis) tree ring chronologies in northern New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 19, 205-21.
140. Ogden, J., & Stewart, G. H. (1995). Ecology of the kauri (Agathis australis). In N. J. Enright, & R. S. Hill, (Eds.), Ecology of the southern conifers (pp. 89-100). Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press.
141. Ogden, J., Wardle, G. M., & Ahmed, M. (1987). Population dynamics of the emergent conifer Agathis australis (D. Don) Lindl. (kauri) in New Zealand II. Seedling population sizes and gap-phase regeneration. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 25(2), 231-242.
142. Ogden, J., Basher, L., & McGlone, M. (1998). Fire, forest regeneration and links with early human habitation: evidence from New Zealand. Annals of Botany, 81, 687-696.
143. Ogden, J., Wilson, A., Hendry, C., & Newnham, R. M. (1992). The late Quaternary history of kauri (Agathis australis) in New Zealand and its climatic significance. Journal of Biogeography, 19, 611-22.
144. Ogden, J., Newnham, A. M., Palmer, J. G., Serra, R. G., & Mitchell, N. D. (1993). Climatic implications of macro and microfossil assemblages from late Pleistocene deposits in northern New Zealand. Quaternary Research, 39, 107-109.
145. Orwin, J. (2004). Kauri: witness to a nation's history. Auckland, New Zealand: New Holland.
146. Palmer, J., & Ogden, J. (1983). A dendrometer band study of the seasonal pattern of radial increment in kauri (Agathis australis). New Zealand Journal of Botany, 21, 121-126.
147. Pardy, G. F., Bergin, D. O., & Kimberley, M. O. (1992). Survey of native tree plantations. FRI Bulletin No. 175, Forest Research Institute, Rotorua. New Zealand.
148. Payton, I. J., Forester, L., Frampton, C. M., & Thomas, M. D. (1997). Response of selected tree species to culling of introduced Australian brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) at Waipoua Forest, Northland, New Zealand. Biological Conservation, 81(3), 247-255.
149. Perceval, W. B. (1896). New Zealand timbers and forest products. London, UK: William Rider and Son Ltd.
150. Peterson, P. J. (1962). Mineral nutrition of Agathis australis Salisb., the kauri. Part I. Effects of deficiencies of essential elements of the growth and foliar mineral composition of seedlings. New Zealand Journal of Science, 5(2), 141-164.
151. Phillips Turner, E. (1926). Waste kauri wood as a resource of paper-pulp and resin. New Zealand State Forest Service, Branch of Forest Products Leaflet No. 13. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
152. Pocknall, D. T. (1981). Pollen morphology of the New Zealand species of Libocedrus Endlicher (Cupressaceae) and Agathis Salisbury (Araucariaceae). New Zealand Journal of Botany, 19, 267-272.
153. Podger, F. D., & Newhook, F. J. (1971). Phytophthora cinnamomi in indigenous plant communities in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 9, 625-38.
154. Polack, J. S. (1838). New Zealand: Being a narrative of travels and adventures during a residence in that country between the years 1831 and 1837. (Vol. I & II). London, UK: Richard Bentley.
155. Poole, A. L., & Boyce, W. R. (1949). Studies of Phormium management, Moutoa Estate, Foxton. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, 31A(4), 1-22.
156. Preest, D. S. (1979). Seed storage of several New Zealand indigenous trees. Part 1. Kauri (Agathis australis). New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 9(3), 337-343.
157. Reed, A. H. (1953). The story of the kauri. Wellington, New Zealand: A. H. and A. W. Reed.
158. Reed, A. H. (1964). The new story of the kauri. Wellington, New Zealand: A. H. and A. W. Reed.
159. Richard, M. A. (1832). Botanique essai, d'une flore de la Nouvelle-Zélande. In A. Lesson, & A. Richard, (Eds.), 1832: Voyage de decouvertes de L'Astrolabe. Paris, France: J. Tastu.
160. Richards, B. N., & Bevege, D. I. (1968). Nutrient requirements of kauri pine on a lateritic podzolic soil in southern Queensland. Australian Forestry, 32(1), 55-62.
161. Ridley, G. S., Bain, J., Bulman, L. S., Dick, M. A., & Kay, M. K. (2000). Threats to New Zealand's indigenous forests from exotic pathogens and pests. Department of Conservation, Science for Conservation No. 142. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation.
162. Riley, M. (1994). Māori healing and herbal: New Zealand ethnobotanical sourcebook. Paraparaumu, New Zealand: Viking Sevenseas.
163. Robertson, G. I. (1973). Occurrence of Pythium species in New Zealand soils, sands, pumices and peat, and on roots of container grown plants. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 16, 357-365.
164. Roche, M. M. (1983). An historical geography of forest policy and management in New Zealand, 1840-1930. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy in Geography thesis, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
165. Roche, M. (1990). History of New Zealand forestry. WEllington, New Zealand: New Zealand Forestry Corporation with G. P. Books.
166. Sakai, A., & Wardle, P. (1978). Freezing resistance of New Zealand trees and shrubs. New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 1, 51-61.
167. Sale, E. V. (1978). Quest for the kauri. Wellington, New Zealand: A. H. and A. W. Reed.
168. Salisbury, R. A. (1807). The characters of several genera in the Natural Order Coniferae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 8, 312.
169. Sando, C. T. (1936a). Notes on Agathis australis. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 4(1), 16-21.
170. Saunders, A. (2000). A review of Department of Conservation mainland restoration projects and recommendation for further action. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation.
171. Setoguchi, H., Osawa, T. A., Pintaud, J. C., Jaffré, T., & Veillon, J. M. (1998). Phylogenetic relationships within Araucariaceae based on RBCL gene sequences. American Journal of Botany, 85(11), 1507-1516.
172. Silvester, W. B. (1978). Nitrogen fixation and mineralisation in kauri (Agathis australis) forest in New Zealand. In M. W. Loutit, and J. A. R. Miles, (Eds.), Proceedings in Life Sciences. Microbial Ecology. First International Symposium. 1977, XXII (pp. 138-143) New York, USA: Springer-Verlag.
173. Silvester, W. B., & Orchard, T. A. (1999). The biology of kauri (Agathis australis) in New Zealand. I. Production, biomass, carbon storage, and litter fall in four forest remnants. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 37, 553-571.
174. Silvester, W. B. (2000). The biology of kauri (Agathis australis) in New Zealand. II Nitrogen cycling in four kauri forest remnants. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 38, 205-220.
175. Singh, V. P. (2006). Gymnosperm: naked seeds plant, structure and development. New Delhi, India: Sarup and Sons.
176. State Forest Service, (1909). Report of the Royal Commission on the Timber and Timber-Building Industries. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
177. Stephens, D. W., Silvester, W. B., & Burns, B. R. (1999). Differences in water-use efficiency between Agathis australis and Dacrydium dacrydioides are genetically, not environmentally, determined. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 37, 361-367.
178. Steward, G. A., & Kimberley, M. O. (2002). Heartwood content in planted and natural second-growth New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis). New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 32(2), 181-194.
179. Steward, G. A., Bergin, D. O., & Winstanley, W. J. (2003). Natural regeneration of kauri (Agathis australis) from planted trees south of its natural range. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 33(1), 3-9.
180. Steward, G. A., & McKinley, R. (2005). Plantationgrown New Zealand kauri: A preliminary study of wood properties. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 35(1), 35-49.
181. Stewart, J. (1905). Notes on the growth of certain native trees in the Auckland Domain. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 1868-1961, (38), 374-377.
182. Stöckler, K., Daniel, I. L., & Lockhart, P. J. (2002). New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl., Araucariaceae) survives Oligocene drowning. Systematic Biology, 51(5), 827-832.
183. Tua-O-Rangi (1894). Utu: A story of love, hate and revenge. Auckland, New Zealand: H. Brett.
184. University of Auckland, (2008). New Zealand plants timeline. University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences. http://www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/science/about/departments/sbs/newzealandplants/new-zealand-plantstimeline/1800-to-1849.cfm. [retrieved 27 November 2008].
185. Verkaik, E., Jongkind, A. G., & Berendse, F. (2006). Short-term and long-term effects of tannins on nitrogen mineralization and litter decomposition in kauri (Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl.) forests. Plant and Soil, 287, 337-345.
186. Verkaik, E., Berendse, F., & Gardner, R. O. (2007). Low soil and nutrient availability below New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl.) trees increase the relative fitness of kauri seedlings. Plant Ecology, 191, 163-170.
187. Ward, J. G. (1911). The New Zealand settlers handbook. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer.
188. Whitmore, T. C. (1977). A first look at Agathis. Oxford University Tropical Forestry Papers No. 11. Oxford, UK: University of Oxford Department of Forestry.
189. Whitmore, T. C. (1980). Utilization, potential, and conservation of Agathis, a genus of tropical Asian conifers. Economic Botany, 34(1), 1-12.
190. Wilson, V. R., Gould, K. S., Lovell, P. H., & Aitken-Christie, J. (1998). Branch morphology and abscission in kauri, Agathis australis (Araucariaceae). New Zealand Journal of Botany, 36, 135-140.
191. Zentmyer, G. A. (1985). Origin and distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi. California Avocado Society Yearbook, 69, 89-96.
192. Zon, R., & Sparhawk, W. N. (1923). Forest resources of the world, Volume II. New York, MY, USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company.