American indian and non-indian philosophies of technology and their differential impact on the environment of the southern puget sound

American Indian Culture and Research Journal

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 33-66

  Guilmet, George M ^a,b   Whited, David Lloyd ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PUGET SOUND   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c Chief Leschi Schools of the Puyallup Tribe of Indians

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77449137021     PISSN: 01616463     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.17953/aicr.26.1.e253635064245608     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Twelfth Biennial International Conference of the Society for Philosophy and Technology, Center for Philosophy, Technology and Society, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, July 9-11, 2001. The title of the conference was Nature and Technology.
2. This map is reproduced from Figure 1 in Wayne Suttles and Barbara Lane, "Southern Coast Salish, " in Wayne Suttles, ed., Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 7 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990), 486.
3. J. Donald Hughes, American Indian Ecology (El Paso, TX: Texas Western Press, 1983);
4. Shepard Krech III, ed., Indians, Animals, and the Fur Trade: A Critique of Keepers of the Game (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1981);
5. id., The Ecological Indian: Myth and History (New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 1999);
6. Calvin Mardn, Keepers of the Game: Indian-Animal Relationships and the Fur Trade (Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1978);
7. Christopher Vescey and Robert W. Venables, eds., American Indian Environments: Ecological Issues in Native American History (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1980).
8. Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society (New York, NY: Vintage Books, 1964);
9. Marvin Harris, "Theoretical Principles of Cultural Materialism, " in Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture (New York, NY: Random House, 1979). Ellul maintained that technique has the power to determine the ideas, beliefs, and myths of modern society. Harris believed that technology determines in large part the mental components of both tribal and industrial societies.
10. Hans Jonas, The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1984).
11. This definition was given in Alvin Toffler, "Value Impact Forecaster-A Profession of the Future, " in Kurt Baier and Nicholas Reseller, eds., Values and the Future: The Impact of Technological Change on American Values (New York, NY: Free Press, 1969), 5. Toffler offered this definition as a summary of the position of the philosopher Kurt Baier.
12. Jerome S. Bruner, "The Course of Cognitive Growth, " American Psychologist 19, number 1(1964): 1-15.
13. Marian W. Smith, The Puyallup-Nisqually (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1940).
14. Hermann Haeberlin and Erna Gunther, The Indians of Puget Sound (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1930).
15. Smith, The Puyallup-Nisqually, 101.
16. Frank Wright, Indian Fishing Rights: Hearings on S.J.R.170 and S.J.R.171, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, August 5-6, 1964, 105. Testimony before the United States Congress, Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on Indian Affairs.
17. Erna Gunther, "A Further Analysis of the Salmon Ceremony, " University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 2, number 5 (1928): 129-173.
18. George Gibbs, "Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon, " Contributions to North American Ethnology 1 (1877): 157-241;
19. W. W. Elmendorf, The Structure of Twana Culture, Monograph Supplement No. 2, Research Studies 28, number 3 (Pullman, WA: Washington State University, 1960).
20. Elmendorf, The Structure of Twana Culture.
21. Gibbs, "Tribes of Western Washington and Northeastern Oregon."
22. Vi Hilbert, "Ways of the Lushootseed People: Ceremonies and Traditions, in Ways of the Lushootseed People: Ceremonies and Traditions of Northern Puget Sound Indians (Seattle, WA: United Indians of All Tribes Foundation, 1980), 14.
23. Lucia Earl Mitchell, "First salmon ceremony marked start of season, " Puyallup Tribal News 12, number 8 (2001), 3.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Gunther, "A Further Analysis of the Salmon Ceremony."
27. Ibid., 163.
28. Ibid.
29. Smith, The Puyallup-Nisqually, 25.
30. June McCormick Collins, "The Mythological Basis for Attitudes Torard Animals among Salish-Speaking Indians, " Journal of American Folklore 65 (1952): 353-359.
31. Ibid., 355.
32. Arthur C. Ballard. "Mythology of Southern Puget Sound, " University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 3, number 2 (1929): 90.
33. Robert L. Kelly, The Foraging Spectrum: Diversity in Hunter-Gatherer Lifeways (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995);
34. Peter P. Schweitzer, Megan Biesele, and Robert K. Hitchcock, eds., Hunters and Gatherers in the Modern World: Conflict, Resistance, and Self-Determination (New York, NY: Berghahn Books, 2000).
35. Peg Ahvakana, "'The Tree'-a story of resurgence, " Oceanedge: The Journal of Applied Storytelling 3 (Spring 1995): 5 and 16.
36. Connie McCIoud, "Kids in canoes on the water in the old way, " Oceanedge: The Journal of Applied Storytelling 3 (Spring 1995): 10.
37. Lorelei Anne Lambert Colomeda, Keepers of the Central Fire: Issues in Ecology for Indigenous Peoples (Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 1999), 146.
38. George M. Guilmet, Robert T. Boyd, David L. Whited, and Nile Thompson, "The Legacy of Introduced Disease: The Southern Coast Salish, " American Indian Culture and Research Journal 15, number 4 (1991): 1-32;
39. Erna Gunther, "The Shaker Religion of the Northwest, " in Marian W. Smith, ed., Indians of the Urban Northwest, Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology 36 (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1949) 37-76.
40. "Language of History, " Peninsula Daily News, April 16, 1995, C1; Douglas McLennan, "Leschi's Traditional Lesson, " News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), February 18, 1996, SL10, SL11, and SL14;
41. Lisa Kremer, "Journey of spirit, " News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), July 15, 1996, B1 and "Lost art Regained, " News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), June 7, 1996, Bl and B4.
42. Smith, The Puyallup-Nisqually.
43. Herbert Hunt, Tacoma: Its History and Its Builders, vol. I (Chicago, IL: S. J. Clarke, 1916).
44. William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the West (New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966).
45. Murray Morgan, Puget's Sound: A Narrative of Early Tacoma and the Southern Sound (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1979), 56.
46. William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire, 235; conversation between William H. Goetzmann and George M. Guilmet during a conference entitled Military Influences on Washington History, Camp Murray, Tacoma, Washington, March 29, 1984.
47. Morgan, Puget's Sound.
48. Elwood Evans, "Puget Sound: Its Past, Present and Future, " an address delivered by Elwood Evans, Esq., at Port Townsend, Washington Territory, January 5, 1869, for the benefit of the Hall Fund of the Good Templars (reprint, Seattle: Shorey Book Store, 1964), 1.
49. Ibid., 12-13.
50. Ibid., 16.
51. F. F. Victor, Atlantis Arisen or Talks of a Tourist About Oregon and Washington (Philadelphia, PA:J. B. Lippincott, 1891). Chapter 23, subtitled "The City of Destiny, " was reprinted by Fox Book Company, Tacoma, WA, 1984.
52. Kerry Webster, "The West Was Won by Land Speculators, " Tacoma News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), June 12, 1977, A-3.
53. R. F. Radebaugh, The Pacific Metropolis Where and Why (Tacoma, WA: South Tacoma Press, 1913), 66.
54. Radebaugh, The Pacific Metropolis Where and Why.
55. National Lawyers Guild, "Project Report, " Law Student Indian Summer Project, Seatde, WA 1973.
56. Fay G. Cohen, Treaties on Trial: The Continuing Controversy over Northwest Fishing Rights (Seatde, WA: University of Washington Press, 1986).
57. American Friends Service Committee, Uncommon Controversy: Fishing Rights of the Muckleshool, Puyallup, and Nisqually Indians (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1975), 163.
58. Washington State Department of Fisheries, The Salmon Crisis (1953).
59. See the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission Nexus for ongoing efforts to restore salmon runs.
60. Webster, "The West Was Won by Land Speculators, " A3.
61. For land-grab schemes and abuses, see National Lawyers Guild. For congressionally mandated duty to protect Indian people, see Elizabeth Shackleford, "History of the Puyallup Indian Reservation" (BA thesis, College of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington, 1918).
62. Webster, "The West Was Won by Land Speculators, " A3.
63. Ibid.
64. Lynn White Jr., "The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis, " in Carl Mitcham and Robert Mackey, eds., Philosophy and Technology: Readings in the Philosophical Problem of Technology (New York, NY: Free Press, 1983), 265.
65. Ramona Bennett, "The Puyallup Tribe Rose from the Ashes, " in Jane Katz, ed., Messengers of the Wind: Native American Women Tell Their Life Stories (New York, NY: Ballantine Books, 1995).
66. "United Methodist Church returns land to Klamath Tribe, " Talking Slick 6, number 5 (1989): 1.
67. Lewis H. St. John, "The Present Status and Probable Future of the Indians of Puget Sound, " Washington Historical Quarterly 5, number 1 (1914): 14.
68. Shackleford, "History of the Puyallup Indian Reservation."
69. Morgan, Puget's Sound, 262.
70. Ibid., 306.
71. Robert E. Ficken, The Forested Land: A History of Lumbering in Western Washington (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1987), 25.
72. Ficken, The Forested Land; Morgan, Puget's Sound.
73. Clarence B. Bagley, History of King County, vol. I (Chicago, IL: S. J. Clarke, 1929).
74. Howard H. Martin, "Fisheries of the North Pacific, " in Otis W. Freeman and Howard H. Martin, eds., The Pacific Northwest: An Over-All Appreciation, 2d edition (New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1954), 181-182.
75. American Friends Service Committee, Uncommon Controversy, Cohen, Treaties on Trial; George M. Guilmet and David L. Whited, The People Who Give More: Health and Mental Health among the Contemporary Puyallup Indian Tribal Community, American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, The Journal of the National Center Monograph Series, vol. 2, monograph 2 (Denver, Colorado: National Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 1989); United States Commission on Civil Rights, "Fishing in Western Washington-A Treaty Right, a Clash of Cultures, " in Indian Tribes: A Continuing Quest for Survival (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1981), 61-100.
76. Agreement between the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, local Governments in Pierce County, the State of Washington, the United States of America, and Certain Private Property Owners, 2 vols. (Washington State Depositor)', Collins Library, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, August 27, 1988).
77. Kremer, "Journey of the Spirit";
78. id., "Lost art Regained"; "Language of History."
79. American Friends Service Committee, Uncommon Controversy, Cohen, Treaties on Trial; United States Commission on Civil Rights, "Fishing in Western Washington."
80. Ibid.
81. Charles Wilkinson, Messages from Frank's Landing: A Story of Salmon, Treaties, and the Indian Way (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000), 93.
82. Ibid., 92-93.
83. Robert Tucker, "Talking Trash, " News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), September 17, 1995, Al;
84. Rob Tucker and Sandi Doughton, "Bid to dredge Puyallup River stirs concern, " News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), July 3, 1996, Al and A12.
85. "The Tribe Targets Tideflats Incinerator, " editorial, News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), December 2, 1988, A10;
86. Ramona Bennett, "The Puyallup Tribe Rose from the Ashes, " 157.
87. Lisa Kremer, "Cushman dams report upsets both sides, " News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), December 7, 1995, Bl and B5;
88. Luis Cabrera, "Tribe sues over Cushman Project, " News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), November 20, 1999, B4.
89. Rob Tucker, "Nisqually Tribe, federal agencies oppose landfill, " News Tribune (Tacoma, WA, February 29, 1996), Al.
90. Gary Larson, "New pipeline key issue in water talks, " News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), August 19, 1990, B1-B2.
91. Patrick Henry, "New Wetland Fulfills Port Agreement, " Puyallup Tribal Neivs 2, number 7 (1990): 1.
92. Thad Martin, "Puyallups Buy Land for Hatchery to Produce 5.5 Million Chinook, Chum, Coho Salmon, " Morning News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), March 30, 1988, B2.
93. "White River Fish Hatcher)' Completed, " Morning News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), August 31, 1989, B1.
94. Thad Martin, "Tribes Release Millions more Hatchery Fish, " Morning News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), May 18, 1988, B8.
95. "Agreement"; Jeff Weathersby, "Tribe's Push for Role in Pollution Control Clouds Claims Plan, " MorningNews Tribune (Tacoma, WA), May 11, 1988, A1 and A20;
96. "Tribe Wants to Cooperate in Pollution Cleanup, " Morning News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), June 4, 1988, B1-B2.
97. L. A. Johnson, "'Gatherers' Celebrate Clean Water, " Morning News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), September 2, 1990, B1.
98. Rob Tucker, "Nisqually Tribe, federal agencies oppose landfill."
99. "White River Fish Hatcher)' Completed"; Mark Higgins, "River Pipeline Plan Still Flows, " Morning News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), November 2, 1987, A1.
100. "Testing Our Waters, " Tacoma News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), February 3, 1985, Gl;
101. Sandi Doughton, "Things have not improved, " News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), February 28, 1997, Al and A10.
102. John Gillie, "Port Faces $4.5 Million Slag Dump Cleanup Bill, " Morning News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), April 2, 1988, Al and A14;
103. Jeff Weathersby, "ASARCO Sued over Slag Used in Logyard, " Morning News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), May 24, 1988, B1-B2.
104. Jeff Weathersby, "63 Million for Starters to Clean Bay: Study Prices Cost of Fixing Worst Areas, " MorningNeivs Tribune (Tacoma, WA), March 25, 1988, Al and A22.
105. "Testing Our Waters"; Warren King, "Lead, arsenic levels high in S. Sound: Asarco emissions polluted Vashon, Maury islands, " Seattle Times (Seattle, WA), April 19, 2000, Bl and B3.
106. "Toxic Waste in Tacoma, " Tacoma News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), May 27, 1984, Al.
107. Jeff Weathersby, "Fishing for Contamination: Tribe Keeps Watch on Waterway, " Nexus Tribune (Tacoma. WA), May 14, 1987, Bl.
108. "Chemical Soup, " Tacoma News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), May 28, 1984, B2.
109. "Toxic Waste in Tacoma."
110. David Hooper, "City at Bay: The Poisoning of Tacoma, " Pacific Northwest, December 1982, 29.
111. Lynn White Jr., "The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis."
112. Carl Mitcham and Robert Mackey, "Introduction: Technology as a Philosophical Problem, " in Mitcham and Mackey, eds., Philosophy and Technology, 17 (Francis Bacon quoted).
113. For further information on this topic see Guilmet and Whited, The People Who Give More.
114. Ibid.
115. George Grant, "The University Curriculum, " in Technology and Empire: Perspectives on North America (Toronto, Ontario: House of Anansi, 1969), 114.
116. Mark Abrahamson, Urban Enclaves: Identity and Place in America (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1996), 13.
117. Dick Ferguson, "Indian Incinerator Bid Prompts Skepticism, " Tacoma News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), June 6, 1987, B1-B2.
118. Associated Press, "Clamming abuses cited: State says principal cause is not enough oversight, " Seattle Times (Seatde, WA), February 26, 2001, B6.
119. Sandi Doughton, "Pollution posse, " News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), May 12, 1996, D1-D2.
120. "Tribe joins anti-nuclear lineup opposing shipments, " Puyallup Tribal News 6, number 10 (1995): 10.
121. David Hooper, "City at Bay: The Poisoning of Tacoma, " 26-29 and 56-59.
122. Stan Stevens, ed., Conservation Through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1997).
123. Ferguson, "Indian Incinerator Bid Prompts Skepticism"; Jeff Weathersby, "Reservation garbage burning questioned: Who will monitor it?' News Tribune (Tacoma, WA), June 15, 1987, C2.
124. "The Tribe Targets Tideflats Incinerator."
125. Gary Paul Nabhan, "Cultural Parallax in Viewing North American Habitats, " chap. 6 in M. E. Soule and G. Lease, eds., Reinventing Nature: Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1995), 94.
126. Ramona Benett, "The Puyallup Tribe Rose from the Ashes, " 155.
127. Carl Mitcham and Robert Mackey, "Introduction: Technology as a Philosophical Problem, " 29.
128. Martin Heidegger, "The Question Concerning Technology, " in The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays (New York, NY: Harper Colophon Books, 1977), 3-35.
129. Jonas, The Imperative of Responsibility, and "The Practical Uses of Theory, " in Mitcham and Mackey, eds., Philosophy and Technology, 335-346.
130. Colomeda, Keepers of the Central Fire, 152.
131. Wilkinson, Messages from Franks Landing, 62.