메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 122, Issue 1-2, 2010, Pages 86-95

A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: Validation and standardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population

Author keywords

Anxiety; Depression; Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ); Psychometrics; Screening; Validation studies

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PATIENT HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; SELF REPORT; STRUCTURED INTERVIEW;

EID: 77649190622     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (1606)

References (58)
  • 1
    • 0004235298 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
    • American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC
    • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM-IV. 4th ed (1994), American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC
    • (1994) DSM-IV. 4th ed
  • 3
    • 56349109890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amos Development Cooperation, Spring House, PA
    • Arbuckle J.L. Amos 16.0 User's Guide (2007), Amos Development Cooperation, Spring House, PA
    • (2007) Amos 16.0 User's Guide
    • Arbuckle, J.L.1
  • 4
    • 47749085082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficiency of a two-item pre-screen to reduce the burden of depression screening in pregnancy and postpartum: an IMPLICIT network study
    • Bennett I.M., Coco A., Coyne J.C., Mitchell A.J., Nicholson J., Johnson E., Horst M., and Ratcliffe S. Efficiency of a two-item pre-screen to reduce the burden of depression screening in pregnancy and postpartum: an IMPLICIT network study. J. Am. Board Fam. Med. 21 (2008) 317-325
    • (2008) J. Am. Board Fam. Med. , vol.21 , pp. 317-325
    • Bennett, I.M.1    Coco, A.2    Coyne, J.C.3    Mitchell, A.J.4    Nicholson, J.5    Johnson, E.6    Horst, M.7    Ratcliffe, S.8
  • 5
    • 4243159210 scopus 로고
    • Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures
    • Bentler P.M., and Bonett D.G. Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychol. Bull. 88 (1980) 588-606
    • (1980) Psychol. Bull. , vol.88 , pp. 588-606
    • Bentler, P.M.1    Bonett, D.G.2
  • 6
    • 0036188619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review
    • Bjelland I., Dahl A.A., Haug T.T., and Neckelmann D. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. An updated literature review. J. Psychosom. Res. 52 (2002) 69-77
    • (2002) J. Psychosom. Res. , vol.52 , pp. 69-77
    • Bjelland, I.1    Dahl, A.A.2    Haug, T.T.3    Neckelmann, D.4
  • 7
    • 85008284579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cronbach's alpha
    • Bland J.M., and Altman D.G. Cronbach's alpha. BMJ 314 (1997) 572
    • (1997) BMJ , vol.314 , pp. 572
    • Bland, J.M.1    Altman, D.G.2
  • 8
    • 84970258384 scopus 로고
    • State of the art procedures for translating, validating and using psychoeducational tests in cross-cultural assessment
    • Bracken B., and Barona A. State of the art procedures for translating, validating and using psychoeducational tests in cross-cultural assessment. Sch. Psychol. Int. 12 (1991) 119-132
    • (1991) Sch. Psychol. Int. , vol.12 , pp. 119-132
    • Bracken, B.1    Barona, A.2
  • 9
    • 0035081932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One-year prevalence of subthreshold and threshold DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in a nationally representative sample
    • Carter R.M., Wittchen H.U., Pfister H., and Kessler R.C. One-year prevalence of subthreshold and threshold DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in a nationally representative sample. Depress. Anxiety 13 (2001) 78-88
    • (2001) Depress. Anxiety , vol.13 , pp. 78-88
    • Carter, R.M.1    Wittchen, H.U.2    Pfister, H.3    Kessler, R.C.4
  • 10
    • 0027946675 scopus 로고
    • Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: implications for the cognitive and tripartite models
    • Clark D.A., Steer R.A., and Beck A.T. Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: implications for the cognitive and tripartite models. J. Abnorm. Psychology 103 (1994) 645-654
    • (1994) J. Abnorm. Psychology , vol.103 , pp. 645-654
    • Clark, D.A.1    Steer, R.A.2    Beck, A.T.3
  • 12
    • 16644379279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening for depression and suicidality in a VA primary care setting: 2 items are better than 1 item
    • Corson K., Gerrity M.S., and Dobscha S.K. Screening for depression and suicidality in a VA primary care setting: 2 items are better than 1 item. Am. J. Manag. Care 10 (2004) 839-845
    • (2004) Am. J. Manag. Care , vol.10 , pp. 839-845
    • Corson, K.1    Gerrity, M.S.2    Dobscha, S.K.3
  • 14
    • 0000791808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of self-esteem: findings regarding reliability, validity, and stability of the Rosenberg Scale
    • Ferring D., and Filipp S. Measurement of self-esteem: findings regarding reliability, validity, and stability of the Rosenberg Scale. Diagnostica 42 (1996) 284-292
    • (1996) Diagnostica , vol.42 , pp. 284-292
    • Ferring, D.1    Filipp, S.2
  • 15
    • 35248868760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): a diagnostic meta-analysis
    • Gilbody S., Richards D., Brealey S., and Hewitt C. Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): a diagnostic meta-analysis. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 22 (2007) 1596-1602
    • (2007) J. Gen. Intern. Med. , vol.22 , pp. 1596-1602
    • Gilbody, S.1    Richards, D.2    Brealey, S.3    Hewitt, C.4
  • 16
    • 7244233031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening for psychiatric disorders with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). Results from the German validation study
    • Gräfe K., Zipfel S., Herzog W., and Löwe B. Screening for psychiatric disorders with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). Results from the German validation study. Diagnostica 50 (2004) 171-181
    • (2004) Diagnostica , vol.50 , pp. 171-181
    • Gräfe, K.1    Zipfel, S.2    Herzog, W.3    Löwe, B.4
  • 17
    • 67650755066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Questions on life satisfaction - a short measure for assessing quality of life
    • Henrich G., and Herschbach P. Questions on life satisfaction - a short measure for assessing quality of life. Eur. J. Psychol. Assess. 16 (2000) 159
    • (2000) Eur. J. Psychol. Assess. , vol.16 , pp. 159
    • Henrich, G.1    Herschbach, P.2
  • 19
    • 67650706330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives
    • Hu L., and Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ. Modeling 6 (1999) 1-55
    • (1999) Struct. Equ. Modeling , vol.6 , pp. 1-55
    • Hu, L.1    Bentler, P.M.2
  • 21
    • 33947517128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anxiety disorders: efficient screening is the first step in improving outcomes
    • Katon W., and Roy-Byrne P. Anxiety disorders: efficient screening is the first step in improving outcomes. Ann. Intern. Med. 146 (2007) 390-392
    • (2007) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.146 , pp. 390-392
    • Katon, W.1    Roy-Byrne, P.2
  • 24
  • 25
    • 20344385026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
    • Kessler R.C., Berglund P., Demler O., Jin R., Merikangas K.R., and Walters E.E. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62 (2005) 593-602
    • (2005) Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , vol.62 , pp. 593-602
    • Kessler, R.C.1    Berglund, P.2    Demler, O.3    Jin, R.4    Merikangas, K.R.5    Walters, E.E.6
  • 26
    • 20344374645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
    • Kessler R.C., Chiu W.T., Demler O., Merikangas K.R., and Walters E.E. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 62 (2005) 617-627
    • (2005) Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , vol.62 , pp. 617-627
    • Kessler, R.C.1    Chiu, W.T.2    Demler, O.3    Merikangas, K.R.4    Walters, E.E.5
  • 28
    • 0034853189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The PHQ-9. Validity of a brief depression severity measure
    • Kroenke K., Spitzer R.L., and Williams J.B. The PHQ-9. Validity of a brief depression severity measure. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 16 (2001) 606-613
    • (2001) J. Gen. Intern. Med. , vol.16 , pp. 606-613
    • Kroenke, K.1    Spitzer, R.L.2    Williams, J.B.3
  • 29
    • 0642311548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener
    • Kroenke K., Spitzer R.L., and Williams J.B. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med. Care 41 (2003) 1284-1292
    • (2003) Med. Care , vol.41 , pp. 1284-1292
    • Kroenke, K.1    Spitzer, R.L.2    Williams, J.B.3
  • 30
    • 33947493367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection
    • Kroenke K., Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B., Monahan P.O., and Löwe B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann. Intern. Med. 146 (2007) 317-325
    • (2007) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.146 , pp. 317-325
    • Kroenke, K.1    Spitzer, R.L.2    Williams, J.B.3    Monahan, P.O.4    Löwe, B.5
  • 31
    • 73349105254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: the PHQ-4
    • Kroenke K., Spitzer R., Williams J.W., and Löwe B. An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: the PHQ-4. Psychosomatics 50 (2009) 613-621
    • (2009) Psychosomatics , vol.50 , pp. 613-621
    • Kroenke, K.1    Spitzer, R.2    Williams, J.W.3    Löwe, B.4
  • 32
    • 85004861459 scopus 로고
    • A two-stage estimation of structural equation models with continuous and polytomous variables
    • Lee S.Y., Poon W.Y., and Bentler P.M. A two-stage estimation of structural equation models with continuous and polytomous variables. Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 48 Pt 2 (1995) 339-358
    • (1995) Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. , vol.48 , Issue.PART 2 , pp. 339-358
    • Lee, S.Y.1    Poon, W.Y.2    Bentler, P.M.3
  • 34
    • 33947681322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire 2 (PHQ-2) in identifying major depression in older people
    • Li C., Friedman B., Conwell Y., and Fiscella K. Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire 2 (PHQ-2) in identifying major depression in older people. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 55 (2007) 596-602
    • (2007) J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. , vol.55 , pp. 596-602
    • Li, C.1    Friedman, B.2    Conwell, Y.3    Fiscella, K.4
  • 35
    • 1042266392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting panic disorder in medical and psychosomatic outpatients: comparative validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire, a screening question, and physicians' diagnosis
    • Löwe B., Gräfe K., Zipfel S., Spitzer R.L., Herrmann-Lingen C., Witte S., and Herzog W. Detecting panic disorder in medical and psychosomatic outpatients: comparative validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire, a screening question, and physicians' diagnosis. J. Psychosom. Res. 55 (2003) 515-519
    • (2003) J. Psychosom. Res. , vol.55 , pp. 515-519
    • Löwe, B.1    Gräfe, K.2    Zipfel, S.3    Spitzer, R.L.4    Herrmann-Lingen, C.5    Witte, S.6    Herzog, W.7
  • 37
    • 5644295329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosing ICD-10 depressive episodes: superior criterion validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire
    • Löwe B., Gräfe K., Zipfel S., Witte S., Loerch B., and Herzog W. Diagnosing ICD-10 depressive episodes: superior criterion validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire. Psychother. Psychosom. 73 (2004) 386-390
    • (2004) Psychother. Psychosom. , vol.73 , pp. 386-390
    • Löwe, B.1    Gräfe, K.2    Zipfel, S.3    Witte, S.4    Loerch, B.5    Herzog, W.6
  • 38
    • 17044369113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2)
    • Löwe B., Kroenke K., and Gräfe K. Detecting and monitoring depression with a two-item questionnaire (PHQ-2). J. Psychosom. Res. 58 (2005) 163-171
    • (2005) J. Psychosom. Res. , vol.58 , pp. 163-171
    • Löwe, B.1    Kroenke, K.2    Gräfe, K.3
  • 39
    • 42149095126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population
    • Löwe B., Decker O., Müller S., Brähler E., Schellberg D., Herzog W., and Herzberg P.Y. Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Med. Care 46 (2008) 266-274
    • (2008) Med. Care , vol.46 , pp. 266-274
    • Löwe, B.1    Decker, O.2    Müller, S.3    Brähler, E.4    Schellberg, D.5    Herzog, W.6    Herzberg, P.Y.7
  • 40
    • 42149186923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depression, anxiety and somatization in primary care: syndrome overlap and functional impairment
    • Löwe B., Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B., Mussell M., Schellberg D., and Kroenke K. Depression, anxiety and somatization in primary care: syndrome overlap and functional impairment. Gen. Hosp. Psych. 30 (2008) 191-199
    • (2008) Gen. Hosp. Psych. , vol.30 , pp. 191-199
    • Löwe, B.1    Spitzer, R.L.2    Williams, J.B.3    Mussell, M.4    Schellberg, D.5    Kroenke, K.6
  • 41
    • 33846964535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do ultra-short screening instruments accurately detect depression in primary care? A pooled analysis and meta-analysis of 22 studies
    • Mitchell A.J., and Coyne J.C. Do ultra-short screening instruments accurately detect depression in primary care? A pooled analysis and meta-analysis of 22 studies. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 57 (2007) 144-151
    • (2007) Br. J. Gen. Pract. , vol.57 , pp. 144-151
    • Mitchell, A.J.1    Coyne, J.C.2
  • 43
    • 84864195527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, NICE, London
    • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Depression: management of depression in primary and secondary care. Clinical Guideline vol. 23 (2004), NICE, London
    • (2004) Clinical Guideline , vol.23
  • 44
    • 0029944873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormalities in weight status, eating attitudes, and eating behaviors among urban high school students: correlations with self-esteem and anxiety
    • Pastore D.R., Fisher M., and Friedman S.B. Abnormalities in weight status, eating attitudes, and eating behaviors among urban high school students: correlations with self-esteem and anxiety. J Adolesc. Health 18 (1996) 312-319
    • (1996) J Adolesc. Health , vol.18 , pp. 312-319
    • Pastore, D.R.1    Fisher, M.2    Friedman, S.B.3
  • 45
    • 0033238686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of recent developments in structural equation modeling for counseling psychology
    • Quintana S.M., and Maxwell S.E. Implications of recent developments in structural equation modeling for counseling psychology. Couns. Psychol. 27 (1999) 485-527
    • (1999) Couns. Psychol. , vol.27 , pp. 485-527
    • Quintana, S.M.1    Maxwell, S.E.2
  • 46
    • 5644275440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Base rates for panic and depression according to the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire: a population-based study
    • Rief W., Nanke A., Klaiberg A., and Braehler E. Base rates for panic and depression according to the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire: a population-based study. J. Affect. Disord. 82 (2004) 271-276
    • (2004) J. Affect. Disord. , vol.82 , pp. 271-276
    • Rief, W.1    Nanke, A.2    Klaiberg, A.3    Braehler, E.4
  • 48
    • 0037006639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The architecture of diagnostic research
    • Sackett D.L., and Haynes R.B. The architecture of diagnostic research. BMJ 324 (2002) 539-541
    • (2002) BMJ , vol.324 , pp. 539-541
    • Sackett, D.L.1    Haynes, R.B.2
  • 49
    • 14644440572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resilienzskala - Ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung der psychischen Widerstandsfähigkeit als Personenmerkmal. [Resilience Scale - a questionnaire to assess psychological resilience as personality trait]
    • Schumacher J., Leppert K., Gunzelmann T., Strauß B., and Brähler E. Resilienzskala - Ein Fragebogen zur Erfassung der psychischen Widerstandsfähigkeit als Personenmerkmal. [Resilience Scale - a questionnaire to assess psychological resilience as personality trait]. Z. Klin. Psychol. Psychiatr. 53 (2005) 16-39
    • (2005) Z. Klin. Psychol. Psychiatr. , vol.53 , pp. 16-39
    • Schumacher, J.1    Leppert, K.2    Gunzelmann, T.3    Strauß, B.4    Brähler, E.5
  • 50
    • 0033544340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study
    • Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group
    • Spitzer R.L., Kroenke K., Williams J.B., and Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA 282 (1999) 1737-1744
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 1737-1744
    • Spitzer, R.L.1    Kroenke, K.2    Williams, J.B.3
  • 51
    • 33646815612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7
    • Spitzer R.L., Kroenke K., Williams J.B., and Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch. Intern. Med. 166 (2006) 1092-1097
    • (2006) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.166 , pp. 1092-1097
    • Spitzer, R.L.1    Kroenke, K.2    Williams, J.B.3    Löwe, B.4
  • 53
    • 84948889709 scopus 로고
    • Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval estimation approach
    • Steiger J.H. Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behav. Res. 25 (1990) 173-180
    • (1990) Multivariate Behav. Res. , vol.25 , pp. 173-180
    • Steiger, J.H.1
  • 54
    • 57249094303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimizing detection of major depression among patients with coronary artery disease using the patient health questionnaire: data from the heart and soul study
    • Thombs B.D., Ziegelstein R.C., and Whooley M.A. Optimizing detection of major depression among patients with coronary artery disease using the patient health questionnaire: data from the heart and soul study. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 23 (2008) 2014-2017
    • (2008) J. Gen. Intern. Med. , vol.23 , pp. 2014-2017
    • Thombs, B.D.1    Ziegelstein, R.C.2    Whooley, M.A.3
  • 55
    • 6744245357 scopus 로고
    • The reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis
    • Tucker L.R., and Lewis C. The reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika 38 (1973) 1-10
    • (1973) Psychometrika , vol.38 , pp. 1-10
    • Tucker, L.R.1    Lewis, C.2
  • 56
    • 0037150131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening for depression: recommendations and rationale
    • U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
    • U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for depression: recommendations and rationale. Ann. Intern. Med. 136 (2002) 760-764
    • (2002) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.136 , pp. 760-764
  • 57
    • 0028226027 scopus 로고
    • DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
    • Wittchen H.U., Zhao S., Kessler R.C., and Eaton W.W. DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51 (1994) 355-364
    • (1994) Arch. Gen. Psychiatry , vol.51 , pp. 355-364
    • Wittchen, H.U.1    Zhao, S.2    Kessler, R.C.3    Eaton, W.W.4
  • 58
    • 0033760682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disabilities and quality of life in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in a national survey
    • Wittchen H.U., Carter R.M., Pfister H., Montgomery S.A., and Kessler R.C. Disabilities and quality of life in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression in a national survey. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 15 (2000) 319-328
    • (2000) Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. , vol.15 , pp. 319-328
    • Wittchen, H.U.1    Carter, R.M.2    Pfister, H.3    Montgomery, S.A.4    Kessler, R.C.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.