Hemolysis, fish mortality, and lc-esi-ms of cultured crude and fractionated golden alga (Prymnesium parvum)

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 33-44

  Schug, Kevin A ^a   Skingel, Theodore R ^a   Spencer, Sandra E ^a   Serrano, Carlos A ^a   Le, Cuong Q ^a   Schug, Christopher A ^a   Valenti Jr , Theodore W ^a   Brooks, Bryan W ^a   Mydlarz, Laura D ^a   Grover, James P ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON   (United States)

^b BAYLOR UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Electrospray ionization; Erythrocyte lysis; Fish mortality; Liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Prymnesin

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; BIOASSAY-GUIDED FRACTIONATION; CELL PELLETS; ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS; EFFECTIVE DOSE; ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY; ETHANOL EXTRACT; EXTRACELLULAR; FISH SURVIVAL; GROWTH MEDIUM; HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY; ISOLATED CELLS; LC-ESI-MS; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY; MASS SPECTRAL; MASS SPECTRAL SIGNATURES; NORMAL PHASE; REVERSED PHASE; SEPARATION MODES; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION;

BIOASSAY; CHROMATOGRAPHY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ETHANOL; EXTRACTION; FISH; FRACTIONATION; GALLIUM ALLOYS; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; IONIZATION; LIQUIDS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; ORE PELLETS; PARTICLE DETECTORS; PELLETIZING; SILICA; SILICA GEL; TOXIC MATERIALS;

ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION;

ALGA; ALGAL BLOOM; BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; BIOASSAY; BLOOD; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ECOTOXICOLOGY; FISH; FRACTIONATION; GROWTH RATE; IONIZATION; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MORTALITY; POLLUTION CONTROL; SURVIVAL; TOXICITY TEST; TOXIN;

ALGAE; CHRYSOPHYCEAE; PRYMNESIUM; PRYMNESIUM PARVUM;

EID: 77649209231     PISSN: 1093474X     EISSN: 17521688     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00389.x     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 1999, 20th edn, American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C
2. Baker JW, Grover JP, Brooks BW, Ureña-Boeck F, Roelke DL, Errera R, Kiesling RL. Growth and Toxicity of Prymnesium parvum (Haptophyta) as a Function of Salinity, Light, and Temperature. Journal of Phycology 2007, 43:219-227.
3. Bergmann F, Parnas I, Reich K. Observations on the Mechanism of Action and the Quantitative Assay of Ichthyotoxin From Prymnesium parvum Carter. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1963, 5:637-649.
4. Brooks BW, James SV, Valenti TW, Urena-Boeck F, Serrano C, Berninger JP, Schwierzke L, Mydlarz LD, Grover JP, Roelke DL. Comparative Toxicity of Prymnesium parvum in Inland Waters. Journal of American Water Resources Association 2010, 46(1):45-62.
5. Edvardsen B, Imai I. The Ecology of Harmful Flagllates Within Prymnesiophyceae and Raphidophyceae. The Ecology of Harmful Algae 2006, 67-80. Granéli E, Turner JT. Editors), Springer, Berlin, pp
6. Eschbach E, Scharsack JP, John U, Medlin LK. Improved Erythrocyte Lysis Assay in Microtitre Plates for Sensitive Detection and Efficient Measurement of Haemolytic Compounds From Ichthyotoxic Algae. Journal of Applied Toxicology 2001, 21:513-519.
7. Grover JP, Baker JW, Ureña-Boeck F, Brooks BW, Errera RM, Roelke DL, Kiesling RL. Laboratory Tests of Ammonium and Barley Straw Extract as Agents to Suppress Abundance of the Harmful Alga Prymnesium parvum and Its Toxicity to Fish. Water Research 2007, 41:2503-2512.
8. Hamilton MA, Russo RC, Thurston RV. Trimmed Spearman-Karber Methods for Estimating Median Lethal Concentrations in Toxicity Bioassays. Environmental Science and Technology 1977, 7:717-719. Correction (1978) 12:417
9. Hamlett P. LC-MS-ESI Characterization of Golden Alga (Prymnesium parvum) Toxin in Lake Water 2008, Proceedings of the 56th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, June 1-5, 2008, Denver, Colorado
10. Igarashi T, Aritake S, Yasumoto T. Biological Activities of Prymnesin-2 Isolated From a Red Tide Alga Prymnesium parvum. Natural Toxins 1998, 6:35-41.
11. Igarashi T, Satake M, Yasumoto T. Prymnesin-2: A Potent Ichthyotoxic and Hemolytic Glycoside Isolated From the Red Tide Alga Prymnesium parvum. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1996, 118:479-480.
12. Igarashi T, Satake M, Yasumoto T. Structures and Partial Stereochemical Assignments for Prymnesin-1 and Prymnesin-2: Potent Hemolytic and Ichthyotoxic Glycosides Isolated From the Red Tide Alga Prymnesium parvum. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1999, 121:8499-8511.
13. Johansson N, Granéli E. Influence of Different Nutrient Conditions on Cell Density, Chemical Composition and Toxicity of Prymnesium parvum (Haptophyta) in Semi-Continuous Cultures. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 1999, 239:243-258.
14. Kester DR, Duedell IW, Connors DN, Pytkowicz RM. Preparation of Artificial Sea Water. Limnology and Oceanography 1967, 12:176-179.
15. Kim YS, Padilla GM. Purification of the Ichthyotoxic Component of Gymnodinium Breve (Red Tide Dinoflagellate) Toxin by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. Toxicon 1976, 14:379-387.
16. Kim YS, Padilla GM. Hemolytically Active Components of P. parvum and G. breve Toxins. Life Sciences 1977, 21:1287-1292.
17. Liebert F, Deerns WM. Onderzoek Naar de Oozaak van een Vischsterfte in den Polder Workumer-Nieuwland, Nabij Workum. Verhandungen en Rapporten uitgegeven door Rijksinstituten voor Visscherijonderzoek 1920, 1:81-93.
18. McLachlin J. Growth Media--Marine. Handbook of Phycological Methods: Culture Methods and Growth Measurements 1973, 25-51. Stein J. Editor, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, pp
19. Morgan PH, Mercer L P, Flodin NW. General Model for Nutritional Responses of Higher Organisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 1975, 72:4327-4331.
20. Murata M, Yasumoto T. The Structure Elucidation and Biological Activities of High Molecular Weight Algal Toxins: Maitotoxin, Prymnesins and Zooxanthellatoxins. Natural Products Reports 2000, 17:293-314.
21. Padilla GM. Growth and Toxigenesis of the Chrysomonad Prymnesium parvum as a Function of Salinity. Journal of Protozoology 1970, 17:456-462.
22. Shilo M. The Toxic Principles of Prymnesium parvum. The Water Environment 1981, 37-47. Carmichael WW. Editor, Algal Toxins and Health, Plenum Press, New York, pp
23. Shilo M, Aschner M. Factors Governing the Toxicity of Cultures Containing the Phytoflagellate Prymnesium parvum Carter. Journal of General Microbiology 1953, 8:333-343.
24. Skulberg OM, Aune T, Underdal B. The Phytoflagellate Prymnesium parvum- Account of Toxicological Knowledge. Vatten 1993, 49:155-160.
25. STATISTICA for Windows [Computer Program Manual] 2001, http://www.statsoft.com, StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma, email: and
26. Golden Alga. 2007a, http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/water/environconcerns/hab/ga/, , August 16, 2008
27. Golden Alga in Texas: Golden Alga Facts. 2007b, http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/files/gi-378.pdf_4146980, , August 16, 2008
28. Ulitzur S, Shilo M. A Sensitive Assay System for Determination of the Ichthyotoxicity of Prymnesium parvum. Journal of General Microbiology 1964, 36:161-169.
29. Ulitzur S, Shilo M. Procedure for the Purification and Separation of Prymnesium parvum Toxins. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1970, 201:350-363.
30. Methods for Aquatic Toxicity Identification Evaluations: Phase I Toxicity Characterization Procedures 1991, 2nd Edn, EPA/600/691/003, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C
31. Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms 2002, 5th edn, EPA/821/R 02/012, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C
32. Yariv J, Hestrin S. Toxicity of the Extracellular Phase of Prymnesium parvum Cultures. Journal of General Microbiology 1961, 24:165-175.