Evolution of Neogene volcanism and stress patterns in the glaciated West Antarctic Rift, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica

Journal of the Geological Society

Volumn 167, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 401-416

  Paulsen, Timothy S ^a   Wilson, Terry J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN OSHKOSH   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLACIATION; ICE MARGIN; NEOGENE; PLATE MOTION; SEAFLOOR SPREADING; STRESS ANALYSIS; STRESS FIELD; STRUCTURAL CONTROL; TECTONIC EVOLUTION; TECTONIC PLATE; TECTONIC RECONSTRUCTION; VOLCANISM;

ANTARCTICA; MARIE BYRD LAND; PACIFIC OCEAN; WEST ANTARCTICA;

EID: 77649098539     PISSN: 00167649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1144/0016-76492009-044     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Acocella, V. 2006. Regional and local tectonics at Erta Ale caldera, Afar (Ethiopia). Journal of Structural Geology, 28, 1808-1820.
2. Acocella, V., Korme, T., Salvini, F. & Funiciello, R. 2002. Elliptic calderas in the Ethiopian rift: control of pre-existing structures. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 119, 189-203.
3. Adiyaman, O., Chorowicz, J. & Kose, O. 1998. Relationships between volcanic patterns and neotectonics in Eastern Anatolia from analysis of satellite images and DEM. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 17-32.
4. Anderson, E.M. 1951. The Dynamics of Faulting and Dyke Formation with Applications to Britain, 2nd edn. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.
5. Andrew, R.E.B. & Gudmundsson, A. 2007. Distribution, structure, and formation of Holocene lava shield in Iceland. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 168, 137-154.
6. Andrew, R.E.B. & Gudmundsson, A. 2008. Volcanoes as elastic inclusions: Their effects on the propagation of dykes, volcanic fissures, and volcanic zones in Iceland. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 177, 1045-1054.
7. Argus, D.F. & Gordon, R.G. 1991. No-net-rotation model of current plate velocities incorporating plate motion model NUVEL-1. Geophysical Research Letters, 18, 2039-2042.
8. Barberi, F. & Varet, J. 1977. Volcanism in Afar: Small-scale plate tectonics implications. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 88, 1251-1266.
9. Bart, P.J. 2001. Did the Antarctic ice sheets expand during the early Pliocene? Geology, 29, 67-70.
10. Bart, P.J. 2003. Were West Antarctic ice sheet grounding events in the Ross Sea a consequence of East Antarctic ice sheet expansion during the middle Miocene? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 216, 93-107.
11. Bart, P.J. & Anderson, J.B. 2000. Relative temporal stability of the Antarctic ice sheets during the late Neogene based on the minimum frequency of outer shelf grounding events. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 182, 259-272.
12. Behrendt, J.C., LeMasurier, W.E. & Cooper, A.K. 1992. The West Antarctic rift system-A propagating rift 'captured' by a mantle plume? In: Yoshida, Y., Kaminima, K. & Shiraishi, K. (eds) Recent Progress in Antarctic Earth Science. Terra, Tokyo, 315-322.
13. Behrendt, J.C., Blankenship, D.D., Finn, C.A., Bell, R.E., Sweeney, R.E., Hodge, S.M. & Brozena, J.M. 1994. CASERTZ aeromagnetic data reveal late Cenozoic flood basalts (?) in the West Antarctic rift system. Geology, 22, 527-530.
14. Belluso, E. & Lanza, R. 1996. Palaeomagnetic results from the middle Tertiary Meander Intrusives. Antarctic Science, 8, 61-72.
15. Bentley, C.R. & Clough, J.W. 1972. Antarctic subglacial structure from seismic refraction experiments. In: Adie, R.J. (ed.) Antarctic Geology and Geophysics. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 683-691.
16. Bindschadler, R., Vornberger, P., Fleming, A., et al. 2008. The Landsat image mosaic of Antarctica. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112, 4214-4226.
17. Bosworth, W. & Strecker, M.R. 1997. Stress field changes in the Afro-Arabian rift system during the Miocene to Recent period. Tectonophysics, 278, 47-62.
18. Bosworth, W., Strecker, M.R. & Blisniuk, P.M. 1992. Integration of East African paleostress and present-day stress data: implications for continental stress field dynamics. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 11851-11865.
19. Bosworth, W., Burke, K. & Strecker, M. 2003. Effects of stress fields on magma chamber stability and the formation of collapse calderas. Tectonics, 22, doi:10.1029/2002TC001369.
20. Cande, S.C. & Stock, J.M. 2004. Pacific-Antarctic-Australia motion and the formation of the Macquarie Plate. Geophysical Journal International, 157, 399-414.
21. Cande, S.C., Raymond, C.A., Stock, J. & Haxby, W.F. 1995. Geophysics of the Pitman fracture zone and Pacific-Antarctic plate motions during the Cenozoic. Science, 270, 947-953.
22. Cande, S.C., Stock, J.M., Muller, R.D. & Ishihara, T. 2000. Cenozoic motion between East and West Antarctica. Nature, 404, 145-150.
23. Cañón-Tapia, E. & Walker, G.P.L. 2004. Global aspects of volcanism: the perspectives of 'plate tectonics' and 'volcanic systems'. Earth-Science Reviews, 66, 163-182.
24. Chow, J.M. & Bart, P.J. 2003. West Antarctic Ice Sheet grounding events on the Ross Sea outer continental shelf during the middle Miocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 198, 169-186.
25. Cooper, A.K., Davey, F.J. & Behrendt, J.C. 1987. Seismic stratigraphy and structure of the Victoria Land basin, Western Ross Sea, Antarctica. In: Cooper, A.J. & Davey, F.J. (eds) The Antarctic Continental Margin: Geology and Geophysics of the Western Ross Sea. Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Houston, TX, 27-76.
26. Cox, A. & Engebretson, D. 1985. Change in motion of the Pacific plate at 5 Myr BP. Nature, 313, 472-474.
27. Croon, M.B., Cande, S.C. & Stock, J.M. 2008. Revised Pacific-Antarctic plate motions and geophysics of the Menard Fracture Zone. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 9, doi:10.1029/2008GC002019.
28. Delaney, P.T., Pollard, D.D., Ziony, J.I. & McKee, E.H. 1986. Field relations between dikes and joints: Emplacement processes and paleostress analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91, 4920-4938.
29. DeMets, C., Gordon, R.G., Argus, D.F. & Stein, S. 1994. Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions. Geophysical Research Letters, 21, 2191-2194.
30. Deming, W.E. 1943. Statistical Adjustment of Data. Wiley, New York. (Reprinted 1964, Dover, New York.)
31. Denton, G.H. & Hughes, T.J. 2002. Reconstructing the Antarctic Ice Sheet at the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, 193-202.
32. Dietrich, R., Rulke A., Ihde, J., et al. 2004. Plate kinematics and deformation status of the Antarctic Peninsula based on GPS. Global and Planetary Change, 42, 313-321.
33. Favela, J. & Anderson, D.L. 1999. Extensional tectonics and global volcanism. In: Boschi, E., Ekstrom, G. & Morelli, A. (eds) Problems in Geophysics for the New Millennium. Editrice Compositori, Bologna, 463-498.
34. Finn, C.A., Muller, R.D. & Panter, K.S. 2005. A Cenozoic diffuse alkaline magmatic province (DAMP) in the southwest Pacific without rift or plume origin. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 6, doi:10.1029/2004GC000723.
35. Fitzgerald, P.G., Sandiford, M., Barrett, P.J. & Gleadlow, A.J.W. 1986. Asymmetric extension associated with uplift and subsidence in the Transantarctic Mountains and Ross Embayment. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 81, 67-78.
36. Foulger, G.R. 2007. The 'plate' model for the genesis of melting anomalies. In: Foulger, G.R. & Jurdy, D.M. (eds) Plates, Plumes, and Plenetary Processes. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 430, 1-28.
37. Glazner, A.F., Manley, C.R., Marron, J.S. & Rojstaczer, S. 1999. Fire or ice: anticorrelation of volcanism and glaciation in California over the past 800,000 years. Geophysical Research Letters, 26, 1759-1762.
38. Gohl, K. 2008. Antarctica's continent-ocean transitions: consequences for tectonic reconstructions. In: Cooper, A.K., Barrett, P.J., Stagg, H., Storey, B., Stump, E., Wise, W. & 10th ISAES Editorial Team (eds) Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 29-38.
39. Golembek, M.P., McGill, G.E. & Brown, L. 1983. Tectonic and geologic evolution of the Espanola Basin, Rio Grande Rift: Structure, rate of extension, and relation to the state of stress in the western United States. Tectonophysics, 94, 483-507.
40. González-Ferrán, O. & González-Bonorino, F. 1972. The volcanic ranges of Marie Byrd land between long. 1008 and 1408W. In: Adie, R.J. (ed.) Antarctic Geology and Geophysics. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 261-275.
41. Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Smith, A.G., et al. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
42. Gripp, A.E. & Gordon, R.G. 2002. Young tracks of hotspots and current plate velocities. Geophysical Journal International, 150, 321-361.
43. Gudmundsson, A. 1986. Mechanical aspects of postglacial volcanism and tectonics of the Reykjanes Peninsula, Southwest Iceland. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91, 12711-12721.
44. Gudmundsson, A. 2006. How local stresses control magma-chamber ruptures, dyke injections, and eruptions in composite volcanoes. Earth-Science Reviews, 79, 1-31.
45. Gudmundsson, A. 2009. Toughness and failure of volcanic edifices. Tectonophysics, 471, 27-35.
46. Heidbach, O., Tingay, M., Barth, A., Reinecker, J., Kurfeß, D., & Müller, B. 2008. The 2008 release of the World Stress Map. World Wide Web Address: www.world-stress-map.org.
47. Henrys, S. A., Wilson, T.J., Whittaker, J.M., Fielding, C., Hall, J. M. & Naish, T. 2007. Tectonic history of mid-Miocene to present southern Victoria Land Basin, inferred from seismic stratigraphy in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. In: Cooper, A.K., Raymond, C.R., et al. (eds) Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World-Online Proceedings of the 10th ISAESUS Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1047, Short Research Paper 049; doi:10.3133/of2007-1047.srp049.
48. Holohan, E.P., Troll, V.R., Walter, T.R., Munn, S., McDonnell, S. & Shipton, Z.K. 2005. Elliptical calderas in active tectonic settings: an experimental approach. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 144, 119-136.
49. Holt, J.W., Blankenship, D.D., Morse, D.L., et al. 2006. New boundary conditions for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Subglacial topography of the Thwaites and Smith glacier catchments. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L09502, doi:10.1029/2005GL025561.
50. Jackson, E.D. & Shaw, H.R. 1975. Stress fields in the central portions of the Pacific Plate: Delineated in time by linear volcanic chains. Journal of Geophysical Research, 80, 1861-1874.
51. Jellinek, A.M., Manga, M. & Saar, M.O. 2004. Did melting glaciers cause volcanic eruptions in eastern California? Probing the mechanics of dike formation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, B09206, 10.1029/2004JB002978.
52. Jull, M. & McKenzie, D. 1996. The effect of deglaciation on mantle melting beneath Iceland. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, 21815-21828.
53. Kear, D. 1964. Volcanic alignments North and West of New Zealand's central volcanic region. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 7, 24-44.
54. Klemann, V. & Wolf, D. 1998. Modelling of stresses in the Fennoscandian lithosphere induced by Pleistocene glaciations. Tectonophysics, 294, 291-303.
55. LeMasurier, W.E. 1990. Late Cenozoic volcanism on the Antarctic plate-An overview. In: LeMasurier, W.E. & Thomson, J.W. (eds) Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans. American Geophysical Union, Antarctic Research Series, 48, 1-19.
56. LeMasurier, W.E. 2008. Neogene extension and basin deepening in the West Antarctic rift inferred from comparisons with the East African rift and other analogs. Geology, 36, 247-250.
57. LeMasurier, W.E. & Landis, C.A. 1996. Mantle plume activity recorded by lowrelief erosion surfaces in West Antarctica and New Zealand. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108, 1450-1466.
58. LeMasurier, W.E. & Rex, D.C. 1983. Rates of uplift and scales of ice level instabilities recorded by volcanic rocks in Marie Byrd land, West Antarctica. In: Oliver, J.L., James, R.R. & Jago, J.B. (eds) Antarctic Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 663-670.
59. LeMasurier, W.E. & Rex, D.C. 1989. Evolution of linear volcanic ranges in Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 7223-7236.
60. LeMasurier, W.E. & Rex, D.C. 1991. Tectonic significance of linear volcanic ranges in Marie Byrd land in late Cenozoic time. In: Thomson, M.R.A., Crame, J.A. & Thomson, J.W. (eds) Geological Evolution of Antarctica. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 531-532.
61. LeMasurier, W.E. & Rocchi, S. 2005. Terrestrial record of post-Eocene climate history in Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica. Geografiska Annaler, 87, 51-66.
62. LeMasurier, W.E. & Thomson, J.W. (eds) 1990. Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans. American Geophysical Union, Antarctic Research Series, 48.
63. Luyendyk, B.P. 1995. Hypothesis for Cretaceous rifting of east Gondwana caused by subducted slab capture. Geology, 23, 373-376.
64. Luyendyk, B.P., Sorlien, C.C., Wilson, D.S., Bartek, L.R. & Siddoway, C.S. 2001. Structural and tectonic evolution of the Ross Sea rift in the Cape Colbeck region, Eastern Ross Sea, Antarctica. Tectonics, 20, 933-958.
65. Luyendyk, B.P., Wilson, D.S. & Siddoway, C.S. 2003. Eastern margin of the Ross Sea Rift in western Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica: Crustal structure and tectonic development. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 4, doi:10.1029/2002GC000462.
66. Lythe, M.B., Vaughan, D.G. & BEDMAP Consortium 2000. BEDMAP-bed topography of the Antarctic. 1:10 000 000 scale map. BAS (Misc) 9. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge.
67. Maclennan, J., Jull, M., McKenzie, D., Slater, L. & Gronvöld, K. 2002. The link between volcanism and deglaciation in Iceland. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3, doi:10.1029/2001GC000282.
68. McNutt, M.K., Caress, D.W., Reynolds, J., Jordahl, K.A. & Duncan, R.A. 1997. Failure of plume theory to explain midplate volcanism in the southern Austral islands. Nature, 389, 479-482.
69. Miller, K.G., Wright, J.D., Katz, M.E., Browning, J.V., Cramer, B.S., Wade, B.S. & Mizintseva, S.F. 2008. A view of Antarctic ice-sheet evolution from sea-level and deep-sea isotope changes during the Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic. In: Cooper, A.K., Barrett, P.J., Stagg, H., Storey, B., Stump, E., Wise, W. & 10th ISAES Editorial Team (eds) Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 55-70.
70. Morgan, W.J. 1971. Convective plumes in the lower mantle. Nature, 230, 42-43.
71. Muir-Wood, R. 2000. Deglaciation Seismotectonics: A principal influence on intraplate seismogenesis at high latitudes? Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 1399-1411.
72. Nakada, M. & Yokose, H. 1992. Ice age as a trigger of active Quaternary volcanism and tectonism. Tectonophysics, 212, 321-329.
73. Nakamura, K. 1977. Volcanoes as possible indicators of tectonic stress orientation-principle and proposal. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2, 1-16.
74. Nakamura, K., Jacob, K.H. & Davies, J.N. 1977. Volcanoes as possible indicators of tectonic stress orientation-Aleutians and Alaska. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 115, 87-112.
75. Natland, J.H. & Winterer, E.L. 2005. Fissure control on volcanic action in the Pacific. In: Foulger, G.R., Natland, J.H., Presnall, D.C. & Anderson, D.L. (eds) Plates, Plumes and Paradigms. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 388, 687-710.
76. Nicolas, A. 1986. A melt extraction model based on structural studies in mantle peridotites. Journal of Petrology, 27, 999-1022.
77. Nicolas, A. 1990. Melt extraction from mantle peridotites: Hydrofracturing and porous flow, with consequences for oceanic ridge activity. In: Ryan, M.P. (ed.) Magma Transport and Storage. Wiley, New York, 159-173.
78. Panter, K.S., McIntosh, W.C. & Smellie, J.L. 1994. Volcanic history of Mount Sidley, A major alkaline volcano in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56, 361-376.
79. Pascal, C. & Cloetingh, A.P.L. 2009. Gravitational potential stresses and stress field of passive continental margins: Insights from the south-Norway shelf. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 277, 464-473.
80. Paulsen, T.S. & Wilson, T.J. 2009. New criteria for systematic mapping and reliability assessment of monogenetic volcanic vent alignments and elongate volcanic vents for crustal stress analyses. Tectonophysics, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.08.025.
81. Reading, A.M. 2006. On seismic strain-release within the Antarctic Plate. In: Fü tterer, D.K., Damaske, D., Kleinschmidt, G., Miller, H. & Tessensohn, F. (eds) Antarctica. Contributions to Global Earth Sciences, 9, 351-356.
82. Richardson, R.M. 1992. Ridge forces, absolute plate motions, and the intraplate stress field. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 11739-11748.
83. Richardson, R.M., Solomon, S.C. & Sleep, N.H. 1979. Tectonic stress in the plates. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 17, 981-1019.
84. Rocchi, S., Armienti, P., D'Orazio, M., Tonarini, S., Wijbrans, J. & Di Vincenzo, G. 2002. Cenozoic magmatism in the western Ross Embayment: role of mantle plume vs. plate dynamics in the development of the West Antarctic Rift System. Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, doi:10.1029/2001JB000515.
85. Rocchi, S., LeMasurier, W.E. & Di Vincenzo, G. 2006. Oligocene to Holocene erosion and glacial history in Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica, inferred from exhumation of the Dorrel Rock intrusive complex and from volcano morphologies. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 118, 991-1005.
86. Rubin, A.M. 1995. Propagation of magma-filled cracks. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23, 287-336.
87. Sandwell, D. & Fialko, Y. 2004. Warping and cracking of the Pacific plate by thermal contraction. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, doi:10.1029/2004JB003091.
88. th ISAES Editorial Team (eds) Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 91-114.
89. Sigvaldason, G.E. 2002. Volcanic and tectonic processes coinciding with glaciation and crustal rebound: an early Holocene rhyolitic eruption in the Dyngjufjöll volcanic centre and the formation of the Askja caldera, north Iceland. Bulletin of Volcanology, 64, doi:10.1007/s00445-002-0204.
90. Smellie, J.L. 2001. Lithofacies architecture and construction of volcanoes erupted in englacial lakes: Icefall Nunatak, Mount Murphy, eastern Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. In: Riggs, N.R. & White, J.D.L. (eds.) Volcaniclastic Sedimentation in lacustrine Settings. Blackwell Science, Malden, MA, 9-34.
91. Sorlien, C.C., Luyendyk, B.P., Wilson, D.S., Decesari, R.C., Bartek, L.R. & Diebold, J.B. 2007. Oligocene development of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet recorded in eastern Ross Sea strata. Geology, 35, 467-470.
92. Stewart, I.S., Sauber, J. & Rose, J. 2000. Glacio-seismotectonics; ice sheets, crustal deformation and seismicity. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 1367-1389.
93. Storey, B.C., Leat, P.T., Weaver, S.D., Pankhurst, R.J., Bradshaw, J.D. & Kelley, S. 1999. Mantle plumes and Antarctica-New Zealand rifting: Evidence from mid-Cretaceous mafic dykes. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 156, 659-671.
94. Sutherland, R. 2008. The significance of Antarctica for studies of global geodynamics. In: Cooper, A.K., Barrett, P.J., Stagg, H., Storey, B., Stump, E., Wise, W. & 10th ISAES Editorial Team (eds) Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 115-124.
95. Tessensohn, F. & Wörner, G. 1991. The Ross Sea riftsystem, Antarctica: structure, evolution and analogues. In: Thomson, M.R.A., Crame, J.A. & Thomson, J.W. (eds) Geological Evolution of Antarctica. Cambridge University Press, New York, 273-277.
96. Turcotte, D.L. & Oxburgh, E.R. 1973. Mid-plate tectonics. Nature, 244, 377-339.
97. Wilch, T.I. 1997. Volcanic record of the West Antarctic ice sheet in Marie Byrd Land. PhD thesis, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro.
98. Wilch, T.I. & McIntosh, W.C. 2000. Eocene and Oligocene volcanism at Mount Petras, Marie Byrd Land: implications for middle Cenozoic ice sheet reconstructions in West Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 12, 477-491.
99. Wilch, T.I. & McIntosh, W.C. 2002. Lithofacies analysis and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of ice-volcano interactions at Mt. Murphy and the Crary Mountains, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. In: Smellie, J.L. (ed.) Volcano-Ice Interaction on Earth and Mars. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 202, 237-253.
100. Wilch, T.I. & McIntosh, W.C. 2007. Miocene-Pliocene ice-volcano interactions at monogenetic volcanoes near Hobbs Coast, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. In: Cooper, A.K., Raymond, C.R., et al. (eds) Antarctica: A Keystone in a Changing World-Online Proceedings of the 10th ISAESUS Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1047, Short Research Paper 074, doi:10.3133/of2007-1047.srp074.
101. Wilch, T.I., McIntosh, W.C. & Dunbar, N.W. 1999. Late Quaternary volcanic activity in Marie Byrd Land; potential 40Ar/39Ar-dated time horizons in West Antarctic ice and marine cores. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 111, 1563-1580.
102. Winberry, J. P. & Anandakrishnan, S. 2004. Crustal structure of the West Antarctic rift system and Marie Byrd Land hotspot. Geology, 32, 922-980.
103. Zachos, J.C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E. & Billups, K. 2001. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292, 686-693.
104. Zoback, M.L. 1992. First- and second-order patterns of stress in the lithosphere: the World Stress Map project. Journal of Geophysical Research, 97, 11703-11728.
105. Zoback, M.L., Zoback, M.D., Adams, J., et al. 1989. Global patterns of tectonic stress. Nature, 341, 291-298.