Intermediary variables and algorithm parameters for an electronic algorithm for intravenous insulin infusion

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 835-856

  Braithwaite, Susan S ^a   Godara, Hemant ^b   Song, Julie ^b   Cairns, Bruce A ^b   Jones, Samuel W ^b   Umpierrez, Guillermo E ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c EMORY UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Algorithm; Critical care; Decision support; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Hypoglycemia; Insulin; Intravenous insulin

Indexed keywords

ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; INSULIN;

ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; FEASIBILITY STUDY; HUMAN; INSULIN INFUSION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; METHODOLOGY;

ALGORITHMS; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS; INSULIN; INSULIN INFUSION SYSTEMS;

EID: 77649116851     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19322968     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/193229680900300432     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Clement S, Braithwaite SS, Magee MF, Ahmann A, Smith EP, Schafer RG, Hirsch IB; American Diabetes Association Diabetes in Hospitals Writing Committee. Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(2):553-91.
2. Bode BW, Braithwaite SS, Steed RD, Davidson PC. Intravenous insulin infusion therapy: indications, methods, and transition to subcutaneous insulin therapy. Endocr Pract. 2004;10 Suppl 2:71-80.
3. Zerr KJ, Furnary AP, Grunkemeier GL. Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63(2):356-61.
4. Furnary AP, Zerr KJ, Grunkemeier GL, Starr A. Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67(2):352-62.
5. Furnary AP, Wu Y, Bookin SO. Effect of hyperglycemia and continuous intravenous insulin infusions on outcomes of cardiac surgical procedures: the Portland diabetic project. Endocr Pract. 2004;10 Suppl. 2:21-33.
6. Furnary AP, Gao G, Grunkemeier GL, Wu Y, Zerr KJ, Bookin SO, Floten HS, Starr A. Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125(5):1007-21.
7. Furnary AP, Wu Y. Eliminating the diabetic disadvantage: the Portland Diabetic Project. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;18(4):302-8.
8. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(19):1359-67.
9. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, Meersseman W, Wouters PJ, Milants I, Van Wijngaerden E, Bobbaers H, Bouillon R. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(5):449-61.
10. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, Meier-Hellmann A, Ragaller M, Weiler N, Moerer O, Gruendling M, Oppert M, Grond S, Olthoff D, Jaschinski U, John S, Rossaint R, Welte T, Schaefer M, Kern P, Kuhnt E, Kiehntopf M, Hartog C, Natanson C, Loeffler M, Reinhart K; German Competence Network Sepsis (SepNet). Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(2):125-39.
11. Devos P, Preiser JC. Current controversies around tight glucose control in critically ill patients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10(2):206-9.
12. Glucontrol study: comparing the effects of two glucose control regimens by insulin in intensive care unit patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00107601. Available from: http://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/ NCT00107601. Study completion: June 2006. In; Study initiation 2004.
13. Kagansky N, Levy S, Rimon E, Cojocaru L, Fridman A, Ozer Z, Knobler H. Hypoglycemia as a predictor of mortality in hospitalized elderly patients. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(15):1825-9.
14. Vriesendorp TM, van Santen S, DeVries JH, de Jonge E, Rosendaal FR, Schultz MJ, Hoekstra JB. Predisposing factors for hypoglycemia in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(1):96-101.
15. Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Milants I, Wouters PJ, Bouckaert B, Bruyninckx F, Bouillon R, Schetz M. Intensive insulin therapy in mixed medical/surgical intensive care units: benefit versus harm. Diabetes. 2006;55(11):3151-9.
16. Bhatia A, Cadman B, Mackenzie I. Hypoglycemia and cardiac arrest in a critically ill patient on strict glycemic control. Anesth Analg. 2006;102(2):549-51.
17. Scalea TM, Bochicchio GV, Bochicchio KM, Johnson SB, Joshi M, Pyle A. Tight glycemic control in critically injured trauma patients. Ann Surg. 2007;246(4):605-10; discussion 10-2.
18. Varghese P, Gleason V, Sorokin R, Senholzi C, Jabbour S, Gottlieb JE. Hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients treated with antihyperglycemic agents. J Hosp Med. 2007;2(4):234-40.
19. Krinsley JS, Grover A. Severe hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: risk factors and outcomes. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(10):2262-7.
20. Cryer PE, Davis SN, Shamoon H. Hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(6):1902-12.
21. Svensson AM, McGuire DK, Abrahamsson P, Dellborg M. Association between hyper- and hypoglycaemia and 2 year all-cause mortality risk in diabetic patients with acute coronary events. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(13):1255-61.
22. Pinto DS, Skolnick AH, Kirtane AJ, Murphy SA, Barron HV, Giugliano RP, Cannon CP, Braunwald E, Gibson CM; TIMI Study Group. U-shaped relationship of blood glucose with adverse outcomes among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(1):178-80.
23. Eshaghian S, Horwich TB, Fonarow GC. An unexpected inverse relationship between HbA1c levels and mortality in patients with diabetes and advanced systolic heart failure. Am Heart J. 2006;151(1):91.
24. Kosiborod M, Inzucchi SE, Krumholz HM, Xiao L, Jones PG, Fiske S, Masoudi FA, Marso SP, Spertus JA. Glucometrics in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: defining the optimal outcomes-based measure of risk. Circulation. 2008;117(8):1018-27.
25. Holtkamp HC, Verhoef NJ, Leijnse B. The difference between the glucose concentrations in plasma and whole blood. Clin Chim Acta. 1975;59(1):41-9.
26. Kempe KC, Czeschin LI, Yates KH, Deuser SM, Scott MG. A hospital system glucose meter that produces plasma-equivalent values from capillary, venous, and arterial blood. Clin Chem. 1997;43(9):1803-4.
27. Finkielman JD, Oyen LJ, Afessa B. Agreement between bedside blood and plasma glucose measurement in the ICU setting. Chest. 2005;127(5):1749-51.
28. Kanji S, Buffie J, Hutton B, Bunting PS, Singh A, McDonald K, Fergusson D, McIntyre LA, Hebert PC. Reliability of point-of-care testing for glucose measurement in critically ill adults. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(12):2778-85.
29. Kulkarni A, Saxena M, Price G, O'Leary MJ, Jacques T, Myburgh JA. Analysis of blood glucose measurements using capillary and arterial blood samples in intensive care patients. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31(1):142-5.
30. Khan AI, Vasquez Y, Gray J, Wians FH Jr, Kroll MH. The variability of results between point-of-care testing glucose meters and the central laboratory analyzer. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130(10):1527-32.
31. Lacara T, Domagtoy C, Lickliter D, Quattrocchi K, Snipes L, Kuszaj J, Prasnikar M. Comparison of point-of-care and laboratory glucose analysis in critically ill patients. Am J Crit Care. 2007;16(4):336-46.
32. Dungan K, Chapman J, Braithwaite SS, Buse J. Glucose measurement: confounding issues in setting targets for inpatient management. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(2):403-9.
33. Kildegaard J, Randlov J, Poulsen JU, Hejlesen OK. The impact of non-model-related variability on blood glucose prediction. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2007;9(4):363-71.
34. Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, Kreisberg RA. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(12):2739-48.
35. ACE/ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes. American College of Endocrinology and American Diabetes Association Consensus statement on inpatient diabetes and glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(8):1955-62.
36. Boulkina LS, Braithwaite SS. Practical aspects of intensive insulinization in the intensive care unit. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007;10(2):197-205.
37. Braithwaite SS, Clement S. Algorithms for intravenous insulin delivery. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2008;4(3):258-68.
38. Braithwaite SS. Inpatient insulin therapy. Curr Opin Endocrin Diabetes Obes. 2008;15(2):159-66.
39. Davidson PC, Steed RD, Bode BW. Glucommander: a computer-directed intravenous insulin system shown to be safe, simple, and effective in 120,618 h of operation. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(10):2418-23.
40. Markovitz LJ, Wiechmann RJ, Harris N, Hayden V, Cooper J, Johnson G, Harelstad R, Calkins L, Braithwaite SS. Description and evaluation of a glycemic management protocol for patients with diabetes undergoing heart surgery. Endocr Pract. 2002;8(1):10-8.
41. Braithwaite SS, Edkins R, Macgregor KL, Sredzienski ES, Houston M, Zarzaur B, Rich PB, Benedetto B, Rutherford EJ. Performance of a dose-defining insulin infusion protocol among trauma service intensive care unit admissions. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2006;8(4):476-88.
42. Wolak ES, Moretz DA, Byerly F, Schmit G, Cairns BA. Perception versus reality: nurse utilization of insulin drip protocols in the burn intensive care unit. Southern Medical Association 19th Annual Region Conference; 2005 November; Nashville, TN; 2005.
43. Boord JB, Sharifi M, Greevy RA, Griffin MR, Lee VK, Webb TA, May ME, Waitman LR, May AK, Miller RA. Computer-based Insulin infusion protocol improves glycemia control over manual protocol. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2007;14(3):278-87.
44. Juneja R, Roudebush C, Kumar N, Macy A, Golas A, Wall D, Wolverton C, Nelson D, Carroll J, Flanders SJ. Utilization of a computerized intravenous insulin infusion program to control blood glucose in the intensive care unit. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2007;9(3):232-40.
45. Morris AH, Orme J Jr, Truwit JD, Steingrub J, Grissom C, Lee KH, Li GL, Thompson BT, Brower R, Tidswell M, Bernard GR, Sorenson D, Sward K, Zheng H, Schoenfeld D, Warner H. A replicable method for blood glucose control in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(6):1787-95.
46. Prigeon RL, Roder ME, Porte D Jr, Kahn SE. The effect of insulin dose on the measurement of insulin sensitivity by the minimal model technique. Evidence for saturable insulin transport in humans. J Clin Invest. 1996;97(2):501-7.
47. Natali A, Gastaldelli A, Camastra S, Sironi AM, Toschi E, Masoni A, Ferrannini E, Mari A. Dose-response characteristics of insulin action on glucose metabolism: a non-steady-state approach. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000;278(5):E794-801.
48. Duska F, Andel M. Intensive blood glucose control in acute and prolonged critical illness: endogenous secretion contributes more to plasma insulin than exogenous insulin infusion. Metabolism. 2008;57(5):669.
49. Prager R, Wallace P, Olefsky JM. In vivo kinetics of insulin action on peripheral glucose disposal and hepatic glucose output in normal and obese subjects. J Clin Invest. 1986;78(2):472-81.
50. Mudaliar S, Mohideen P, Deutsch R, Ciaraldi TP, Armstrong D, Kim B, Sha X, Henry RR. Intravenous glargine and regular insulin have similar effects on endogenous glucose output and peripheral activation/deactivation kinetic profiles. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(9):1597-602.
51. Holmes G, Galitz L, Hu P, Lyness W. Pharmacokinetics of insulin aspart in obesity, renal impairment, or hepatic impairment. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;60(5):469-76.
52. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360:1283-1297.
53. Moghissi ES, Korytkowski MT, DiNardo M, Einhorn D, Hellman R, Hirsch IB, Inzucchi SE, Ismail-Beigi F, Kirkman MS, Umpierrez GE, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association Consensus Statement on Inpatient Glycemic Control. DIABETES CARE, 2009; 32(6) (E Pub date May 8 2009). Kidney Diseases