In search for a common denominator for the diverse functions of arthropod corazonin: A role in the physiology of stress?

General and Comparative Endocrinology

Volumn 166, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 222-233

  Boerjan, Bart ^a   Verleyen, Peter ^a   Huybrechts, Jurgen ^a   Schoofs, Liliane ^a   De Loof, Arnold ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Adrenalin; Clock; Corazonin; Ecdysone; Insect; Insect hormones; Juvenile hormone; Myotropin; Neuropeptides; PDF; Rhythms; Stress

Indexed keywords

CORAZONIN; NEUROPEPTIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARTHROPOD; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; COCKROACH; COLD TOLERANCE; CRUSTACEA; EYE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE FUNCTION; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC CONSERVATION; HALF LIFE TIME; HEART; HEART BEAT; HORMONE ACTION; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; METABOLISM; MOLTING; NEUROSECRETORY CELL; NONHUMAN; PIGMENTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PURIFICATION; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; STRESS;

EID: 77349110430     PISSN: 00166480     EISSN: 10956840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.09.004     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Altstein M., Gazit Y., Ben Aziz O., Gabay T., Marcus R., Vogel Z., and Barg J. Induction of cuticular melanization in Spodoptera littoralis larvae by PBAN/MRCH: development of a quantitative bioassay and structure function analysis. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 31 (1996) 355-370
2. Anstey M.L., Rogers S.M., Ott S.R., Burrows M., and Simpson S.J. Serotonin mediates behavioral gregarization underlying swarm formation in desert locusts. Science 323 (2009) 627-630
3. Audsley N., and Weaver R.J. A comparison of the neuropeptides from the retrocerebral complex of adult male and female Manduca sexta using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Regul. Pept. 116 (2003) 127-137
4. Auerswald L., and Gäde G. Endocrine control of TAG lipase in the fat body of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 36 (2006) 759-768
5. Baggerman G., Huybrechts J., Clynen E., Hens K., Harthoorn L., Van der Horst D., Poulos C., De Loof A., and Schoofs L. New insights in Adipokinetic Hormone (AKH) precursor processing in Locusta migratoria obtained by capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Peptides 23 (2002) 635-644
6. Baggerman, G., Schoofs, L., 2002. The use of mass spectrometry and capillary chromatography in the identification and quantification of neuropeptides in insects. Ph.D. Thesis, K.U. Leuven, p. 44.
7. Belmont M., Cazzamali G., Williamson M., Hauser F., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Identification of four evolutionarily related G protein-coupled receptors from the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. BBRC 344 (2006) 160-165
8. Benoit J.B., Lopez-Martinez G., Elnitsky M.A., Lee Jr. R.E., and Denlinger D.L. Dehydration-induced cross tolerance of Belgica antarctica larvae to cold and heat is facilitated by trehalose accumulation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 152 (2009) 518-523
9. Billimoria C.P., Li L., and Marder E. Profiling of neuropeptides released at the stomatogastric ganglion of the crab, Cancer borealis with mass spectrometry. J. Neurochem. 95 (2005) 191-199
10. Boerjan, B., Cardoen, D., Bogaerts, A., Landuyt, B., Schoofs, L., Verleyen, P., 2009. Mass spectrometric profiling of (neuro)-peptides in the worker honeybee, Apis mellifera. Neuropharmacology (Epub.).
11. Breuer M., Hoste B., and De Loof A. The endocrine control of phase transition: some new aspects. Physiol. Entomol. 28 (2003) 3-10
12. Cassone V.M., and Natesan A.K. Time and time again: the phylogeny of melatonin as a transducer of biological time. J. Biol. Rhythms 12 (1997) 489-497
13. Cazzamali G., Saxild N.P.E., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a Drosophila corazonin receptor. BBRC 298 (2002) 31-36
14. Cerstiaens A., Benfekih L., Zouiten H., Verhaert P., De Loof A., and Schoofs L. Led-NPF-1 stimulates ovarian development in locusts. Peptides 20 (1999) 39-44
15. Choi Y.J., Lee G., Hall J.C., and Park J.H. Comparative analysis of Corazonin-encoding genes (Crz's) in Drosophila species and functional insights into Crz-expressing neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 482 (2005) 372-385
16. Christie A.E. Neuropeptide discovery in Ixodoidea: an in silico investigation using publicly accessible expressed sequence tags. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 157 (2008) 174-185
17. Clynen E., De Loof A., and Schoofs L. New insights into the evolution of the GRF superfamily based on sequence similarity between the locust APRPs and human GRF. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 139 (2004) 173-178
18. Coast G. The endocrine control of salt balance in insects. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 152 (2007) 332-338
19. De Loof A., Vanden Broeck J., and Janssen I. Hormones and the cytoskeleton of animals and plants. Int. Rev. Cytol. 166 (1996) 1-58
20. De Loof A. Ecdysteroids, juvenile hormone and insect neuropeptides: recent successes and remaining major challenges. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 155 (2008) 3-13
21. De Loof A., Vandersmissen T., Huybrechts J., Landuyt B., Baggerman G., Clynen E., Lindemans M., Husson S.J., and Schoofs L. APRP, the second peptide encoded by the adipokinetic hormone gene(s), is highly conserved in evolution: a role in control of ecdysteroidogenesis?. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1163 (2009) 376-378
22. de Wilde J., Staal G.B., de Kort C.A.D., Loof De., and Baard G. Juvenile hormone titer in the haemolymph as a function of photoperiodic treatment in the adult Colorado beetle. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetenschap. 71 (1968) 321-326
23. Fónagy A., Marco H.G., König S., and Gäde G. Biological activity and identification of neuropeptides in the neurosecretory complexes of the cabbage pest insect, Mamestra brassicae (Noctuidae; Lepidoptera). Acta Biol. Hung. 59 (2008) 385-402
24. Frisch B., Fleissner G., Brandes C., and Hall J.C. Staining the brain of Pachymorpha sexguttata mediated by an antibody against a Drosophila clock-gene product: labeling of cells with possible importance for the beetle's circadian rhythms. Cell Tissue Res. 286 (1996) 411-429
25. Fu Q., Kutz K.K., Schmidt J.J., Hsu Y.W., Messinger D.I., Cain S.D., de la Iglesia H.O., Christie A.E., and Li L. Hormone complement of the Cancer productus sinus gland and pericardial organ: an anatomical and mass spectrometric investigation. J. Comp. Neurol. 493 (2005) 607-626
26. Gard A.L., Lenz P.H., Shaw J.R., and Christie A.E. Identification of putative peptide paracrines/hormones in the water flea Daphnia pulex (Crustacea; Brachiopoda; Cladocera) using transcriptomics and immunocytochemistry. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 160 (2009) 271-287
27. Girardot F., Monnier V., and Tricoire H. Genomic wide analysis of common and specific stress responses in adult Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Genomics 5 (2004) 74
28. Glenner H., Thomsen P.F., Hebsgaard M.B., Sørensen M.V., and Willerslev E. Evolution. The origin of insects. Science 314 (2006) 1883-1884
29. Hamanaka Y., Yasuyama K., Numata H., and Shiga S. Synaptic connections between pigment-dispersing factor-immunoreactive neurons and neurons in the pars lateralis of the blowfly Protophormia terraenovae. J. Comp. Neurol. 491 (2005) 390-399
30. Hansen I.A., Sehnal F., Meyer S.R., and Scheller K. Corazonin gene expression in the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Insect Mol. Biol. 10 (2001) 341-346
31. Hasewaga E., and Tanaka S. Genetic control of albinism and the role of juvenile hormone in pigmentation in Locusta migratoria. Jpn. J. Entomol. 62 (1994) 315-324
32. Hauser F., Cazzamali G., Williamson M., Park Y., Li B., Tanaka Y., Predel R., Neupert S., Schachtner J., Verleyen P., and Grimmelikhuijzen C.J.P. A genome-wide inventory of neurohormone GCPRs in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 29 (2008) 142-165
33. Helfrich-Förster C., Shafer O.T., Wülbeck C., Grieshaber E., Rieger D., and Taghert P. Development and morphology of the clock-gene-expressing lateral neurons of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Comp. Neurol. 500 (2007) 47-70
34. Hoste B., Simpson S.J., De Loof A., and Breuer M. Behavioral differences in Locusta migratoria associated with albinism and their relation to [His(7)]-corazonin. Physiol. Entomol. 28 (2003) 32-38
35. Hoste B., Simpson S.J., Tanaka S., De Loof A., and Breuer M. A comparison of phase-related shifts in behavior and morphometrics of an albino strain, deficient in [His(7)]-corazonin, and a normally colored Locusta migratoria strain. J. Insect Physiol. 48 (2002) 791-801
36. Hoste B., Simpson S.J., Tanaka S., Zhu D.H., De Loof A., and Breuer M. Effects of [His(7)]corazonin on the phase state of isolated reared (solitarious) desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria. J. Insect Physiol. 48 (2002) 981-990
37. Huybrechts J., Clynen E., Baggerman G., De Loof A., and Schoofs L. Isolation and identification of the AKH III precursor-related peptide from Locusta migratoria. BBRC 296 (2002) 1112-1117
38. Huybrechts, J., Bonhomme, J., Minoli, S., Prunier-Leterme, N., Dombrowsky, A., Abdel-Latief, M., Robichon, A., Veenstra, J.A., Tagu, D., 2009. Neuropeptide and neurohormone precursors in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Insect Mol. Biol., in press.
39. Huybrechts J., De Loof A., and Schoofs L. Melatonin-induced neuropeptide release from isolated locust corpora cardiaca. Peptides 26 (2005) 73-80
40. Huybrechts J., Nusbaum M.P., Vanden Bosch L.V., Baggerman G., De Loof A., and Schoofs L. Neuropeptidomic analysis of the brain and thoracic ganglion from the Jonah crab, Cancer borealis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 308 (2003) 535-544
41. Johnson E.C., Shafer O.T., Trigg J.S., Park J., Schooley D.A., Dow J.A., and Taghert P.H. A novel diuretic hormone receptor in Drosophila: evidence for conservation of CGRP signaling. J. Exp. Biol. 208 (2005) 1239-1246
42. Kang L., Chen X., Zhou Y., Liu B., Zheng W., Li R., Wang J., and Yu J. The analysis of large-scale gene expression correlated to the phase changes of the migratory locust. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004) 17611-17615
43. Kim Y.J., Spalovska-Valachova I., Cho K.H., Zitnanova I., Park Y., Adams M.E., and Zitnan D. Corazonin receptor signaling in ecdysis initiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004) 6704-6709
44. Kodrik D. Adipokinetic functions that are not associated with insect flight. Physiol. Entomol. 33 (2008) 171-180
45. Koh K., Joiner W.J., Wu M.N., Yue Z.F., Smith C.J., and Sehgal A. Identification of SLEEPLESS, a sleep-promoting factor. Science 321 (2008) 372-376
46. Lange A.B., da Silva R., and Ejaz A. Peptidergic control of the heart of the stick insect, Baculum extradentatum. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 148 (2007) 50-51
47. Lee G., Kim K.M., Kikuno K., Wang Z.X., Choi Y.J., and Park J.H. Developmental regulation and functions of the expression of the neuropeptide corazonin in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Tissue Res. 331 (2008) 659-673
48. Li L.J., Kelley W.P., Billimoria C.P., Christie A.E., Pulver S.R., Sweedler J.V., and Marder E. Mass spectrometric investigation of the neuropeptide complement and release of the pericardial organs of the crab, Cancer borealis. J. Neurochem. 87 (2003) 642-656
49. Lindemans M., Liu F., Janssen T., Husson S.J., Mertens I., Gäde G., and Schoofs L. Adipokinetic hormone signaling through the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor modulates egg-laying in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106 (2009) 1642-1647
50. Liu F., Baggerman G., Schoofs L., and Wets G. The construction of a bioactive peptide database in Metazoa. J. Proteome Res. 7 (2008) 4119-4131
51. Ma M.M., Chen R.B., Sousa G.L., Bors E.K., Kwiatkowski M.A., Goiney C.C., Goy M.F., Christie A.E., and Li L.J. Mass spectral characterization of peptide transmitters/hormones in the nervous system and neuroendocrine organs of the American lobster Homarus americanus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 156 (2008) 395-409
52. Maeno K., and Tanaka S. Hormonal control of phase related changes in the number of antennal sensilla in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria: possible involvement of [His(7)]-corazonin. J. Insect Physiol. 50 (2004) 855-865
53. Maeno, K., Tanaka, S., 2009. Artificial miniaturization causes eggs laid by crowd-reared (gregarious) desert locusts to produce green (solitarious) offspring in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. J. Insect Physiol. (Epub.).
54. Matthews J.R., and Downer R.G.H. Origin of trehalose in stress induced hyperglycemia in American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Can. J. Zool. 52 (1974) 1005-1010
55. Meethal S.V., Gallego M.J., Haasl R.J., Petras S.J., Sgro J.Y., and Atwood C.S. Identification of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor orthologue in Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Evol. Biol. 6 (2006) 103
56. Miller G.A., Saiful Islam M., Claridge T.D.W., Dodgson T., and Simpson S.J. Swarm formation in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria: isolation and NMR analysis of the primary maternal gregarizing agent. J. Exp. Biol. 211 (2008) 370-378
57. Nässel D.R. Neuropeptides in the nervous system of Drosophila and other insects: multiple roles as neuromodulators and neurohormones. Prog. Neurobiol. 68 (2002) 1-84
58. Nässel D.R., Enell L.E., Santos J.G., Wegener C., and Johard H.A.D. A large population of diverse neurons in the Drosophila central nervous system expresses short neuropeptide F, suggesting multiple distributed peptide functions. BMC Neurosci. 9 (2008) 90
59. Nichols R. FMRFamide-related peptides and serotonin regulate Drosophila melanogaster heart rate: mechanisms and structure requirements. Peptides 27 (2006) 1130-1137
60. Nitabach M.N., and Taghert P.H. Organization of the Drosophila circadian control circuit. Curr. Biol. 22 (2008) R84-R93
61. Ons S., Richter F., Urlaub H., and Pomar R.R. The neuropeptidome of Rhodnius prolixus brain. Proteomics 9 (2009) 788-792
62. Ostlund E. The distribution of catechol amines in lower animals and their effect on the heart. Acta Physiol. Scand. 31 Suppl. 112 (1954) 1-67
63. Porras M.G., De Loof A., Breuer M., and Aréchiga H. Corazonin promotes tegumentary pigment migration in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Peptides 24 (2003) 1581-1589
64. Predel R., Agricola H., Linde D., Wollweber L., Veenstra J.A., and Penzlin H. The insect neuropeptide corazonin: physiological and immunocytochemical studies in Blattariae. Zoology (ZACS) 98 (1994) 35-49
65. Predel R., Herbert Z., and Eckert M. Neuropeptides in perisympathetic organs of Manduca sexta: specific composition and changes during development. Peptides 24 (2003) 1457-1464
66. Predel R., Nachman R.J., and Gäde G. Myostimulatory neuropeptides in cockroaches: structures, distribution, pharmacological activities, and mimetic analogs. J. Insect Physiol. 47 (2001) 311-324
67. Predel R., Neupert S., Russell W.K., Scheibner O., and Nachman R.J. Corazonin in insects. Peptides 28 (2007) 3-10
68. Q-Miao S., Tanaka S., and Tanaka M. Immunohistochemical localization of clock proteins (DBT and PER), and [His(7)]-corazonins in the cerebral ganglia of Bombyx mori: are corazonins downstream regulators of circadian clocks?. Eur. J. Entomol. 100 (2003) 283-286
69. Roller L., Tanaka S., Kimura K., Satake H., and Tanaka Y. Molecular cloning of [Thr(4), His(7)]-corazonin (Apime-corazonin) and its distribution in the central nervous system of the honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. (Jpn.) 41 (2006) 331-338
70. Roller L., Tanaka Y., and Tanaka S. Corazonin and corazonin-like substances in the central nervous system of the Pterygote and Apterygote insects. Cell Tissue Res. 312 (2003) 393-406
71. Saifullah A.S.M., and Tomioka K. Pigment-dispersing factor sets the night state of the medulla bilateral neurons in the optic lobe of the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. J. Insect Physiol. 49 (2003) 231-239
72. Schoofs L., Baggerman G., Veelaert D., Breuer M., Tanaka S., and De Loof A. The pigmentotropic hormone [His7]-corazonin, absent in a Locusta migratoria albino strain, occurs in an albino strain of Schistocerca gregaria. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 168 (2000) 101-109
73. Schoofs L., Clynen E., Cerstiaens A., Baggerman G., Wei Z., Vercammen T., Nachman R., De Loof A., and Tanaka S. Newly discovered functions for some myotropic neuropeptides in locusts. Peptides 22 (2001) 219-227
74. Sehadova H., Shao Q.M., Sehnal F., and Takeda M. Neurohormones as putative circadian clock output signals in the central nervous system of two cricket species. Cell Tissue Res. 328 (2007) 239-255
75. Selye H. A Syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature 138 (1936) 32
76. Shiga S. Anatomy and functions of brain neurosecretory cells in Diptera. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62 (2003) 114-131
77. Shiomi K., Fujiwara Y., Atsumi T., Kajiura Z., Nakagaki M., Tanaka Y., Mizoguchi A., Yaginuma T., and Yamashita O. Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) is a key modulator of the expression of the prothoracicotropic hormone gene in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. FEBS J. 272 (2005) 3853-3862
78. Siegert K.J. Locust corpora cardiaca contain an inactive adipokinetic hormone. FEBS Lett. 447 (1999) 237-240
79. Slama K. The effect of corazonin on heartbeat reversal in pupae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Eur. J. Entomol. 101 (2004) 513-521
80. Slama K., Sakai T., and Takeda M. Effect of corazonin and crustacean cardioactive peptide on heartbeat in the adult American cockroach (Periplaneta americana). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 62 (2006) 91-103
81. Tanaka S. Induction of darkening by corazonin in several species of Orthoptera and their possible presence in 10 insect orders. Appl. Entomol. Zool. (Jpn.) 35 (2000) 509-517
82. Tanaka S. Environmental body-color polyphenism in the American grasshopper, Schistocerca americana. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 97 (2004) 293-301
83. Tanaka S. Corazonin and locust phase polyphenism. Appl. Entomol. Zool. (Jpn.) 41 (2006) 179-193
84. Tanaka S., and Pener M.P. A neuropeptide controlling the dark pigmentation in color polymorphism of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. J. Insect Physiol. 40 (1994) 997-1005
85. Tanaka S., Zhu D.H., Hoste B., and Breuer M. The dark-color inducing neuropeptide, ([His(7)]-corazonin causes a shift in morphometric characteristics towards the gregarious phase in isolated-reared (solitarious) Locusta migratoria. J. Insect Physiol. 48 (2002) 1065-1074
86. Tanaka Y., Ishibashi J., and Tanaka S. Comparison of structure-activity relations of corazonin using two different bioassay systems. Peptides 24 (2003) 837-844
87. Tawfik A.I., Tanaka S., De Loof A., Schoofs L., Baggerman G., Waelkens E., Derua R., Milner Y., Yerushalmi Y., and Pener M.P. Identification of the gregarization-associated dark pigmentotropin in locusts through an albino mutant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 7083-7087
88. Tomioka K., and Abdelsalam S. Circadian organization in hemimetabolous insects. Zool. Sci. 21 (2004) 1153-1162
89. Vandersmissen T., Hoste B., Baggerman G., Huybrechts J., De Loof A., Chaltin P., Proost P., and Breuer M. Degradation profile of [His(7)]-corazonin in the hemolymph of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. Peptides 27 (2006) 539-548
90. Veelaert D., Devreese B., Schoofs L., Van Beeumen J., Vanden Broeck J., Tobe S.S., and De Loof A. Isolation and characterization of eight myoinhibiting peptides from the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria: new members of the cockroach allatostatin family. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 122 (1996) 183-190
91. Veenstra J.A. Isolation and structure of corazonin, a cardioactive peptide from the American cockroach. FEBS Lett. 250 (1989) 231-234
92. Veenstra J.A., and Davis N.T. Localization of corazonin in the nervous system of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Cell Tissue Res. 274 (1993) 57-64
93. Verleyen P., Baggerman G., Mertens I., Vandersmissen T., Huybrechts J., Van Lommel A., De Loof A., and Schoofs L. Cloning and characterization of a third isoform of corazonin in the honey bee Apis mellifera. Peptides 27 (2006) 493-499
94. Vilaplana L., Maestro J.L., Piulachs M.D., and Belles X. Modulation of cardiac rhythm by allatostatins in the cockroach Blatella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera, Blatellidae). J. Insect Physiol. 45 (1999) 1057-1064
95. Vivien-Roels B., Pevet P., Beck O., and Fevremontange M. Identification of melatonin in the compound eyes of an insect, the locust (Locusta migratoria), by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Neurosci. Lett. 49 (1984) 153-157
96. Wise S., Davis N.T., Tyndale E., Noveral J., Folwell M.G., Bedian V., Emery I.F., and Siwicki K.K. Neuroanatomical studies of period gene expression in the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta. J. Comp. Neurol. 447 (2002) 366-380
97. Yang Y.Y., Wen C.J., Mishra A., Tsai C.W., and Lee H.J. Development of the circadian clock in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. J. Insect Physiol. 55 (2009) 469-478
98. Závodská R., Sauman I., and Sehnal F. Distribution of PER protein, pigment-dispersing hormone, prothoracicotropic hormone, and eclosion hormone in the cephalic nervous system of insects. J. Biol. Rhythms 18 (2003) 106-122
99. Závodská R., Wen C.J., Hrdý I., Sauman I., Lee H.J., and Sehnal F. Distribution of corazonin and pigment-dispersing factor in the cephalic ganglia of termites. Arthropod Struct. Dev. 37 (2008) 273-286
100. Závodská R., Wen C.J., Sehnal F., Hrdý I., Lee H.J., and Sauman I. Corazonin- and PDF-immunoreactivities in the cephalic ganglia of termites. J. Insect Physiol. 55 (2009) 441-449
101. Zitnan D., Kim Y.J., Zitnanova I., Roller L., and Adams M.E. Complex steroid-peptide-receptor cascade controls insect ecdysis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 153 (2007) 88-96