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Hung J, Lang R, Flachskampf F, et al. 3D Echocardiography: a review of the current status and future directions. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007;20:213-33. ▶ From the American Society of Echocardiography, a comprehensive review of 3D echocardiography imaging techniques and clinical applications.
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Comparison of orifice area by transthoracic three-dimensional Doppler echocardiography versus proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method for assessment of mitral regurgitation
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Three-dimensional echocardiography improves noninvasive assessment of left ventricular volume and performance
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One of the original studies demonstrating the accuracy of left ventricular determination by 3D echocardiography, ▶
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Sugeng L, Mor-Avi V, Weinert L, et al. Quantitative assessment of left ventricular size and function: side-by-side comparison of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography and computed tomography with magnetic resonance reference. Circulation 2006;114:654-61. ▶ Validation study of real-time 3D echocardiographic quantification of LV volume.
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Left ventricular volume measurement with echocardiography: A comparison of left ventricular opacification, three-dimensional echocardiography, or both with magnetic resonance imaging
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Mor-Avi V, Jenkins C, Kuhl HP, et al. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiographic quantification of left ventricular volumes: multicenter study of validation with magnetic resonance imaging and investigation of sources of error. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008;1:413-23. ▶ A multicentre study demonstrating the reliability of 3D echocardiographic derived LV volumes and their high correlation with cMR. This paper explores some of the reasons that 3D echocardiography can underestimate LV volume when compared to cMR.
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Real-time, three dimensional echocardiography: Feasibility of dynamic right ventricular volume measurement with saline contrast
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Left atrial volume measurement with automated border detection by 3-dimensional echocardiography: Comparison with magnetic resonance imaging
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Jenkins C, Bricknell K, Marwick TH. Use of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to measure left atrial comparison with other echocardiographic techniques. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:991-7. ▶ Study showing the value of 3D echocardiography for serial assessment of cardiac structure and function. Compared to 2D echocardiographic methods, reduced test-retest variation with 3D echocardiographic measurement of LV EF, and mass measurements is demonstrated.
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Jenkins C, Bricknell K, Marwick TH. Use of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to measure left atrial volume: comparison with other echocardiographic techniques. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:991-7. ▶ Study showing the value of 3D echocardiography for serial assessment of cardiac structure and function. Compared to 2D echocardiographic methods, reduced test-retest variation with 3D echocardiographic measurement of LV volume, EF, and mass measurements is demonstrated.
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10
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Measurement of left ventricular mass by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: Validation against magnetic resonance and comparison with two-dimensional and M-mode measurements
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Takeuchi M, Nishikage T, Mor-Avi V, et al. Measurement of left ventricular mass by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: validation against magnetic resonance and comparison with two-dimensional and M-mode measurements. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008;21:1001-5.
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Zamorano J, Cordeiro P, Sugeng L, et al. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography for rheumatic mitral valve stenosis evaluation: an accurate and novel approach. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2091-6. ▶ Early report of the accuracy of real-time 3D transthoracic echocardiography for the quantitation of mitral valve area in mitral stenosis.
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Zamorano J, Cordeiro P, Sugeng L, et al. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography for rheumatic mitral valve stenosis evaluation: an accurate and novel approach. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:2091-6. ▶ Early report of the accuracy of real-time 3D transthoracic echocardiography for the quantitation of mitral valve area in mitral stenosis.
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12
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Usefulness of three-dimensionally guided assessment of mitral stenosis using matrix-array ultrasound
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Demonstration of the feasibility and reproducibility of 3D guided measurement of the mitral orifice area in mitral stenosis, ▶
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Sebag IA, Morgan JG, Handschumacher MD, et al. Usefulness of three-dimensionally guided assessment of mitral stenosis using matrix-array ultrasound. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:1151-6. ▶Demonstration of the feasibility and reproducibility of 3D guided measurement of the mitral orifice area in mitral stenosis.
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Pepi M, Tamborini G, Maltagliati A, et al. Head-to-head comparison of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the localization of mitral valve prolapse. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:2524-30. ▶ Nicely illustrated study demonstrating that the precise location of mitral valve prolapse defects can be visualised better on real-time 3D transthoracic echo and 3D transoesophageal echo (by reconstruction technique) compared to 2D methods.
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Pepi M, Tamborini G, Maltagliati A, et al. Head-to-head comparison of two- and three-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the localization of mitral valve prolapse. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:2524-30. ▶ Nicely illustrated study demonstrating that the precise location of mitral valve prolapse defects can be visualised better on real-time 3D transthoracic echo and 3D transoesophageal echo (by reconstruction technique) compared to 2D methods.
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14
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Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation with segmental left ventricular dysfunction: Three-dimensional echocardiographic studies in models of acute and chronic progressive regurgitation
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Otsuji Y, Handschumacher MD, Liel-Cohen N, et al. Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation with segmental left ventricular dysfunction: three-dimensional echocardiographic studies in models of acute and chronic progressive regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:641-8.
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Ultrasonic dynamic three-dimensional visualization of the heart with a multiplane transesophageal imaging transducer
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16
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Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in valve disease: Comparison with surgical findings and evaluation of prosthetic valves
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Study highlighting the feasibility and accuracy of 3D transoesophageal echocardiography to image and assess the morphology of native and prosthetic heart valves, ▶
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Sugeng L, Shernan SK, Weinert L, et al. Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in valve disease: comparison with surgical findings and evaluation of prosthetic valves. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008;21:1347-54. ▶ Study highlighting the feasibility and accuracy of 3D transoesophageal echocardiography to image and assess the morphology of native and prosthetic heart valves.
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Sugeng, L.1
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Initial experience with real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in patients undergoing transcatheter atrial septal defect closure
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Passeri JJ, Inglessis I, Palacios IF, et al. Initial experience with real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in patients undergoing transcatheter atrial septal defect closure. Circulation 2007;116:II-401.
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