European spectres

Journal of Ethics

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 133-155

  Mills, Charles W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Marxism; Modernity; Race; White supremacy

Indexed keywords

EID: 77449111798     PISSN: 13824554     EISSN: 15728609     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1009863400735     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Marshall Berman, All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982).
2. What follows draws on the work of various black and Third World theorists, for example, Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993).
3. Enrique Dussel, The Invention of the Americas: Eclipse of "the Other" and the Myth of Modernity, trans. Michael D. Barber (New York: Continuum, 1995).
4. Will Kymlicka, Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), p. 5.
5. Jennifer Welchman, "Locke on Slavery and Inalienable Rights," Canadian Journal of Philosophy 25 (1995), pp. 67-81;
6. David Hume, "Of National Characters" (1754 version), in Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze (ed.), Race and the Enlightenment (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1997), p. 33;
7. Emmanuel Eze, "The Color of Reason: The Idea of 'Race' in Kant's Anthropology," in Katherine M. Faull (ed.), Anthropology and the German Enlightenment: Perspectives on Humanity (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1995), pp. 196-237;
8. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, with The Subjection of Women, and Chapters on Socialism, ed. Stefan Collini (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 13.
9. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Collected Works, Vol. 5 (New York: International Publishers, 1976), pp. 35-36.
10. See C. L. R. James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L 'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution (1938; New York: Vintage, 1963).
11. V. I. Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1939).
12. Oliver Cromwell Cox, Caste, Class, and Race: A Study in Social Dynamics (New York: Modern Reader, 1949).
13. V. G. Kiernan, The Lords of Human Kind: Black Man, Yellow Man, and White Man in an Age of Empire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986).
14. Terence Ball and James Farr (eds.), After Marx (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984);
15. John Roemer (ed.), Analytical Marxism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986);
16. Alex Callinicos (ed.), Marxist Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989);
17. Robert Ware and Kai Nielsen (eds.), Analyzing Marxism: New Essays on Analytical Marxism, Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 15 (Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 1989).
18. The closest thing to a sustained analysis is Allen Wood's discussion of "other forms of social oppression, such as racial and sexual oppression" in his chapter, "Marx and Equality," in Roemer, Analytical Marxism, pp. 298-300.
19. See also pp. 157-158.
20. G. A. Cohen, "Reconsidering Historical Materialism," in Callinicos, Marxist Theory.There are one- or two-sentence references in chapters in Callinicos, Marxist Theory, pp. 34, 43, and 60.
21. Roemer, Analytical Marxism, p. 159. Unless I have missed something, there is nothing at all (i.e., not even a sentence) in either Ball and Farr, After Marx,orWareand Nielsen, Analyzing Marxism.
22. See Cedric Robinson's still under-appreciated work, Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition (Totowa: Biblio Distribution Center, 1983).
23. See, for example, George M. Fredrickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981).
24. more recently, Anthony Marx, Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of the United States, South Africa, and Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
25. Charles Mills, "Reply to Critics," Small Axe: A Journal of Criticism 2 (1998), pp. 191-201.
26. Small Axe is a new Caribbean journal in post-colonial theory which did a symposium on my book The Racial Contract (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997). My critics were Lewis Gordon, Anthony Bogues, and Clinton Hutton.
27. The panel was "Envisioning the Next Left," at the second national conference of the Radical Philosophy Association, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Nov. 14-17, 1996.
28. Since that time some years ago, more and more work has been published on the subject, so that the case has become far easier to make.
29. See, for example: Melvin L. Oliver and Thomas M. Shapiro, Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality (New York: Routledge, 1995);
30. George Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998);
31. Michael K. Brown, Race, Money, and the American Welfare State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999).
32. Cheryl Harris's brilliant "Whiteness as Property," Harvard Law Review 106 (1993), pp. 1709-1791, argues that differential white property rights are encoded at the normative, juridical and conceptual levels.
33. See, for a classic text, Zillah R. Eisenstein (ed.), Capitalist Patriarchy and the Case for Socialist Feminism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979).
34. Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984).
35. David Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York: Verso, 1991)
36. Towards the Abolition of Whiteness (New York: Verso, 1994).
37. For a discussion, see Roediger, Wages of Whiteness, Chapter 1.
38. W.E.B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880 (New York: Atheneum, 1992).
39. Linda Alcoff, "Philosophy and Racial Identity," Radical Philosophy 75 (1996), pp. 5-14.
40. Micaela di Leonardo, "'Why Can't They Be Like Our Grandparents?' and Other Racial Fairy Tales," in Adolph Reed, Jr. (ed.), Without Justice for All: The New Liberalism and Our Retreat from Racial Equality (Boulder: Westview Press, 1999), p. 57.
41. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971).
42. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction; Derrick Bell, And We Are Not Saved: The Elusive Quest for Racial Justice (New York: Basic Books, 1987)
43. Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism (New York: Basic Books, 1992).
44. George Lipsitz, "The Possessive Investment in Whiteness," in Lipsitz, Possessive Investment, p. 19. The work cited is Thomas Edsall and Mary Byrne Edsall, Chain Reaction (New York: Norton, 1991).
45. Donald R. Kinder and Lynn M. Sanders, Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), pp. 90, 287.