Dimensions of the human sclera: Thickness measurement and regional changes with axial length

Experimental Eye Research

Volumn 90, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 277-284

  Norman, Richard E ^a,b   Flanagan, John G ^a,c   Rausch, Sophie M K ^a,d   Sigal, Ian A ^e   Tertinegg, Inka ^a   Eilaghi, Armin ^a,b   Portnoy, Sharon ^a   Sled, John G ^a   Ethier, C Ross ^a,b,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^d TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^e DEVERS EYE INSTITUTE   (United States)

^f IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biomechanics; Drug delivery; Glaucoma; Lamina cribrosa; Optic nerve head; Sclera

Indexed keywords

AGED; ARTICLE; BIOMECHANICS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORNEA LIMBUS; CORRELATIONAL STUDY; ENUCLEATION; EYE AXIS LENGTH; GEOMETRY; GLAUCOMA; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGE QUALITY; MEASUREMENT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPTIC NERVE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCLERA; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; THICKNESS; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BIOMECHANICS; BODY WEIGHTS AND MEASURES; EYE ENUCLEATION; GLAUCOMA; HUMANS; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPTIC DISK; SCLERA;

EID: 77649186479     PISSN: 00144835     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.11.001     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Battaglioli J.L., Kamm R.D. Measurements of the compressive properties of scleral tissue. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1984, 25:59-65.
2. Burgoyne C.F., Downs J.C., Bellezza A.J., Suh J.K., Hart R.T. The optic nerve head as a biomechanical structure: a new paradigm for understanding the role of IOP-related stress and strain in the pathophysiology of glaucomatous optic nerve head damage. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2005, 24:39-73.
3. Downs J.C., Ensor M.E., Bellezza A.J., Thompson H.W., Hart R.T., Burgoyne C.F. Posterior scleral thickness in perfusion-fixed normal and early-glaucoma monkey eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2001, 42:3202-3208.
4. Fingeret M., Medeiros F.A., Susanna R., Weinreb R.N. Five rules to evaluate the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer for glaucoma. Optometry 2005, 76:661-668.
5. Fong D.S., Epstein D.L., Allingham R.R. Glaucoma and myopia: are they related?. Int. Ophthalmol. Clin. 1990, 30:215-218.
6. Friberg T.R., Lace J.W. A comparison of the elastic properties of human choroid and sclera. Exp. Eye Res. 1988, 47:429-436.
7. Guthoff R., Berger R.W., Draeger J. Ultrasonographic measurement of the posterior coats of the eye and their relation to axial length. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1987, 225:374-376.
8. Jonas J.B., Berenshtein E., Holbach L. Lamina cribrosa thickness and spatial relationships between intraocular space and cerebrospinal fluid space in highly myopic eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2004, 45:2660-2665.
9. Jonas J.B., Gusek G.C., Guggenmoos-Holzmann I., Naumann G.O.H. Size of the optic nerve scleral canal and comparison with intravital determination of optic disc dimensions. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1988, 226:213-215.
10. Jonas J.B., Schmidt A.M., Muller-Bergh J.A., Schlotzer-Schrehardt U.M., Naumann G.O.H. Human optic nerve fiber count and optic disc size. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1992, 33:2012-2018.
11. Jonas J.B., Holbach L. Central corneal thickness and thickness of the lamina cribrosa in human eyes. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2005, 46:1275-1279.
12. Kiefer G., Schwenn O., Grehn F. Correlation of postoperative axial length growth and intraocular pressure in congenital glaucoma-a retrospective study in trabeculotomy and goniotomy. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2001, 239:893-899.
13. Lam A., Sambursky R.P., Maguire J.I. Measurement of scleral thickness in uveal effusion syndrome. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2005, 140:329-331.
14. Law S.K., Bui D., Caprioli J. Serial axial length measurements in congenital glaucoma. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2001, 132:926-928.
15. Lee S., Geroski D.H., Prausnitz M.R., Edelhauser H.F. Drug delivery through the sclera: effects of thickness, hydration, and sustained release systems. Exp. Eye Res. 2004, 78:599-607.
16. Mitchell P., Hourihan F., Sandbach J., Wang J.J. The relationship between glaucoma and myopia: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1999, 106:2010-2015.
17. Németh J. The posterior coats of the eye in glaucoma. An echobiometric study. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 1990, 228:33-35.
18. Norman R.E., 2008. Influence of the Scleral Shell on the Biomechanical Environment of the Human Optic Nerve Head. MASc Thesis, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto. 2008.
19. Oliveira C., Tello C., Liebmann J., Ritch R. Central corneal thickness is not related to anterior scleral thickness or axial length. J. Glaucoma 2006, 15:190-194.
20. Olsen T.W., Aaberg S.Y., Geroski D.H., Edelhauser H.F. Human sclera: thickness and surface area. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 1998, 125:237-241.
21. Pels E., Schuchard Y. Organ-culture preservation of human corneas. Doc. Ophthalmol. 1983, 56:147-153.
22. Quigley H.A., Flower R.W., Addicks E.M., McLeod D.S. The mechanism of optic nerve damage in experimental acute intraocular pressure elevation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 1980, 19:505-517.
23. Rada J.A., Achen V.R., Penugonda S., Schmidt R.W., Mount B.A. Proteoglycan composition in the human sclera during growth and aging. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2000, 41:1639-1648.
24. Ren R., Wang N., Li B., Li L., Gao F., Xu X., Jonas J.B. Lamina cribrosa and peripapillary sclera histomorphometry in normal and advanced glaucomatous Chinese eyes with various axial length. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2009, 50:2175-2184.
25. Rosner B. Statistical methods in ophthalmology: an adjustment for the intraclass correlation between eyes. Biometrics 1982, 38:105-114.
26. Sigal I.A., Flanagan J.G., Tertinegg I., Ethier C.R. Finite element modeling of optic nerve head biomechanics. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2004, 45:4378-4387.
27. Sigal I.A., Flanagan J.G., Ethier C.R. Factors influencing optic nerve head biomechanics. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2005, 46:4189-4199.
28. Sigal I.A., Flanagan J.G., Tertinegg I., Ethier C.R. Modeling individual-specific human optic nerve head biomechanics. Part I: IOP-induced deformations and influence of geometry. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 2009, 8:85-98.
29. Sigal I.A., Flanagan J.G., Tertinegg I., Ethier C.R. Modeling individual-specific human optic nerve head biomechanics. Part II: influence of material properties. Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol. 2009, 8:99-109.
30. Tane S., Kohno J. The microscopic biometry of the thickness of the human retina, choroid and sclera by ultrasound. Proc. XXVth Int. Congress Ophthalmol. 1986, 275-277.
31. Xu L., Wang Y., Wang S., Wang Y., Jonas J.B. High myopia and glaucoma susceptibility the Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmol. 2007, 114:216-220.