Measurements and simulations of Nadir-viewing radar returns from the melting layer at X and W bands

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

Volumn 48, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 2215-2226

  Liao, Liang ^a   Meneghini, Robert ^b   Tian, Lin ^a   Heymsfield, Gerald M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE COUNTY   (United States)

^b NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIRBORNE DOPPLER RADAR; BRIGHT BAND; CIRRUS REGIONAL STUDY OF TROPICAL ANVILS AND CIRRUS LAYERS; CLOUD RADAR SYSTEMS; CLOUD WATER; CONJUGATE GRADIENT; CRYSTAL FACE; DOPPLER VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS; EFFECTIVE DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS; FLORIDA; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; MELTING LAYERS; PARTICLE RADII; RADAR BRIGHT BAND; RADAR PROFILES; RADAR RETURNS; RADAR SIGNATURE; RAIN REGION; REFLECTIVITY PROFILES; SCATTERING PROPERTY; SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT; SPHERE MODEL; TROPICAL RAINFALL MEASURING MISSIONS; X BANDS;

CLOUDS; CONJUGATE GRADIENT METHOD; DIELECTRIC MATERIALS; DOPPLER EFFECT; DOPPLER RADAR; EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS; FAST FOURIER TRANSFORMS; GENE EXPRESSION; ICE; MELTING; METEOROLOGICAL RADAR; RADAR; RADAR SYSTEMS; RAIN; VELOCITY MEASUREMENT; WATER CONTENT; WATER VAPOR;

RADAR MEASUREMENT;

ALGORITHM; CLOUD WATER; DOPPLER RADAR; ESTIMATION METHOD; FOURIER TRANSFORM; NADIR; NUMERICAL METHOD; SIMULATION; WATER VAPOR; WEATHER FORECASTING;

EID: 77649137618     PISSN: 15588424     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2009JAMC2033.1     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Brandes E., K. Ikeda, G. Zhang, M. Schoenhuber, and R. Rasmussen, 2007: A statistical and physical description of hydrometeor distributions in Colorado snowstorms using a video distrometer. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 46, 634-650.
2. Bringi V. N., R. M. Rasmussen, and J. Vivekanandan, 1986: Multiparameter radar measurements in Colorado convective storms. Part I: Graupel melting studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2545-2563.
3. Bruggemann D. A. G., 1935: Berechnung verschiedener physikalischer Konstanten von heterogenen Substanzen: I. Dielectrizitätskonstanten und Leitfähigkeiten der Mischkörper aus isotropen Substanzen (Calculation of various physical constants of heterogeneous subtances: I. Dielectric constants and conductivity of the heterostructures from isotropic substances). Ann. Phys., 24, 636-679.
4. Du Toit P. S., 1967: Doppler radar observations of drop size in continuous rain. J. Appl. Meteor., 6, 1082-1087.
5. Fabry F., and I. Zawadzki, 1995: Long-term radar observations of the melting layer of precipitation and their interpretation. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 838-851.
6. Fabry F., and W. Szymer, 1999: Modeling of the melting layer. Part II: Electromagnetics. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3596-3600.
7. Fujiyoshi Y., 1986: Melting snowflakes. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 307-311.
8. Heymsfield G. M., Coauthors, 1996: The EDOP radar system on the high-altitude NASA ER-2 aircraft. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 13, 795-809.
9. Li L., G. M. Heymsfield, P. E. Racette, L. Tian, and E. Zenker, 2004: A 94-GHz cloud radar system on a NASA high-altitude ER-2 aircraft. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 21, 1378-1388.
10. Liao L., and R. Meneghini, 2005: On modeling air/spaceborne radar returns in the melting layer. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 43, 2799-2809.
11. Liao L., R. Meneghini, L. Tian, and G. M. Heymsfield, 2008: Retrieval of snow and rain from combined X- and W-band airborne radar measurements. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 46, 1514-1524.
12. Locatelli J., and P. Hobbs, 1974: Fall speeds and masses of solid precipitation particles. J. Geophys. Res., 79, 2185-2197.
13. Magono C., and T. Nakamura, 1965: Aerodynamic studies of falling snowflakes. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 43, 139-147.
14. Marshall J. S., and W. M. Palmer, 1948: The distribution of raindrops with size. J. Appl. Meteor., 5, 165-166.
15. Maxwell Garnett J. C., 1904: Colors in metal glasses and in metallic films. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, A203, 385-420.
16. Meneghini R., and L. Liao, 1996: Comparisons of cross sections for melting hydrometeors as derived from dielectric mixing formulas and a numerical method. J. Appl. Meteor., 35, 1658-1670.
17. Meneghini R., and L. Liao, 2000: Effective dielectric constants of mixed-phase hydrometers. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 17, 628-640.
18. Mitra S. K., O. Vohl, M. Ahr, and H. R. Pruppacher, 1990: A wind tunnel and theoretical study of the melting behavior of atmospheric ice particles. IV: Experiment and theory for snow flakes. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 584-591.
19. Nakaya U., 1954: Snow Crystals: Natural and Artificial. Harvard University Press, 510 pp.
20. Ohtake T., 1969: Observations of the size distribution of hydrometeors through the melting layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 545-557.
21. Olson W. S., P. Bauer, N. F. Viltard, D. E. Johnson, W.-K. Tao, R. Meneghini, and L. Liao, 2001a: A melting-layer model for passive/active microwave remote sensing applications. Part I: Model formulation and comparison with observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1145-1163.
22. Olson W. S., P. Bauer, C. D. Kummerow, Y. Hong, and W.-K. Tao, 2001b: A melting-layer model for passive/active microwave remote sensing applications. Part II: Simulations of TRMM observations. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1164-1179.
23. Ryzhkov A., S. Giangrande, A. Khain, M. Pinsky, and A. Pokrovsky, 2008: Exploring model-based polarimetric retrieval of vertical profiles of precipitation. Proc. Fifth European Conf. on Radar Meteorology, Helsinki, Finland, Finnish Meteotological Institute. [Available online at http://www.erad2008.fmi.fi].
24. Sassen K., J. R. Campbell, J. Zhu, P. Kollias, M. Shupe, and C. Williams, 2005: Lidar and triple-wavelength Doppler radar measurements of the melting layer: A revised model for dark and brightband phenomena. J. Appl. Meteor., 44, 301-312.
25. Sassen K., S. Matrosov, and J. Campbell, 2007: CloudSat spaceborne 94 GHz radar bright bands in the melting layer: An attenuation-driven upside-down lidar analog. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16818, doi:10.1029/2007GL030291.
26. Stroud D., and F. P. Pan, 1978: Self-consistent approach to electromagnetic wave propagation in composite media: Application to model granular metals. Phys. Rev., 17B, 1602-1610.
27. Szyrmer W., and I. Zawadzki, 1999: Modeling of the melting layer. Part I: Dynamics and microphysics. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3573-3592.
28. Tian L., G. M. Heymsfield, L. Li, and R. Srivastava, 2007: Properties of light stratiform rain derived from 10 and 94 GHz airborne Doppler radars. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D11211, doi:10.1029/2006JD008144.
29. Wu Z. P., and Y. P. Wang, 1991: Electromagnetic scattering for multilayered sphere: Recursive algorithms. Radio Sci., 2, 1391-1401.
30. Yokoyama T., and H. Tanaka, 1984: Microphysical process of melting snowflakes detected by two-wavelength radar: Part I. Principle of measurement based on model calculation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 650-666.
31. Yokoyama T., H. Tanaka, K. Nakamura, and J. Awaka, 1984: Microphysical process of melting snowflakes detected by two-wavelength radar: Part II. Application of two-wavelength radar technique. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 668-677.
32. Zawadzki I., W. Szyrmer, C. Bell, and F. Fabry, 2005: Modeling of the melting layer. Part III: The density effect. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 3705-3723.
33. Zikmunda J., and G. Vali, 1972: Fall patterns and fall velocities of rimed ice crystals. J. Atmos. Sci., 29, 1334-1347.